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In memory of civil rights leaders: Congressperson John Lewis and Reverend CT Vivian

Moderators: Chris Lewis and Matt Harris

• Historical Context:
• Dr. Brian Williams, Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of

Virginia

• The National Dialogue:

Lynda Garcia, Policing Campaign Director, The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

• Alexandria Resolution & Community Review Boards:

Burke Brownfeld, Director of Global Security & Safety / Visa Incorporated

Today’s Program

PARTICIPATE IN TODAY’S TOWN HALL

• 1. Share your comments in the Zoom

chat or Facebook Live comments.

• 2. Submit your questions via Slido.
• 3. Participate in the poll at the end of

the program.

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Ask questions Upvote questions for the panelists to answer.

PARTICIPATE IN THE SLIDO POLL

Respond to poll at the end of the program:

Looking Back to Look Ahead: A Historical Overview of Policing in the US

Brian N. Williams, PhD Associate Professor of Public Policy

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• Associate Professor of Public Policy

– Public Administration & Public Management

• Applied Researcher

– Public Engagement in Governance – Reimagining and Redesigning

• Police policies and practices

– Co-creation and Co-Production

• Public safety, public order, and community wellbeing
• Proponent of “power with” not “power over”

– Shared sense of responsibility

Who I Am

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• Informal beginnings

– Use of volunteers with night watch system (Boston in the 1636, NY in 1658 and Philadelphia in 1700) – From night watches to day watches

• Philadelphia in 1833 and New York in 1844
• Formal establishments

– 1838 Boston established first US police force

– 1845 (NYC) 1851 (Albany, NY and Chicago); 1853 (NOLA and Cincinnati); 1855 (PHI) – 1880s in all major cities

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview

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• Financial support – from private to public $$$
• From political puppets to professional actors
• Common Ground

– Enforcers of laws

– Social Construction of Target Populations

• Socially constructed stigmatized populations;
• Public perceptions -> social constructions-> political

constructions -> policing/professional practices -> reinforce public perceptions

– Orientation to support the status quo

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview

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• Common ground…

– Policing as a way to protect profits…

• But, with regional differences

– in the Northeast in cities like Boston, shipping interest – Industrial areas of the NE/MW

• Strike breaking / strike busters

– In the South slavery via slave patrols

• Slave patrols as precursors of PDs and LEOs

– Protection of profits at the expense of people

The Evolution of US Policing: A Historical Overview

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Reactive (political/informal) Proactive (professional/formal)

Evolution of Policing: A Visual Depiction

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Will Our Past Serve As Prologue?

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“The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police…” ~ Sir Robert Peel, 1829 ~ Should We Look Back to Plan Ahead?

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Reactive (political/informal) Proactive (professional/formal) Coactive? (community-

• riented/communal?)

Should we embrace and leverage this co- active moment and movement?

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• Gaines, L., Kappeler, V. & Vaughn, J. (1999). Policing in America, 3rd edition.

Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing.

• Harring, S. (1983). Policing in a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities,

1865 – 1915. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

• Lundman, R. (1980). Police and Policing: An Introduction. New York: Rinehart &

Winston.

• Potter, G. (2013). The History of Policing in the US. http://plsonline.eku.edu
• Schneider, A. & Ingraham, H. (1993). Social Construction of Target Populations:

Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review, 87(2), pp. 334-347.

• Websdale, N. (2001). Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing.

Boston: Northeastern University Press.

• Williams, B.N., Brower, R. S., & Klay, W. E. (2016). Community-centered Police

Professionalism: A Template for Reflective Professionals and Learning Organizations with Implications for the Co-Production of Public Safety and Public

• Order. The Police Journal. 89(2), pp. 151-173.

Sources

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Brian N. Williams, PhD bnw9q@virginia.edu Frank Batten School of Leadership & Public Policy University of Virginia PO Box 400893 235 McCormack Road Charlottesville, VA 22903

Thanks!

The Leadership Conference New Era of Public Safety

What does DEFUND the police mean?

＋

What does ABOLISH the police mean?

＋

Data Collection and Transparency

You can’t fix what you can’t measure. Police departments should collect publish data.

Body-Worn Cameras

BWC are an important accountability tool if used properly but departments must have strict policies that regulate their use.

Community Review Boards

Law enforcement and the public may have very different ideas about officer misconduct and residents should have a say in policy and discipline.

Mechanisms for Accountability

Some places to start looking

➜ Advocacy toolkit: https://toolkit.civilrightspolicing.org/ ➜ Issue briefing: https://civilrights.org/wp-

content/uploads/2020/06/Policy-Change-for-a-New-Era.pdf

➜ More community tools https://civilrights.org/creating-a-new-era-

• f-public-safety/

Resources

Resources

• Alexandria City Council resolution from June:

https://www.alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/police/info/ResolutionNo 2950CondemningRacism.pdf

• Race Based Trauma Resources and Support in Times of Civil Strife:

https://www.alexandriava.gov/dchs/adultservices/default.aspx?id=116118

• The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Policing

Toolkit: https://toolkit.civilrightspolicing.org/

• The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Advocacy Tools for

Public Safety: https://civilrights.org/new-era-advocacy/

Upcoming programs

• Race Relations in Alexandria: Looking Back and Moving Forward

Thursday, August 13 at 7 pm

• Matt Harris, Chair, Alexandria Human Rights Commission

For nearly 20 years, Matt Harris has served on the Human Rights Commission, which sets policy on human rights in the city. Join him as he discusses his experiences on the commission, his personal observations on race relations in Alexandria, and thoughts on how to knit our community together through meaningful action. Visit alexlibraryva.org to register for this free program.