Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change - PDF document

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Sustainable consumption and production Group Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change mitigation Janya SANG-ARUN Policy researcher, Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Presentation outline • Introduction of urban organic waste and GHG emissions • Example of urban composting and anaerobic digestion in Cambodia and Thailand • Challenges and obstacles of urban organic waste utilization projects • Policy recommendation • Conclusion • Conclusion Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 2 1

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Organic waste management and climate change • Urban organic waste accounts for 50-70% of urban solid waste. g • Landfill of organic waste is the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector. • Diversion of organic waste from landfill to composting or anaerobic digestion can avoid GHG emissions from landfill. • Composting and anaerobic digestion may release GHGs such as p g g y methane and nitrous oxide, but its balance is lower than landfill. • Use of compost, biosolids and biogas can help restoring soil carbon and nutrient, and avoid GHG emissions from the industrial, energy, and forestry sectors. Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 3 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Restoration of soil carbon and nutrients through urban organic waste utilization Municipal Consumption at organic waste organic waste h household and urban area h ld d b Industrial waste Composting Agroindustry Anaerobic (e.g. food, pulps, woods) digestion Soil Landfill amendment Bio-energy Farm Harvesting material waste waste Removing soil carbon and - No restoration of soil nutrients from farmland carbon and nutrients Agriculture - Release methane to (e.g. cultivation, livestock) atmosphere contributing to Restoration of soil climate change Depletion of soil carbon carbon and nutrients and nutrients Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 4 2

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Overview of urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries • Generally, urban organic waste management is open y, g g p dumping in designated area. Sometimes, open burning is applied to reduce volume of waste. • Composting of urban organic waste is being promoted in some cities, but its implementation is found only in project area. • Therefore, it is essential to improve waste management Therefore, it is essential to improve waste management practice and to enhance utilization of urban organic waste which can contribute to the GMS national agenda on food, energy and climate change. Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 5 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Food waste separation at source should be promoted • Food waste is the major waste composition ( ≥ 50%). Food aste is the major aste composition ( ≥ 50%) • Easy to be spoiled and produces smell nuisance. • Be a food source of domestic pest and disease carriers such as houseflies, cockroach, rat, dog, etc.  health problem bl • Reduce quality of recyclable materials. Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 6 3

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Potential GHG emission reduction from food waste utilization Utilization Utilization Compare to poor Compare to poor Compare to well managed Compare to well managed managed shallow landfill deep landfill (0.42 tCO 2 eq/ton of waste) (1.05 tCO 2 eq/ton of waste) Composting - poor management 0.07 0.70 - well management 0.40 1.03 Anaerobic digestion - poor management p g 0.25 0.88 - well management 0.42 1.05 Note : Methane gas generation under well managed deep landfill is higher than poor managed shallow landfill because the presence of oxygen in deep landfill is lower than the shallow landfill. However, methane emissions from the well managed deep landfill can be avoided by collecting methane gas generated for energy use or flaring. Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 7 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Example of urban organic waste utilization projects in Cambodia and Thailand Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 8 4

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Market waste composting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia Collection of organic waste Sell crops to market from food market Use compost for cultivation ≈ 1.4 ton CO 2 emission reduction 5 tons/day per day Transportation to composting facility Sell compost to farmers 75 USD/ton Composting Screening Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 9 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Bangkok Composting project, Thailand Municipal solid waste Consumption 1 000 t 1,000 tons/day /d Waste screening at Sell crops product to market composting plant ≈ 455 ton CO 2 Use compost for emission reduction cultivation and gardening per day Sell compost to farmers p 62.5 USD/ton Fermentation in vessel Maturity of compost Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 10 5

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Wood waste composting in Bangkok, Thailand Wood waste from public area Compost used for Composting plant greenery area Investment and operation by BMA Investment and operation by BMA Mixed with toilet wastewater from time to time Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 11 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Food waste digester at Wat Pradudhammathipat School, Bangkok Food waste in S h School lunch l l h school 30 ton/day Use biogas for cooking Food waste school lunch digester Biogas collection Effluent is collected by a Used at a sugar cane farm school technical officer Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 12 6

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Biogas project in Rayong, Thailand Separation at Consumption Collection household 46 ton/day ≈ 24.6 ton CO 2 Cultivation emission Sell to grid Onsite separation reduction per day Distribution to Electricity Composting residents Digester generation Biogas Mixed with urban collection compost Compression Biosolids Wastewater mixed with new waste Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 13 Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Organic waste management at Kradang-Nga sub-district, Samutsongkram Household Separation at Discard in food Composting plant food waste food waste waste bin waste bin household household Household Biological composting extraction In-vessel Community composting composting Cleaning detergents g Biological extraction Distribution to Consumption residents Cultivation Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 14 7