Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change - - PDF document

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Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change - - PDF document

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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Sustainable consumption and production Group Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change mitigation Janya SANG-ARUN Policy researcher, Sustainable Consumption and Production

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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Sustainable consumption and production Group

Utilization of urban organic waste in GMS towards climate change mitigation

Janya SANG-ARUN

Policy researcher, Sustainable Consumption and Production Group Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Presentation outline

  • Introduction of urban organic waste and GHG emissions
  • Example of urban composting and anaerobic digestion in

Cambodia and Thailand

  • Challenges and obstacles of urban organic waste

utilization projects

  • Policy recommendation
  • Conclusion

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 2

  • Conclusion
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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Organic waste management and climate change

  • Urban organic waste accounts for 50-70% of urban solid waste.

g

  • Landfill of organic waste is the largest source of GHG emissions

from the waste sector.

  • Diversion of organic waste from landfill to composting or anaerobic

digestion can avoid GHG emissions from landfill.

  • Composting and anaerobic digestion may release GHGs such as

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

p g g y methane and nitrous oxide, but its balance is lower than landfill.

  • Use of compost, biosolids and biogas can help restoring soil

carbon and nutrient, and avoid GHG emissions from the industrial, energy, and forestry sectors.

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Consumption at h h ld d b

Municipal

  • rganic waste

Restoration of soil carbon and nutrients through urban organic waste utilization

household and urban area

  • rganic waste

Agroindustry (e.g. food, pulps, woods) Composting Anaerobic digestion Landfill Bio-energy Soil amendment material Harvesting

Farm waste Industrial waste

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 4

Agriculture (e.g. cultivation, livestock)

Depletion of soil carbon and nutrients

  • No restoration of soil

carbon and nutrients

  • Release methane to

atmosphere contributing to climate change Restoration of soil carbon and nutrients

Removing soil carbon and nutrients from farmland waste

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Overview of urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

  • Generally, urban organic waste management is open

y, g g p dumping in designated area. Sometimes, open burning is applied to reduce volume of waste.

  • Composting of urban organic waste is being promoted in

some cities, but its implementation is found only in project area.

  • Therefore, it is essential to improve waste management

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

Therefore, it is essential to improve waste management practice and to enhance utilization of urban organic waste which can contribute to the GMS national agenda on food, energy and climate change.

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Food waste separation at source should be promoted Food aste is the major aste composition (≥ 50%)

  • Food waste is the major waste composition (≥ 50%).
  • Easy to be spoiled and produces smell nuisance.
  • Be a food source of domestic pest and disease carriers

such as houseflies, cockroach, rat, dog, etc.  health bl

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

problem

  • Reduce quality of recyclable materials.

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Potential GHG emission reduction from food waste utilization

Utilization Compare to poor Compare to well managed Utilization Compare to poor managed shallow landfill

(0.42 tCO2eq/ton of waste)

Compare to well managed deep landfill

(1.05 tCO2eq/ton of waste)

Composting

  • poor management

0.07 0.70

  • well management

0.40 1.03 Anaerobic digestion

  • poor management

0.25 0.88

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

p g

  • well management

0.42 1.05

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Note: Methane gas generation under well managed deep landfill is higher than poor managed shallow landfill because the presence of oxygen in deep landfill is lower than the shallow landfill. However, methane emissions from the well managed deep landfill can be avoided by collecting methane gas generated for energy use or flaring.

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Example of urban organic waste utilization projects in Cambodia and Thailand

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 8

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Collection of organic waste from food market Sell crops to market

Market waste composting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Transportation to composting facility Use compost for cultivation 5 tons/day

≈1.4 ton CO2 emission reduction per day

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 9

Composting Sell compost to farmers 75 USD/ton Screening

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries Municipal solid waste 1 000 t /d Consumption

Bangkok Composting project, Thailand

Waste screening at composting plant Sell compost to farmers Use compost for cultivation and gardening Sell crops product to market 1,000 tons/day

≈455 ton CO2 emission reduction per day

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 10

p

62.5 USD/ton

Fermentation in vessel Maturity of compost

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Wood waste composting in Bangkok, Thailand

Wood waste from

Composting plant

Investment and operation by BMA

Compost used for greenery area

public area

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 11

Investment and operation by BMA Mixed with toilet wastewater from time to time

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Food waste digester at Wat Pradudhammathipat School, Bangkok

Food waste in S h l l h school Food waste digester Use biogas for cooking school lunch School lunch 30 ton/day

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 12

Biogas collection Effluent is collected by a school technical officer Used at a sugar cane farm

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Biogas project in Rayong, Thailand

Collection Consumption Separation at household Onsite separation 46 ton/day Electricity generation Sell to grid Distribution to residents Cultivation Digester Composting

≈24.6 ton CO2 emission reduction per day

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 13

Biogas collection Wastewater mixed with new waste Mixed with urban compost Compression Biosolids

IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Organic waste management at Kradang-Nga sub-district, Samutsongkram

Household food waste Separation at household Composting plant Discard in food waste bin food waste household waste bin Cleaning detergents Community composting Biological extraction Household composting In-vessel composting

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 14

g Biological extraction Cultivation Distribution to residents Consumption

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Challenges and obstacles disrupting scale up and extension of urban organic waste utilization projects

Challenges Composting at Composting Biogas at Phnom Penh at Bangkok Rayong

Capital investment √ √ √ Maintenance and operation cost √ √ √ Quantity of waste input √ √ √ Quality of waste input √ √ √ Efficiency of waste separation √ √ √ Cooperation with residents and communities √

  • √

√ √

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

Cooperation with waste collector √

  • √

Cooperation between local governments and facility operator √ √ √ Quality of products √ √ √ Dependent on marketing of products √

  • Change in policy

√

  • √

Termination of contract

  • √

√

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Policy recommendations

  • Increase accessibility to capital investment.
  • Strong support by local governments: land, budget, policy, etc.
  • Starting with small scale but preparing for extension and scaling up.
  • Active cooperation among relevant stakeholders: facility operator, local

government, waste collector, and residents.

  • Starting separation at source program with large waste generators such

as market, restaurants, hotel, schools.

  • Improving waste collection system suited with waste separation program

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

  • Improving waste collection system suited with waste separation program.
  • Conducting stakeholder consultation from time to time to identify problems

and solutions for better management.

  • Improving market compatibility through quality control of waste input and

product output.

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Conclusions

  • Urban organic waste utilization project can generate multiple benefits to

Urban organic waste utilization project can generate multiple benefits to various stakeholders includes reduce waste flow to landfill, improve sanitary condition of the city, produce compost for farmers, generate biogas for energy use, creating job for both skillful and skill less labors, etc.

  • Urban organic waste utilization should be promoted in this region,

however modification to suit with local condition are recommended.

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi

  • External supports may be required for infrastructure development,

institutional setting and starting up of activities.

  • Benefits sharing among stakeholders are a key of success especially

where local governments have only little money for this activity.

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IGES-Sustainable Consumption and Production Group

Urban organic waste utilization in GMS countries

Acknowledgement

Mi i t f E i t J (MOEJ)

  • Ministry of Environment, Japan (MOEJ)
  • Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research

(APN)

Janya SANG-ARUN IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Regional workshop of the GMS: Viet Nam experience on NSISWM/3Rs, 28-29 July 2010, Hanoi 18