Urban Water Security Research Alliance Identifying the Technical and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Urban Water Security Research Alliance Identifying the Technical and Social Drivers of Water Consumption: a Summary of Results from the South East Queensland Residential End Use Study Cara Beal South East Queensland Residential End Use Project 19 June 2012

Why do we need Water End Use studies? • Without knowing how and where water is being used in a home, how can you manage its demand and encourage relevant water conservation strategies? Yes, sure…but where in my home, and how? !!!

BACKGROUND • Water end use studies are becoming more commonplace in Australia and overseas in the quest to better understand urban water consumption and demand strategies • Smart metering technology is rapidly developing – used in end use studies (both energy and water)

STUDY AIMS • Quantify and characterise mains water end uses across seasons and SEQ regions • Identify end use volumes and trends: – socio-demographic categories, – water efficient stock (e.g. star rated clothes washers, low flow shower head) – Peak and average day demand – Average day and peak day diurnal patterns – Water-related energy consumption and savings

RESEARCH METHODS

STUDY AREAS Sunshine Coast  BRISBANE  Ipswich Gold Coast

Methods • Mixed method approach – qualitative and quantitative • Rely on both participant involvement and smart metering technology Taken from aligned SSA project

Methods – Trace flow analysis Washing Machine Toilet full Toilet flush half Shower flush Tap Leak Trace Wizard™ software from Aquacraft Inc.

Read Periods and Climate • Winter 2010: 14 th to 28 th June (n=252) • Summer x 3 reads: 1 st to 14 th Dec; 24 th Dec to 6 th Jan; 6 th Feb to 21 st Feb 2011 (n=219) • Winter 2011: 1 st to 14 th June (n= 110) • Summer 2011: Dec 1 st – 14 th (n=93) • Autumn 2012: Mar 1 – 14 th (n=86) Winter 2011 Winter 2010 Summer 2010-11

Floods, technology and other challenges… • Impact of December 2010 rainfall and January 2011 floods: • Infrastructure damaged • Ingress to data loggers and water meters • Damaged homes from inundation removed from the study • Low / no irrigation, not a representative summer

RESULTS

Water End Use Results – SEQ Total 160 Av. 144.9 L/p/d Av. 145.3 L/p/d 140 Av. 125.3 L/p/d water consumption (L/p/d) Average daily per capita 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Winter 2010 Summer 2010-11 Winter 2011 Irrigation 7.0 4.8 6.7 Bathtub 1.8 1.5 2.8 Tap 27.4 27.3 25.1 Dishwasher 2.5 1.9 2.2 Shower 42.7 36.2 49.0 Clothes washer 31.0 26.5 31.7 Toilet 23.7 23.1 24.4 Leak 9.0 4.0 3.1

Water End Use Results by Region WINTER 2010 (a) 171 175 144 141 150 Average water consumption 125 111 PER CAPITA 100 (L/p/d) 75 SUMMER 2010-11 50 (a) 160 25 148.7 Average water consumption (L/p/d) 140 0 118.7 117.7 Sunshine 120 111.6 Brisbane Gold Coast Ipswich Coast 100 WINTER 2011 Irrigation 7.2 9.4 6.8 1.7 PER CAPITA 80 Bathtub 1.8 1.9 2.9 0.0 Tap 22.7 34.2 26.6 23.0 60 (a) 180 Dish washer 2.3 1.6 4.2 1.4 40 158.0 Shower 38.6 40.9 51.1 36.3 160 20 Average water consumption 146.1 141.5 Clothes Washer 35.8 27.9 34.0 24.5 140 0 Toilet 22.0 20.6 31.1 21.4 Sunshine Gold Coast Brisbane Ipswich 120 Leak 13.3 4.3 14.1 2.9 110.5 Coast PER CAPITA (L/p/d) 100 Irrigation 4.8 2.7 1.2 9.1 Bathtub 1.6 1.5 0.0 2.1 80 Tap 26.8 25.9 23.7 31.5 60 Dishwasher 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 40 Shower 35.1 34.1 30.6 42.6 20 Clothes Washer 22.6 27.8 25.4 30.3 Toilet 20.6 20.3 26.7 27.2 0 Gold Sunshine Leak 5.4 3.8 3.1 3.2 Brisbane Ipswich Coast Coast Irrigation 5.2 2.5 0.3 12.8 Bathtub 3.9 2.7 0.0 0.1 Tap 25.1 28.5 19.6 24.5 Dishwasher 2.6 1.3 1.0 2.8 Shower 47.0 51.8 34.5 55.8 Clothes Washer 29.0 38.2 26.2 31.5 Toilet 25.8 19.9 24.9 26.2 Leak 2.9 1.1 4.0 4.2

Average Day Diurnal Pattern Analysis 14 14 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Average winter 2011 daily diurnal Average winter 2010 daily diurnal Toilet Leak 12 12 Toilet Leak Winter 2010 Winter 2011 consumption (L/p/h/d) consumption (L/p/h/d) 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (hours) Time (hours) • Clothes washing – am peak 16 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher • DW & bath events - pm peak Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak 14 Average summer daily diurnal 12 • Showers - both peaks Summer 2010-11 consumption (L/p/h/d) 10 • Later afternoon peak during 8 summer 6 4 • Irrigation occurring during the 2 day especially in winter -non 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 compliance with PWCM Time (hours)

Stock Efficiency and Water Consumption >20 L/min Shower consumption (L/hh/d) 100 100 >16L/min 80 80 Tap consumption (L/hh/d) 60 60 40 <9 L/min <4.5 - 9L/min 40 20 20 0 AAA or 3 AA or 2 A or 1 0 Standard Old Inefficient 1 to 2 Stars 3 to 6 Stars Stars Stars Star L/hh/d 54.5 40.7 19.0 A B L/hh/d C 25.5 40.4 66.4 76.8 102.4 A AB C C D ~131 L/wash 100 160 Total household water consumption Clothes washer consumption 80 ~68 L/wash 60 140 (L/hh/d) (L/p/d) 40 120 20 0 Low Medium High 100 (0 to 2 (3 or 3+ Homes without (>=4 stars) Homes with RWT stars) stars) RWT L/hh/d Mean 123.7 146.2 82.6 77.5 58.4 A B A AB B

Stock Efficiency and Peak Flow Reductions • Water-efficient homes were 15.0 Less Than 3 Star Efficiency Greater Than 3 Star Efficiency Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) found to have a reduced 12.5 average peak hourly 10.0 consumption of between 7.5 2.47 L/p/h/d (18.%) 5.0 and 3.52 L/p/h/d (19.3%) 2.5 0.0 • Both of these water demand reductions were statistically Time significant at p < 0.01 • Implications for water distribution infrastructure: - reduce costs / deferral - network modelling based on peaking factors

Average and Peak Demand Analysis • Calculate peak day (PD) to average day (AD) ratios • Estimate peaking factors – used in planning and design of water distribution infrastructure e.g. pipe diameter sizing 800 Average daily household water consumption 700 600 500 (L/hh/d) 400 300 200 Average daily total consumption in SEQ Average consumption across the measured period 100 Time (months)

Average and Peak Demand Analysis 30/12/10 02/07/11 (a) 07/01/11 (c) 10/04/11 (b) TOIL EX (d) EX 31 12 TAP 13 TOIL (i) (i) (i) (i) TOIL 34 TOIL 34 24 CW 37 TAP 27 TAP 23 76 EX 255 CW SHOW SHOW CW SHOW 53 42 CW 61 SHOW 56 41 57 58 TAP (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) 26 60 20 EX EX 25 EX EX consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal 16 consumption (L/p/h/d) TAP consumption (L/p/h/d) BATH consumption (L/p/h/d) TAP Average daily diurnal Average daily diurnal BATH 50 Average daily diurnal 16 20 SHOW TAP SHOW TAP 40 12 CW 800 SHOW 15 SHOW CW 12 PD/AD TOIL CW 30 CW TOIL 8 10 2.05 8 LEAK TOIL TOIL 20 Average daily household water consumption 4 700 4 5 10 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 600 Hour of day Hour of day Hour of day Hour of day PD/AD (e) 14 – 28 June PD/AD 1.3 2010 500 1.5 PD/AD (i) Baseline TOIL 1.2 Data TAP 28 24 (L/hh/d) 400 CW 31 SHOW 300 43 (ii) 200 EX Average daily total consumption in SEQ 14 BATH consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal 12 Average consumption across the measured period TAP 10 DW 100 8 SHOW 6 CW 4 TOIL 2 LEAK 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Time (months) Hour of day • Internal end uses - CW, shower, drive “small” peaks (peaking factors <1.5) • External end uses – irrigation, drive large peaks (factors > 1.5) • Lower peaking factors and less occurrence compared with historical values – infrastructure optimisation