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Urban Water Security Research Alliance Identifying the Technical and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Urban Water Security Research Alliance Identifying the Technical and Social Drivers of Water Consumption: a Summary of Results from the South East Queensland Residential End Use Study Cara Beal South East Queensland Residential End Use Project

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SLIDE 1

Identifying the Technical and Social Drivers

  • f Water Consumption: a Summary of Results

from the South East Queensland Residential End Use Study

Cara Beal

South East Queensland Residential End Use Project

19 June 2012

Urban Water Security Research Alliance

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SLIDE 2

Why do we need Water End Use studies?

  • Without knowing how and where water is being used in a

home, how can you manage its demand and encourage relevant water conservation strategies?

Yes, sure…but where in my home, and how?

!!!

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SLIDE 3
  • Smart metering technology is

rapidly developing – used in end use studies (both energy and water)

  • Water end use studies are becoming more

commonplace in Australia and overseas in the quest to better understand urban water consumption and demand strategies

BACKGROUND

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SLIDE 4

STUDY AIMS

  • Quantify and characterise mains water end uses across

seasons and SEQ regions

  • Identify end use volumes and trends:

– socio-demographic categories, – water efficient stock (e.g. star rated clothes washers, low flow shower head) – Peak and average day demand – Average day and peak day diurnal patterns – Water-related energy consumption and savings

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SLIDE 5

RESEARCH METHODS

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SLIDE 6

STUDY AREAS

 BRISBANE Ipswich Sunshine Coast Gold Coast

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SLIDE 7

Methods

  • Mixed method approach – qualitative and quantitative
  • Rely on both participant involvement and smart metering technology

Taken from aligned SSA project

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SLIDE 8

Methods – Trace flow analysis

Trace Wizard™ software from Aquacraft Inc.

Washing Machine Shower Toilet full flush Tap Leak Toilet half flush

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SLIDE 9

Winter 2010 Summer 2010-11 Winter 2011

  • Winter 2010: 14th to 28th June (n=252)
  • Summer x 3 reads: 1st to 14th Dec; 24th Dec to 6th

Jan; 6th Feb to 21st Feb 2011 (n=219)

  • Winter 2011: 1st to 14th June (n= 110)
  • Summer 2011: Dec 1st – 14th (n=93)
  • Autumn 2012: Mar 1 – 14th (n=86)

Read Periods and Climate

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SLIDE 10

Floods, technology and other challenges…

  • Impact of December 2010 rainfall and January

2011 floods:

  • Infrastructure damaged
  • Ingress to data loggers and water meters
  • Damaged homes from inundation removed

from the study

  • Low / no irrigation, not

a representative summer

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SLIDE 11

RESULTS

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SLIDE 12

Water End Use Results – SEQ Total

Winter 2010 Summer 2010-11 Winter 2011 Irrigation 7.0 4.8 6.7 Bathtub 1.8 1.5 2.8 Tap 27.4 27.3 25.1 Dishwasher 2.5 1.9 2.2 Shower 42.7 36.2 49.0 Clothes washer 31.0 26.5 31.7 Toilet 23.7 23.1 24.4 Leak 9.0 4.0 3.1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Average daily per capita water consumption (L/p/d)

  • Av. 145.3 L/p/d
  • Av. 125.3 L/p/d
  • Av. 144.9 L/p/d
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SLIDE 13 Gold Coast Brisbane Ipswich Sunshine Coast Irrigation 5.2 2.5 0.3 12.8 Bathtub 3.9 2.7 0.0 0.1 Tap 25.1 28.5 19.6 24.5 Dishwasher 2.6 1.3 1.0 2.8 Shower 47.0 51.8 34.5 55.8 Clothes Washer 29.0 38.2 26.2 31.5 Toilet 25.8 19.9 24.9 26.2 Leak 2.9 1.1 4.0 4.2 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) (a) 141.5 146.1 110.5 158.0

Water End Use Results by Region

Gold Coast Brisbane Ipswich Sunshine Coast Irrigation 4.8 2.7 1.2 9.1 Bathtub 1.6 1.5 0.0 2.1 Tap 26.8 25.9 23.7 31.5 Dishwasher 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.7 Shower 35.1 34.1 30.6 42.6 Clothes Washer 22.6 27.8 25.4 30.3 Toilet 20.6 20.3 26.7 27.2 Leak 5.4 3.8 3.1 3.2 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) 118.7 148.7 111.6 117.7 (a) Brisbane Gold Coast Sunshine Coast Ipswich Irrigation 7.2 9.4 6.8 1.7 Bathtub 1.8 1.9 2.9 0.0 Tap 22.7 34.2 26.6 23.0 Dish washer 2.3 1.6 4.2 1.4 Shower 38.6 40.9 51.1 36.3 Clothes Washer 35.8 27.9 34.0 24.5 Toilet 22.0 20.6 31.1 21.4 Leak 13.3 4.3 14.1 2.9 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) 144 171 111 141 (a)

WINTER 2010 SUMMER 2010-11 WINTER 2011

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SLIDE 14

Average Day Diurnal Pattern Analysis

  • Clothes washing – am peak
  • DW & bath events - pm peak
  • Showers - both peaks
  • Later afternoon peak during

summer

  • Irrigation occurring during the

day especially in winter -non compliance with PWCM

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Average winter 2011 daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Time (hours) Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Average summer daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Time (hours) Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Average winter 2010 daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Time (hours) Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak

Winter 2010 Summer 2010-11 Winter 2011

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SLIDE 15

Stock Efficiency and Water Consumption

AAA or 3 Stars AA or 2 Stars A or 1 Star Standard Old L/hh/d 25.5 40.4 66.4 76.8 102.4 20 40 60 80 100 Shower consumption (L/hh/d)

A AB C D C

Homes with RWT Homes without RWT Mean 123.7 146.2 100 120 140 160 Total household water consumption (L/p/d)

A B

<9 L/min >20 L/min

Inefficient 1 to 2 Stars 3 to 6 Stars L/hh/d 54.5 40.7 19.0 20 40 60 80 100 Tap consumption (L/hh/d)

A B C

>16L/min <4.5 - 9L/min

Low (0 to 2 stars) Medium (3 or 3+ stars) High (>=4 stars) L/hh/d 82.6 77.5 58.4 20 40 60 80 100 Clothes washer consumption (L/hh/d)

A AB B

~131 L/wash ~68 L/wash

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SLIDE 16

Stock Efficiency and Peak Flow Reductions

0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d)

Time

Less Than 3 Star Efficiency Greater Than 3 Star Efficiency
  • Water-efficient homes were

found to have a reduced average peak hourly consumption of between 2.47 L/p/h/d (18.%) and 3.52 L/p/h/d (19.3%)

  • Both of these water demand

reductions were statistically significant at p < 0.01

  • Implications for water

distribution infrastructure:

  • reduce costs / deferral
  • network modelling based
  • n peaking factors
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SLIDE 17

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Average daily household water consumption (L/hh/d) Time (months)

Average daily total consumption in SEQ Average consumption across the measured period
  • Calculate peak day (PD) to average day (AD) ratios
  • Estimate peaking factors – used in planning and design of water distribution

infrastructure e.g. pipe diameter sizing

Average and Peak Demand Analysis

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SLIDE 18

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Average daily household water consumption (L/hh/d) Time (months)

Average daily total consumption in SEQ Average consumption across the measured period PD/AD 1.5 PD/AD 1.2 PD/AD 2.05

(a)

30/12/10 10/04/11 02/07/11

(c) (d)

(i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii)

PD/AD 1.3 07/01/11

(b)

(i) (ii)

(e)

(i) (ii)

14 – 28 June 2010 Baseline Data TOIL 34 CW 42 SHOW 58 TAP 27 EX 13 4 8 12 16 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Hour of day EX BATH TAP SHOW CW TOIL 5 10 15 20 25 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Hour of day EX BATH TAP SHOW CW TOIL 4 8 12 16 20 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Hour of day EX TAP SHOW CW TOIL LEAK TOIL 34 CW 57 SHOW 41 TAP 23 EX 12 TOIL 24 CW 31 SHOW 43 TAP 28 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Hour of day EX BATH TAP DW SHOW CW TOIL LEAK TOIL 37 CW 56 SHOW 61 TAP 24 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Hour of day EX TAP SHOW CW TOIL TOIL 31 CW 76 SHOW 53 TAP 26 EX 255
  • Internal end uses - CW, shower, drive “small” peaks (peaking factors <1.5)
  • External end uses – irrigation, drive large peaks (factors > 1.5)
  • Lower peaking factors and less occurrence compared with historical values

– infrastructure optimisation

Average and Peak Demand Analysis

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SLIDE 19

Household Socio-demographics and Water Use

Single family Adult family Small family Medium family Large family Irrigation 12.7 5.6 3.4 2.7 3.5 Bathtub 0.6 1.4 3.5 3.0 0.8 Tap 25.5 22.0 17.1 16.7 11.8 Dishwasher 7.0 10.2 5.6 5.9 6.9 Shower 32.0 27.6 36.5 24.6 28.1 Clothes Washer 26.9 30.9 35.0 28.2 32.7 Toilet 31.6 25.2 21.3 16.4 13.8 Leak 32.5 9.9 11.8 13.2 12.1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Average per capita water comsumption (L/p/d) Single household Adult household Small family Medium family Large family Irrigation 12.7 11.3 10.1 10.9 15.9 Bathtub 0.6 2.8 10.4 12.1 3.6 Tap 25.5 44.1 51.2 66.8 53.0 Dishwasher 7.0 20.4 16.9 23.4 30.9 Shower 32.0 55.1 109.6 98.6 126.4 Clothes Washer 26.9 61.8 105.0 112.9 147.2 Toilet 31.6 50.4 64.0 65.5 62.0 Leak 32.5 19.7 35.5 52.6 54.3 100 200 300 400 500 600 Average per household water comsumption (L/hh/d) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 <30 30 - 60 60 - 90 >90 Average household water consumption (L/hh/d) Household income category ($,000) Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes washer Toilet Leak 325 318 387 256

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Full/part time employed Pensioners/retired Average household water consumption (L/hh/d) Occupational status Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes washer Toilet Leak 253 354

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SLIDE 20

Socio-demographics and End Use

>=1 mean 36.5 46.6 20 30 40 50 60 Average shower water use (L/p/d) Number of teenagers

A B

(a)

20 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 70 >70 mean 42.5 40.4 32.4 25.8 20 40 60 Average shower water use (L/p/d) Average age of survey respondent (years)

A AB

(b)

AB B

<30 30 - 60 60 - 90 >90 mean 28.2 27.7 18.5 20.8 10 20 30 Average toilet water use (L/p/d) Household income category ($ ,000)

A B

(a)

B A

20 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 70 >70 mean 18.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 10 20 30 Average toilet water use (L/p/d) Average age of survey respondent (years)

A B

(b)

AB B
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SLIDE 21

Perceptions of water use

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SLIDE 22

Perceptions of water use

* * *

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SLIDE 23

Perception of water use - profiles

  • Trends were identified regarding the “types” of households

that under estimate their water use

Yes, we are a low water using household… …I think

Perceived low-medium water users:

  • potentially under estimate water use;
  • younger, larger families, children;
  • may be less aware of high usage

periods during day;

  • higher incomes and education level;
  • more water efficient technology;
  • lower self-identity as water saver;

and

  • less of a belief that household is a

water conserving one.

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SLIDE 24

Energy / water nexus

  • Using measured water end use data and published energy intensity

(kWh/kL) values

  • Calculate energy demand and GHG (carbon emissions)
  • GHG factors used to convert energy use to carbon emissions
  • Hot water system type had significant influence on energy and GHG

DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Show er Electric cylinder Gas cylinder Instant gas Solar (electric boosted) ENERGY 81.9 104 463.8 810 81.9 364 692 1246 81.9 71 240 871 81.9 125 234 351 GHG 81.9 104 463.8 810 81.9 72 136 245 81.9 14 47 171 81.9 17 34 48 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Average energy demand (kWh/p/y) Average GHG emissions (kg CO2e/p/y) (note Electric cylinder HWS emissions factor = 1, National greenhouse accounts factors, Aust. Govt. 2011)

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SLIDE 25

Impacts of water / energy efficiency technology

Base case Solar HWS Solar + water efficient CW Solar + shower ↓ 37°C Solar + low flow shower head Solar + tap aerators Solar + energy efficient DW CW 251.7 211.0 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 DW 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 59.4 Taps 464.0 244.0 244.0 244.0 244.0 151.3 151.3 Shower 821.0 345.0 345.0 303.0 112.4 112.4 112.4 Total 1618.7 882.0 698.7 656.7 466.1 373.5 350.9 1 10 100 1000 10000

Annual average energy consumption -SEB HWS (kWh/p/y)

Cumulative reduction as each scenario applied

46% 57% 60% 72% 77% 79% % total reduction Scenario Water reduction (%) Energy reduction (%) Solar HWS (EB)

  • 46

Water-efficient shower head 37 63 Water-efficient clothes washer 27 87 Tap aerators 27 38 Shower temp reduced to 37C

  • 13

Energy-efficient dish washer

  • 28

% individual savings (person/year)

This type of data can underpin sustainable development policy / building codes (e.g. MP 4.1 in QDC)

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SLIDE 26

Water End Use Results – over time

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d) Measurement period Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

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SLIDE 27

Water End Use Results – over time

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d) Measurement period Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

5 10 15 20 25 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d)

Irrigation

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SLIDE 28

Water End Use Results – over time

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d) Measurement period Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

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SLIDE 29

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d) Measurement period Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

Water End Use Results – over time

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 June, Winter 2010 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer 2010-11 (n= 219) June, Winter 2011 (n=110) Dec, Summer 2011 (n=93) March, Autumn 2012 (n=85) Average water consumption (L/p/d)

Leak

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SLIDE 30

CONCLUSIONS

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SLIDE 31

Key Messages

  • Rebound effect not clearly evident yet although irrigation appears to

be increasing - future SEQREUS work and SSA outcomes will confirm

  • Shower, clothes washer and tap use remain the key end uses for

demand managers to target (implications for reducing residential energy demand)

  • Water efficient appliances reduce household use. Low flow shower

heads and high star-rated washing machines particularly effective, however…..

  • Perception of low-average water user not always reflected by actual

water use.

  • Water efficient technology has to be matched with water efficient

behaviour ….area for water demand managers to consider

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SLIDE 32

Key Messages

  • Water efficient technology also effective in reducing hot water-

related energy and carbon emissions.

  • With high penetration of low flow shower heads already evident,
  • ther strategies to reduce the high volume shower end use (and

associated energy demand from hot water component) may need to be considered (e.g. shower alarms/ feedback on specific end uses to customers)

  • Future water demand forecasting and water supply infrastructure

planning needs to take into account the reduced water consumption arising from current development codes – Peak demand (hourly and daily) days likely to be less frequent and

  • f less volume
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SLIDE 33

The future - SEQREUS v2

  • About to commence a new End Use study (extension of

SEQREUS) for the next two years (2012-2013)

  • Queensland Urban Utilities (Brisbane and Ipswich) and

Unitywater (Sunshine Coast)

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SLIDE 34

Final note…

  • We have a full belly of water...now…but…
  • Climate cycles – drought – floods –drought = think ahead
  • Recent reports from BOM 5th June 2012:

“…conditions are likely to approach, or possibly exceed, El Niño thresholds during the late winter to early spring period…in 2012”

Featuring old favourites like:  “The dam’s drying up again, my dear!” “Where did I put that Bunning’s greywater hose? “Ouch! (my baby scraped her knee on the lawn)” And new hits including: “Why didn’t we keep that egg timer?” “Water(less)loo and “Once, twice, three times a rebate”

by Return of the Boy-Child An album in the future?

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SLIDE 35

Acknowledgements

  • Project Leader - Assoc. Prof Rodney Stewart
  • Dr Kelly Fielding and SSA Team
  • Lisa Stewart, Chris Bennet, Byron Carragher, Edoardo

Bertone, Dr Andrew Huang, Anas Makki at Smart Water Research Centre

  • Team at UWSRA – Don, Sharon B, Frank, Steve K
  • All the participants 
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SLIDE 36

Urban Water Security Research Alliance THANK YOU www.urbanwateralliance.org.au