The study of seismic- -induced groundwater induced groundwater The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Disaster Prevention Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Tectono-Hydrology Research Group

The study of seismic The study of seismic-

• induced groundwater

induced groundwater level changes in porous sediment and level changes in porous sediment and sedimentary rock sedimentary rock

Wen Wen-

• Chi Lai

Chi Lai1,2

1,2, Chjeng

, Chjeng-

• Lun Shieh

Lun Shieh1

1, Kuo

, Kuo-

• Chyng Chang

Chyng Chang3

3, Kai

, Kai-

• Wen Kuo

Wen Kuo4

4,

, Norio Matsumoto Norio Matsumoto 5

5, Naoji Koizumi

, Naoji Koizumi 5

5

• 1. Disaster Prevention Research Center, NCKU, Taiwan
• 2. Department of Resources Engineering, NCKU, Taiwan
• 3. Water Resource Agency, MOEA, Taiwan
• 4. Central Weather Bureau, MOEA, Taiwan
• 5. Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan

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1.Review of NCKU 1.Review of NCKU-

• GSJ Cooperation

GSJ Cooperation

• 1999~2000

1999~2000 The Case Study of 1999 Chi The Case Study of 1999 Chi-

• Chi Earthquake

Chi Earthquake

• 2000~2003

2000~2003 Establishment of the observation network Establishment of the observation network

• 2003~2005

2003~2005

Studies of observation results: Studies of observation results: coseismic coseismic and and preseicmic preseicmic

• 2006~2009

2006~2009 Future scopes and plan Future scopes and plan

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Items of the cooperation study Items of the cooperation study

Observation well selection Observation instruments installation Data transfer and record network Data correction and analysis technique Data publish Information system Related earthquake prediction study

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Coseismic Coseismic Groundwater Level Changes in Groundwater Level Changes in 1999 Chi 1999 Chi-

• Chi Earthquake

Chi Earthquake

9/2/99 9/12/99 9/22/99 10/2/99 10/12/99 10/22/99 11/1/99 11/11/99 11/21/99 12/1/99 12/11/99 12/21/99 12/31/99 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

Rainfall(mm)

• 2.00

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00

Waterlevl(m)

5.4 7.7 6.8 5.4 5.9 6.5 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 6.4 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5 5.1 5.6 6.5 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.3 5 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.9 5.6 5.4 6.3 5.2

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Observation wells Observation wells

Jiousi Jiousi Hot Spring Hot Spring Siabantien Siabantien St. St. Chishan Chishan St. St. Jender Jender St. St.

Automatic recording, analysis and anomalies Automatic recording, analysis and anomalies detecting system detecting system

1.Recording 1.Recording 2.QC, pre 2.QC, pre-

• processing

processing 3.Daily plots & 3.Daily plots & reprot reprot 4.Data 4.Data filting filting 5.Anomaly 5.Anomaly Dete Dete. . 6.Results publication 6.Results publication

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Observed coseismic events (03 Observed coseismic events (03’ ’~05 ~05’ ’) )

Total 130 Observation, step changes (S) 32events,

• scillation (O) 56 events, O+S 42 events

Catalog Events HUL TWN LUJ NAB HRD DHR TLO SIP 2003/4/3 Tainan, M=4.9 2 @ @ S S @ @ @ @ 2003/6/10 Taitung, M=6.5 4 @ @ S O @ O+S @ O 2003/6/17 Taitung , M=5.9 2 @ @ @ O @ @ @ O 2003/12/10 Taitung , M=6.6 7 O+S O+S S @ S O+S O+S O 2003/12/11 Taitung, M=5.7 1 @ @ @ S @ @ @ @ 2003/12/18 Taitung, M=5.8 1 O @ @ @ @ @ @ @

6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 8 6 6 9 6 7 6 7 1 6 7 2 6 7 3 6 7 4 1 5 : 3 : 3 6 1 5 : 5 : 2 1 5 : 6 : 2 9 1 5 : 7 : 5 5 1 5 : 9 : 2 2 1 5 : 1 : 4 8 G r

• u

n d w a t e r L e v e l ( c m) M6 . 5

(HUL) 5/19/04 M6.5 (HUL) 5/19/04 M6.5 (TWN) 04/11/9 M6.7 (TWN) 04/11/9 M6.7 Step Step – – Like Change Like Change Oscillation Change Oscillation Change

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DP RC ◆ ◆ HUL HUL ◆ ◆ DHR DHR ◆ ◆ TWI TWI ◆ ◆ LUJ LUJ

• Obs. well

Criteria by the Moments & Distances Criteria by the Moments & Distances

1 10 100 1000 Distance (km) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Magnitude(ML)

Undetectable Detactable

M=2.2*Log ( D )+1.5

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Oscillation Step-Like Nondetectable

• 14
• 13
• 12
• 11
• 10
• 9
• 8
• 7

Log of Volumetric Strain

• 4
• 3
• 2
• 1

1 2 3

Coseismic GWL Change (cm)

Nondetectable Oscillation

Step & Oscillation

Step-like chg.

Criteria by the Volumetric Strain Criteria by the Volumetric Strain

• Step

Step-

• Like Chg.

Like Chg.

• Vol. Strain:
• Vol. Strain: >10

>10-

• 10

10

Amplitude: Amplitude: § § 1~3 cm 1~3 cm

• Oscillation

Oscillation

• Vol. Strain:
• Vol. Strain: 10

10-

• 10

10>>10

>>10-

• 12

12

Amplitude: Amplitude: § § 0.2~1 cm 0.2~1 cm

• Nondetectable

Nondetectable

• Vol. Strain:
• Vol. Strain: 10

10-

• 12

12 >

> Amplitude: : Amplitude: : >1 mm >1 mm

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Preseismic Preseismic anomaly: Radon anomaly: Radon

2003/12/10 M6.8 2003/12/10 M6.8 Cheng Kung Earthquake Cheng Kung Earthquake

7-1-2003 9-1-2003 11-1-2003 1-1-2004 3-1-2004 5-1-2004

Radon concentration (pCi/L)

200 400 600 800 1000

M 6.8 earthquake Stage 1 2 3 Obs.

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480

Lamp Color (C3)

480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550 555 560 565 570 575 580 585 590 595 600 600 605 610 615 620 625 630 635 640 645 650 655 660 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 720 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 805 810 815 820 825 830 835 840

Time Index (Hour)

Item One: Item One: Time series anomaly detecting Time series anomaly detecting

B

Item Two: Item Two: Study of effects of ground motion Study of effects of ground motion

水 傳導係數 對 隙水壓 影響

• 2000

2000 4000 6000 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 時間 t / T 孔 隙 水 壓 (Pa) k=1E+0 k=1E-2 k=1E-4 k=1E-6 k=1E-8 (m/sec)

水力傳導係數k 對總應力變化之影響

• 7000
• 5000
• 3000
• 1000

1000 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 時間 t / T

總 應 力 ( P a ) k=1E+0 k=1E-2 k=1E-4 k=1E-6 k=1E-8 (m/sec)

The Numerical Model The Numerical Model

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• 2.Introduction of this study

2.Introduction of this study

• High density monitoring network for

High density monitoring network for water resources water resources Groundwater Groundwater Monitoring Networks of Taiwan Monitoring Networks of Taiwan

• Continuous observation from

Continuous observation from 1991 1991, , management by Water Resource management by Water Resource Agency and local divisions. Agency and local divisions.

• The abundant observation dataset

The abundant observation dataset

( (water level water level, , ground ground-

• motion

motion, , seismic wave seismic wave, , hydraulic conductivity hydraulic conductivity, , crustal deformation crustal deformation et al.,) in Sep. 21, 1999 Earthquake. et al.,) in Sep. 21, 1999 Earthquake.

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3.Motivation 3.Motivation

• Previously work (Lai et al., 2004) the coseimic water

Previously work (Lai et al., 2004) the coseimic water level changes were contributed by the level changes were contributed by the liquefaction liquefaction in fan in fan area, and the area, and the permeability enhancement permeability enhancement in the slope area. in the slope area.

• This study will focus on the quantitative analysis of the

This study will focus on the quantitative analysis of the similarity in the spatial distribution of each parameter. similarity in the spatial distribution of each parameter.

• This study want to examine the spatial relationship

This study want to examine the spatial relationship between between wel well level change l level change/ / volumetric strain volumetric strain/ / ground ground motion motion/ / hydraulic conductivity hydraulic conductivity, to testify the mechanism , to testify the mechanism

• f the coseismic groundwater level changes in Chi
• f the coseismic groundwater level changes in Chi-
• Chi

Chi Earthquake, Sep. 21, 1999. Earthquake, Sep. 21, 1999.

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3.Motivation: Heterogeneity in the nature 3.Motivation: Heterogeneity in the nature

(Harter, 2001) (Harter, 2001) Basin scale, 10 Basin scale, 10-

• 100km

100km Sub Sub-

• Basin scale, 1km

Basin scale, 1km Local scale, 1m Local scale, 1m Field scale 100m Field scale 100m Darcy scale 1cm Darcy scale 1cm

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Study Area: Choshui river alluvial fan Study Area: Choshui river alluvial fan

• Location: Choshui river,

Location: Choshui river, Central Taiwan Central Taiwan

• Dimension: typical fan

Dimension: typical fan shape, shape, 90 90 km in length, km in length, 40 40km in width km in widthㄨ ㄨthe area the area around around 2000 2000 km km2

2˙

˙

• Observation: totally

Observation: totally 177 177 wells in wells in 70 70 observation

• bservation

station.

• station. 46

46 ground ground accelerator installed in the accelerator installed in the area.

• area.

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Hydrogeology of Choshui river alluvial fan Hydrogeology of Choshui river alluvial fan

100 50

• 50
• 100
• 150
• 200
• 250
• 300
• 350

5 10 15 Km 100 50

• 50
• 100
• 150
• 200
• 250
• 300
• 350

A' A

Layer 1 Layer 2-1 Layer 2-2 Layer 3 Layer 4

Gravel Sand Silt and Mud (Aquitard)

Upper Fan Middle Fan Lower Fan Altitu ude(m)

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Spatial distribution (P.G.A. and Vol. strain) Spatial distribution (P.G.A. and Vol. strain)

• PGA

PGAH

H

• Vol. strain

(ppm)

150000 200000 250000 2500000 2550000 2600000 2650000 2700000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

• Volumetric strain

Volumetric strain

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Spatial distribution( G.W.L. and K) Spatial distribution( G.W.L. and K)

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4.Methdology (1/2) 4.Methdology (1/2)

• Variogram

Variogram ( ~ ( ~ autocorrelation in space) autocorrelation in space) The variogram is a measure of dis The variogram is a measure of dis-

• similarity

similarity between two points in space separated by a between two points in space separated by a distance distance h h. . (1) (1)

2 2末 末( (h h): Variogram value ): Variogram value Z( Z(u u): value of the specified variate ): value of the specified variate Z( Z(u+h u+h): value with spacing ): value with spacing h h Var [ ]: Var [ ]: variance operator variance operator

( ) ( )

[ ]

u Z h u Z Var h − + = ) ( 2γ

Z(u) Z(u+h)

Z(u+2h)

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4.Methdology (2/2) 4.Methdology (2/2)

• Cross semi

Cross semi-

• variogram and correlogram

variogram and correlogram (~ cross correlation in space) (~ cross correlation in space) The cross semivariogram measure the variability of two The cross semivariogram measure the variability of two different attributes and cross correlogram measures the different attributes and cross correlogram measures the

• similarity. The correlogram are defined for two different
• similarity. The correlogram are defined for two different

attributes X and Y as attributes X and Y as (2) (2) Where Where m m-

• h

h,

, m m+h

+h is the mean values of X and Y in spacing

is the mean values of X and Y in spacing h h, respectively. , respectively.

∑ ∑ ∑

= + = − = + − + −

− − − = =

) ( 1 2 2 ) ( 1 2 2 ) ( 1

) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( ) (

h N i h i h N i h i h N i h h i i h h

m y h N m x h N m m y x h N h C h σ σ ρ

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Example of the variogram & correlogram Example of the variogram & correlogram

Geoff Bohling (2005) Representative spacing Correlogram Variogram DR

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Type of the variogram Type of the variogram

(D G Rossiter, 2006)

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• 5. Variogram: Well level change
• 5. Variogram: Well level change

20,000 40,000 60,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6

γ

• Type: Exponential

Type: Exponential

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 5000 5000 m m

GWL-GWL

Lag Distance Variogram Pairs_lag 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 33 5795.773 0.1674 4 10126.78 0.28881 19 15435.23 0.41905 29 23111.16 0.41393 24 31512.47 0.40208 19 39681.22 0.57805 18 47196.69 0.53454 16 55261.96 0.4784 11

(Layer2-2) DR

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• 5. Variogram: Volumetric strain
• 5. Variogram: Volumetric strain

20,000 40,000 60,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

γ ε-ε

Lag Distance Variogram Pairs_lag 1 33 2 5685.103 0.34508 3 3 10674.23 0.19197 15 4 14573.2 0.37081 20 5 22960.27 0.5144 16 6 31096.73 0.43309 13 7 40407.7 0.7253 9 8 48924.89 0.67873 11 9 54913.88 0.69555 11

(Layer2-2) DR

• Type: Exponential

Type: Exponential

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 3000 3000 m m

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5.Variogram: Hydraulic conductivity 5.Variogram: Hydraulic conductivity

Lag Distance Variogram Pairs_lag 1 33 2 5685.103 0.35394 3 3 10674.23 0.4756 15 4 14573.2 0.47363 20 5 22960.27 0.71492 16 6 31096.73 0.66709 13 7 40407.7 0.85502 9 8 48924.89 0.84909 11 9 54913.88 1.00261 11

20,000 40,000 60,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γ K-K (Layer2-2) DR

• Type: Exponential

Type: Exponential

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 1500 1500 m m

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5.Variogram: Peak Ground Acceleration 5.Variogram: Peak Ground Acceleration

20,000 40,000 60,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ρ

Lag Distance Variogram Pairs_lag 1 33 2 5163.839 0.17954 2 3 11616.95 0.23664 11 4 15804.24 0.25486 19 5 21666.09 0.30264 16 6 29074.08 0.43286 8 7 36575.18 0.7737 3 8 46582.96 0.75673 2 9 52197.47 1.01129 1

PGAH-PGAH (Layer2-2) DR

• Type:

Type: Gaussian Gaussian

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 8000 8000 m m

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• 6. Correlgram: Volumetric strain
• 6. Correlgram: Volumetric strain-
• Water level

Water level

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 Distance(m)

• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2

ρ

Lag Distance Correlogram Pairs_lag 1 0.05395 33 2 5685.103

• 0.33529

3 3 10674.23 0.00074 15 4 14573.2

• 0.06506

20 5 22960.27

• 0.25735

16 6 31096.73 0.03143 13 7 40407.7

• 0.27478

9 8 48924.89

• 0.7067

11 9 54913.88

• 0.38053

11 10 62676.08

• 0.16081

5 11 69131.2 1

ε-H (Layer2-2)

• Type:

Type: None None

• D

DR

R:

: None None

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• 6. Correlgram: PGA
• 6. Correlgram: PGAH

H-

• GWL

GWL

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

ρ

Lag Distance Correlogram Pairs_lag 1 0.64321 33 2 5685.103 0.59717 3 3 10674.23 0.55913 15 4 14573.2 0.40993 20 5 22960.27 0.44469 16 6 31096.73 0.42073 13 7 40407.7 0.26178 9 8 48924.89 0.15343 11 9 54913.88 0.38031 11 10 62676.08 0.25034 5 11 69131.2 1

PGAH- H (Layer2-2) DR

• Type:

Type: Linear Linear

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 10000 10000 m m

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6.Correlgram: Hydraulic conductivity 6.Correlgram: Hydraulic conductivity-

• Water level

Water level

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 Distance(m)

• 0.8
• 0.4

0.4 0.8

ρ

Lag Distance Correlogram Pairs_lag 1 0.5798 33 2 5685.103 0.46311 3 3 10674.23 0.7535 15 4 14573.2 0.70942 20 5 22960.27 0.36489 16 6 31096.73 0.39801 13 7 40407.7 0.24337 9 8 48924.89

• 0.18597

11 9 54913.88

• 0.49289

11 10 62676.08

• 0.49036

5

K-H (Layer2-2) DR

• Type:

Type: Linear Linear

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 9000 9000 m m

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• 6. Correlgram: PGA
• 6. Correlgram: PGAV

V-

• PGA

PGAH

H

Lag Distance Correlogram Pairs_lag 1 1 33 2 5163.839 0.88309 2 3 11616.95 0.51465 11 4 15804.24 0.5953 19 5 21666.09 0.58222 16 6 29074.08 0.59526 8 7 36575.18 0.55868 3 8 46582.96 0.39 2 9 52197.47 1

20,000 40,000 60,000 Distance(m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ρ PGAH-PGAv (Layer2-2) DR

• Type:

Type: Linear Linear

• D

DR

R:

: ~ ~ 22000 22000 m m

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7.Summary 7.Summary

• The amplitudes and the types of the spatial

The amplitudes and the types of the spatial similarity of the similarity of the GWL GWL/ / PGA PGA/ / K K been testify by been testify by variogram and correlgram. The relationship of the variogram and correlgram. The relationship of the volumetric strain been volumetric strain been rejected rejected. .

• The characteristic

The characteristic representative spacing representative spacing been been defined by each variogram and correlogram, these defined by each variogram and correlogram, these spacing should be choose as spacing should be choose as the grid size the grid size for for simulation. simulation.

• Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity should be consider for study the should be consider for study the hydrological response to earthquakes in the hydrological response to earthquakes in the alluvial deposit alluvial deposit and and porous sedimentary rock

porous sedimentary rock.

.