Ground Water Management in Groundwater Demand and Use Groundwater - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ground Water Management in Bangladesh: Policy and Institutional Arrangement in Bangladesh

• Dr. Kazi Matin Ahmed, Professor

Department of Geology University of Dhaka

National Workshop On Groundwater Management in IWRM Dhaka, Bangladesh

Course Contents

• Groundwater Demand and Use
• Groundwater Occurrences
• Groundwater Development Constraints
• Case Studies:

– Arsenic – Dhaka City – Coastal Area

• Existing Policies
• Institution and Capacity
• Requirements for Management

Groundwater : source of drinking water for 97% of the population

Current access to safe water: 80%

Self Sufficiency in Rice Production

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Irrigation and Groundwater

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8 2

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Irrigation Season Irrigated Area ('000 Hectres) DTW STW LLP

Demand for Groundwater in 2025

(WARPO Data)

Region Population in millions SW m3/s GW m3/s SMAs Other Towns Rural Areas Total SW 2.4 4.5 16.4 23.3 1 16 SC

• 3.4

10.6 14.0 10 NW 2.3 11.0 28.9 42.2 1 29 NC 26.8 6.0 17.6 50.4 14 31 NE

• 3.5

14.1 17.6 12 SE

• 4.0

14.2 18.2 13 EH 6.1 3.2 6.0 15.3 3 10 Total 37.6 35.6 107.8 181 19 121

Geological Background

• Geology of Bangladesh

– Physiographic – Stratigraphy

• References:

– Books on Geology of Bangladesh – BGS Report on Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh – Groundwater Task Force Report

Nepal

The Bengal Basin

Indian Indian Shield Shield Himalayan Mountains Himalayan Mountains Shillong Massif Shillong Massif

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Occurrence of Groundwater: Geology & Landform

Quaternary Geology of the Bengal Basin Nature of Aquifers Sediments

Aquifer System

Workshop on IWRM, Dhaka, 23-27 April

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Aquifer System

Aqui- fer Units UNDP , 1982 Aggarwal et al., 2000 BGS & DPHE, 2001 JICA, 2002 GWTF , 2002 1 Upper/ Composite Aquifer 1st Aquifer Upper Shallow Aquifer Upper Aquifer Upper Holocene Aquifer 2 Main Aquifer 2nd Aquifer Lower Shallow Aquifer Mid Aquifer Middle Holocene Aquifer 3 Deep Aquifer 3rd Aquifer Deep Aquifer Deep Aquifer Late Pleistocene

• Holocene

Aquifer 4 Plio- Pleistocene Aquifer

Groundwater Regions (UNDP, 1982) Groundwater Zones (MPO, 1985)

Hydrogeological Zones

89 90 91 92 89 90 91 92 21 22 23 24 25 26 21 22 23 24 25 26

Zone I Zone III Zone III Zone IV Zone VI Zone II Zone V

B a y o f B e n g a l INDIA

INDIA (W e s t B e n g a l)

INDIA A B

Zone Geomorphology I Teesta Fan II Deltaic Plains III Pleistocene Uplands IV Sylhet-Mymensingh Depressions V Coastal Plains VI Complex Geology

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Spatial variability in seasonality and trends Spatial variability in seasonality and trends

a b c

Dhaka

Seasonal groundwater flow Seasonal groundwater flow dynamics dynamics

v Highest and lowest groundwater levels are

• bserved in September and

April respectively v higher seasonal fluctuationsare observed in the Brahmaputra and upper Ganges floodplains

Groundwater levels are referenced to the PWD

Seasonal Seasonal – trend decomposition trend decomposition

Original time series Seasonal component Trend component Residual component

Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL)

Declining Water Levels Declining Water Levels

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Change in long-term GW storage

Major findings: current trends Major findings: current trends

v Rapid declines (>1 m/year) in shallow groundwater levels in and around Dhaka – urban/industrial abstraction is drawing from long-term storage; low permeability of surface geology impedes direct recharge to shallow aquifer v Steady declines in groundwater levels (50-100 cm/year) occur in the NW, north-central and SW districts due to intensive abstraction for dry-season groundwater-fed irrigation v Declining groundwater levels (50-100 cm/year) during wet periods indicate the shallow aquifers are not completely recharged in many parts of the country v Rising groundwater levels (0-10 cm/year) are observed in southern deltaic and estuarine areas and these are associated with the sea level rise and local recharge

Development Constraints

• Presence of arsenic
• High salinity
• Excessive dissolved chemical and radioactive elements
• Lowering of water level
• Occurrences of gravel
• Occurrences of biogenic methane
• Pollution from various sources
• Overexploitation of groundwater
• Hilly Terrain
• Other Physical Constraints

As in West Bengal, India

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Map of Arsenic Occurrence

1998 1998-99 Survey 99 Survey 2002 2002-03 Survey 03 Survey

Over 5 million wells tested!

v Most severely affected areas are in the southern part of the deltaic plains v Some contamination in the north east, northwest is least contaminated v Hills in the southeast safe v Distribution is controlled by surface geology v Deeper wells are mostly safe

Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh Arsenicosis Patients

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What if all the wells were tested?

About 16% of 10 million wells would exceed the drinking water standard (50 ppb) if all wells were tested

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentage of tes Safe 71% 91% 92% 73% 84% Unsafe 29% 9% 2% 27% 16% BAMWSP 272 UNICEF/ DPHE 20 UNICEF/ DPHE 172 Total Tested 464 Projection 464

How many wells are untested today?

• Recent data collected

from 35 affected Upazila in 2007-08 demonstrate that about 30% wells are untested

• 1.5M wells untested in

affected areas

• up to 4.4M people

unknowingly exposed

How many people drink water containing >50 ppb As?

GOB, 2002

Understanding Depth Distributions

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Sources of Arsenic Safe Water

34

READ-F MAGC/ALCAN Sono 45-25 Sidko

Arsenic Removal Technologies

A –Household ARTs: Alcan, Nelima, Read F, Shawdesh, Sono B - Community ARTs: Sidko

Pond Sand Filter

(UNICEF PHOTOS)

Rain Water Harvesting

Dug Wells and Ring Wells

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Deep Tube Wells

(GOB, 2002)

Rural Piped Water Systems

(GOB, 2002)

Arsenic Situation Analysis 2009 Arsenic Exposure Situation 2009

• In 2009, about 5.6, 22 and

35 million people are exposed to >200, >50, > 10 ug/L As in drinking water.

• Health implications: 1 in

14 adult deaths attributable to arsenic exposure, or about 43,000 to 56,000 deaths per year

• Economic implications:

~0.5% of annual GDP in lost income

http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/knowledgecentre_6868.htm

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Community based Testing Program

New kit, UNICEF (US$85/300 tests) Data entry in the field directly on handheld Garmin GPS Map76Cx (US$164 ea.) Google Earth for quality control

Sediment Samples and Color Coding

WHITE (W) RED (R) BLACK (B) OFF-WHITE (OW)

(A) (B)

(A) Sediment samples from SASMIT-8 (HARIAN) (B) Assigning project hypothesis colors with the help

• f a Munsell Soil Color Chart

Mozumder et al, 2011

OVEREXPLOITATION AND CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER IN DHAKA MEGACITY Dhaka: The Fastest Growing Megacity

UNICEF

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UNICEF

Physical Growth of Dhaka Dhaka Water Works

14% 86% Ground Water Surface Water

Water Demand and Supply

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Depletion rate: 2.5-3.5 m/y Max depletion at Tejgaon, Khilgaon Piezometric level :55-73 m (IWM, 2008).

GW hydrograph of Upper Dupi Tila demonstrates a steady down ward slope. Contour showing Depth to GW table of Upper Dupi Tila as on June, 2007

(Source: IWM)

1980 1970 1995 2007

Groundwater EC

• f Dhaka City

(2005)

Increased build up areas, reduced vertical recharge and deepening of wells

No of Locatio ns Clay thickness (m) Method 6 10 – 15 Trench pit 6 40 – 50 Injection well 2 3 – 7 Dug well 3 5 – 15 Lateral trench with vertical shaft 1 0 – 10 Spreading Technique 2 20 – 25 Retention pond with well 2 25 – 35 En-echelon Dam 2 15 -30 Check dam

Rules for selecting sites of definite artificial recharge methods Site Specific Artificial Recharge Technique Map

Dhaka has high potential for Artificial Recharge

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BRACKISH GROUNDWATER IN COASTAL PLAIN AQUIFERS

32 cm SLR (Area 10612 sqkm) 88 cm SLR (Area 14468 sqkm) 0 cm SLR (Area 9239 sqkm)

Legend

Saline Groundwater in Coastal Aquifers

Water Logging Due to Storm Surge Lack of Local Fresh Water

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Chandipur School Compound Collection of Cuttings Exploratory Drilling Pond

Field Exploration for Site Selection Site Layout for Two Locations

Layout plan of the MAR Test Site at DPHE Compound, Assasuni, Satkhira Layout plan of the MAR Test Site at Deb Prosad’s home, Gangarampur, Batiaghata

Schematic Designs for Two Sites

Schematic cross-section of MAR test site for rain and pond water infiltration in Assasuni Schematic cross-section of MAR test site for pond water infiltration in Batiaghata

Large Diameter Well Drilling Methods

• Rotary Drilling
• Percussion Drilling

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Installation and Completion of Infiltration Wells

Abstraction Sites in Khulna District Abstraction Sites in Satkhira District Abstraction Sites in Bagerhat Districts

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Common Practices: Unmanaged GW Development

• Demand driven planning
• Government planning procedure
• Feasibility studies for large projects
• Impact assessment not yet common
• Public consultation not practiced
• Private sector development mostly

uncontrolled

Requirements for Management of GW

C Institutional development C Policies and practices CIntegration of water supply and sanitation/waste disposal in land use planning C Legal aspects C Research needs C Government’s role in groundwater management C Lack of awareness and people’s participation C Enhancement of Local capabilities

Local Capability

• Good set of policies
• Many organizations involved in groundwater
• Lack of appropriate professionals
• Lack of general awareness about groundwater as a

resource

• Lack of specific legal framework to protect groundwater

along with monitoring and surveillance

• Lack of guidelines for groundwater development

projects

• Lack of a body to specifically look into groundwater

issues

• Lack of research capabilities

National Policies

• National Water Policy (1999): The GoB places increasing emphasis on

the proper management of the country's water resources. It conforms to internationally accepted principles of integrated water resources management, such as laid down in the Dublin-Rio statements.

• National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation (1998): This

policy calls for nationwide access to safe drinking water and sanitation services at an affordable cost (sanitation is defined as sewage disposal, solid waste management and storm water drainage). The

• bjective is to improve public health and produce a safer environment

by reducing water-borne disease and contamination of surface water and groundwater.

• National Environment Policy (1992): The policy highlights the need to

maintain ecological balance and overall development through protection and improvement of the environment and protect the country against natural disasters. It seeks to identify and regulate activities that pollute and degrade the environment to ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors.

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National Arsenic Policy and Mitigation Strategy

• National Arsenic Policy 2004
• access to arsenic-safe water for drinking and

cooking will be ensured;

• all patients will be managed effectively;
• public awareness will be raised about impact of

arsenic contaminated water;

• capacity

will be built at all levels for implementation of mitigation options, surveillance and monitoring of water quality and diagnosis and management of patients;

• impact
• f

arsenic

• n

agriculture will be assessed.

Organizations Involved in Groundwater

WARPO BWDB LGED DPHE WASA DoE C-EGIS According to the National Water Policy, WARPO is the apex institution for macro level integrated water resources management, including policy making and approval of large water development plans. Major project implementing agency for large water development schemes and activities (barrages, dams, reservoirs, irrigation schemes, drainage systems, bulk water supply, flood control, dredging, and channel regulation). Major implementing agency responsible for smaller scale water development schemes. Major implementing agency for water and sanitation in rural areas and smaller municipalities. Responsible for water supply sewerage and drainage in Dhaka (DWASA) and Chittagong (CWASA) Major agency for EIA, environmental control and enforcement

• f

environmental regulation. Major support institutions involved in compiling, handling and analysis of data pertaining to water resources, hydraulic and hydrological modelling and impact assessment of water resources planning.

Legal Aspects

Year Name of Act/Ordinance Main Agency Main Issues 1876 The Bengal Irrigation Act BWDB Concerns various aspect of irrigation, and levy of water rates 1872 Bangladesh Water and Power Development Board's Order BWDB Assigns control of all surface and ground water resources to BWDB 1983 Irrigation Water rates Ordinance BWDB/BADC Imposition

• f

water rates for irrigation and drainage. 1983 Bangladesh Irrigation Water Rate Ordinance BWDB/BADC Imposition

• f

water rates for drainage and irrigation 1985 Ground Water Management Ordinance MLRGD&C Assigns power to control tubewells to the Thana irrigation committee, sitting installation and spacing of minor irrigation department 1992 Water Resource Planning Act WARPO Provides guidelines for the development of water resources

National Water Management Plan

Item Output Plan Institutions Instruments

• a. A consensus document setting out a consolidated set of goals and objectives, and

issues and options, for the NWMP, based on the National Water Policy, in the policies

• f related sectors and the Bangladesh Water and Flood Management strategy

b. A priority water management programme for the period up to 2005, within the context of a long-term Water Management Programme up to 2005. These two programmes will identify inputs, outputs and impacts for both structural and non- structural measures to be implemented nationally and for each of six regions.

• c. An investment portfolio of environmentally sustainable national, regional and sub-

regional projects, as prepared sector agencies, screened by WARPO for inclusion in the above programme. a. A well-trained and operational WARPO

• b. A National Water Sector Database (NWSD) and meta-database, established within

WARPO and accessible to the public for a reasonable fee, with procedures and guidelines for data collection, storage , analysis, maintenance and dissemination

• a. A people's participation and consultation system, fully established and operational,

with the necessary procedures and guidelines.

• b. Criteria and procedures to be used to screen projects for inclusion in the portfolios

for the national and regional programmes

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Policy Implementation

• The National Water Resources Council (NWRC) is the highest body

and coordinates all water resources management activities, including formulate policies, provide directions for optimal development and utilization of the national water resources.

• The Council was established in 1983 (as the National Water Council).
• The Executive Committee of the National Water Resources Council

that is responsible for supporting the NWRC in terms of directives, guidance and advice

• n

all matters relating to the planning, management, and coordination of water resources across all sectors.

• It will also guide water management institutions at the national,

regional and local levels in the formulation and implementation of policies and plans for improved water management.

Water Act 2013 Water Act 2013: Salient Features

• Water Act 2013 is based on the National Water Policy, and

designed for integrated development, management, extraction, distribution, usage, protection and conservation of water resources in Bangladesh.

• The new law has provided the right framework for better

management of water resources in the country.

• The formation of the high-powered National Water Resources

Council (henceforth termed as the Council) with the prime minister as the head implies the importance the government is paying to the management of this precious resource. An Executive Committee under the Ministry of Water Resources will implement the decisions taken by the Council.

http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/07/review-of-the-water-act-2013/

Ownership and Abstractions

• As per this Act, all forms of water (e.g., surface water, ground water, sea

water, rain water and atmospheric water) within the territory of Bangladesh belong to the government on behalf of the people.

• The private landowners will be able to use the surface water inside their

property for all purposes in accordance with the Act.

• A worthwhile initiative is the requirement for permits/licenses for large

scale water withdrawal by individuals and organizations beyond domestic use.

• Without prior permission issued by the Executive Committee, no

individuals or organizations will be allowed to extract, distribute, use, develop, protect, and conserve water resources, nor they will be allowed to build any structure that impede the natural flow of rivers and creeks.

• The priority order as depicted in the Act is as follows: drinking

water>domestic usage>irrigation>fish culture> bio- diversity>wildlife>instream flow>industry>salinity control>power generation>recreation>miscellaneous.

http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/07/review-of-the-water-act-2013/

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Management of Water Resources

• Act recognizes the significance for managing all

forms of water resources in the context of natural flow of surface water and recharge of groundwater.

• The Act provides the legal framework for

development, management, extraction, distribution, usage, protection, and conservation of water resources.

• However, the Act falls short in making a commitment

by the government to ensure the quality of water for various beneficial uses.

http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/07/review-of-the-water-act-2013/

Groundwater in the Act

• Aquifer definition: Section 2(18) - good
• Groundwater definition: Section 2(26) - good
• Types of Water: Section 3(1-b) - good
• Integrated use of SW, GW and RW: Section

4(2-g) - good

• Safe Yield of Aquifers: Section 4(19-2) – good

Conclusions

• Groundwater very important for socio-economic

developments

• Resource values not properly appreciated
• Reviews of existing polices and possible

integrations

• Institutional reform and capacity building– new

body needed

• Legal aspects – groundwater protection

regulations under the Water Act 2013

Thank you all!