9/8/2013 Key issues in water management I WRM and I WRM and - - PDF document

9/8/2013 1 I WRM and I WRM and Ground Water Ground Water Management: Management:

Concepts, science, Concepts, science, uncertainties, uncertainties, policy and practice policy and practice

Mashf iqus Mashf iqus Salehin Salehin I WFM, BUET I WFM, BUET

The world’s f reshwater resources are under increasing pressure. Wat er is vit al f or human survival, healt h and dignit y and a f undament al resource f or human development .

• Resour ces ar e scar ce
• Demands ar e out st r ipping

supplies

Key issues in water management Global Perspective

W at er cycle

Why I WRM? - Key issues in water management

Populat ion under wat er st ress

• Wat er wit hdrawals have

increased more t han t wice as f ast as populat ion growt h

• Current ly 1/ 3r d of world' s

populat ion live in count ries t hat experience medium t o high wat er st ress.

The impact of pollut ion

Det eriorat ing wat er qualit y inf luences wat er usabilit y d/ s, t hreat ens human healt h and t he f unct ioning of aquat ic ecosyst ems, t hus reducing ef f ect ive availabilit y. Water governance crisis Sect oral approaches t o wat er resources management have dominat ed in t he past and are st ill prevailing. This leads t o f ragment ed and uncoordinat ed development and management

• f t he resource.

I ncreased competition. . . I ncreased compet it ion f or t he f init e resource is aggravat ed by inef f icient governance.

• P
• licy and inst it ut ional issues ar e complicat ed
• Cur r ent appr oach is sect or al and f r agment ed

Why I WRM? - Key issues in water management

9/8/2013 2

Key issues in water management

• Decreasing per-capit a availabilit y
• Degrading wat er qualit y
• I ncreasing compet it ion/ conf lict wit hin sect ors and wit hin

societ y

– Agricult ure versus f isheries; agricult ure versus wat er supply – Haves versus have not s – Upst ream versus downst ream – Nat ional versus int ernat ional

• I ncreasing compet it ion/ conf lict wit h t he environment

Demand

• Increasing in all sectors
• Inefficient use

Supply

• Quantity (Natural Scarcity,

Groundwater Depletion)

• Quality Degradation
• Cost of Options

Demand

• Increasing in all sectors
• Inefficient use

Demand

• Increasing in all sectors
• Inefficient use

Supply

• Quantity (Natural Scarcity,

Groundwater Depletion)

• Quality Degradation
• Cost of Options

Supply

• Quantity (Natural Scarcity,

Groundwater Depletion)

• Quality Degradation
• Cost of Options

IWRM IWRM IWRM IWRM

Where Are We Headed?

Challenges and I ssues in Wat er Resour ces management in Bangladesh

• Ever expanding wat er needs
• f a growing economy and

populat ion

• Maint aining f ood securit y f or

t his huge populat ion put s t remendous challenge (addit ional f ood grain demand of 9.5 million t ons in 2025)

• More and more agricult ural

land is being t aken up f or urban and ot her uses.

50 100 150 200 250 Po pulation (m illions) 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 (a) Bangladesh [Source: WARPO, 2001]

Wit h t he ant icipat ed populat ion growt h, t he increased st ress will enhance t he already exist ing conf lict s bet ween dif f erent users and dif f erent regions, e.g., bet ween domest ic and agricult ural uses, agricult ure and indust ry, agricult ure and f isheries, upst ream and downst ream, et c.

8

Water Resources Management I ssues

I nequalit y of t emporal and spat ial dist ribut ion of precipit at ion I nequalit y of t emporal and spat ial dist ribut ion of f low

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• Management of risk due t o nat ural hazards -- t he great est challenge

Water Resources Management I ssues

Lower riparian country Surrounded by mountains

Brahmaputra River G a n g e s R i v e r Meghna River Dhaka Lower Meghna River P a d m a R i v e r

NW NC SW EH NE SE SC RE

Hydrological regions NW: North-West NC: North-Central NE: North-East SW: South-West SC: South-Central SE: South-East EH: Eastern Hills RE: Rivers and Estuary 57 Cross-boundary rivers LEGEND

Brahmaputra River G a n g e s R i v e r Meghna River Dhaka Lower Meghna River P a d m a R i v e r

NW NC SW EH NE SE SC RE

Hydrological regions NW: North-West NC: North-Central NE: North-East SW: South-West SC: South-Central SE: South-East EH: Eastern Hills RE: Rivers and Estuary 57 Cross-boundary rivers LEGEND

Water Resources Management I ssues - FLOODS

H ig h R is k R is k W in d R is k N O D A T A

• wide spread river f loods over f loodplains,

f lash f loods in hilly st reams, t idal f lood and

• ccasional cyclonic st orm-surge f lood

Water Resources Management I ssues - EROSI ON

H ig h R is k R is k W in d R is k N O D A T A

• wide spread river f loods over f loodplains,

f lash f loods in hilly st reams, t idal f lood and

• ccasional cyclonic st orm-surge f lood
• huge sediment loads; river erosion along

about 75 rivers

• wide spread river f loods over f loodplains,

f lash f loods in hilly st reams, t idal f lood and

• ccasional cyclonic st orm-surge f lood
• huge sediment loads; river erosion along

about 75 rivers

• moderat e t o severe drought s spreading
• ver 10 dist rict s
• Dry season f rom November t o May brings

wat er short ages. Ext ensive irrigat ion are impact ing on hand-t ubewells.

Water Resources Management I ssues - DROUGHT

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Wat . Res. Mgt . I ssues - low dry season wat er availabilit y

• wide spread river f loods over f loodplains,

f lash f loods in hilly st reams, t idal f lood and

• ccasional cyclonic st orm-surge f lood
• huge sediment loads; river erosion along

about 75 rivers

• moderat e t o severe drought s spreading
• ver 10 dist rict s
• Dry season f rom November t o May brings

wat er short ages. Ext ensive are impact ing

• n hand-t ubewells.
• very low dry season wat er availabilit y in

SW region due t o Farakka diversion

• increased salinit y int rusion, t hreat ened

agricult ure &. ecosyst em (Sundarbans)

Wat . Res. Mgt . I ssues – DEGRADI NG WATER QUALI TY

• wide spread river f loods over f loodplains,

f lash f loods in hilly st reams, t idal f lood and

• ccasional cyclonic st orm-surge f lood
• huge sediment loads; river erosion along

about 75 rivers

• moderat e t o severe drought s spreading
• ver 10 dist rict s
• Dry season f rom November t o May brings

wat er short ages. Ext ensive irrigat ion are impact ing on hand-t ubewells.

• very low dry season wat er availabilit y in

SW region due t o Farakka diversion

• increased salinit y int rusion, t hreat ened

agricult ure &. ecosyst em (Sundarbans)

• degrading wat er qualit y

Previous water management approaches

• P

r evious appr oach

• - I ncrease Aman product ion (combat disast ers!)

Previous water management approaches

• P

r evious appr oach

• - I ncrease Aman product ion (combat disast ers!)
• - I ncrease production through massive irrigation

9/8/2013 5 Previous water management approaches

• P

r evious appr oach

• - I ncrease Aman production (combat disasters!)
• - I ncrease production through massive irrigation

 Did not f ully t ake account of t he pot ent ial impact s on f isheries, navigat ion, f orest s, domest ic and indust rial wat er supply, bio- diversit y and salinit y management .  Lack of consult at ion across sect oral and inst it ut ional boundaries  Social equit y was largely ignored  Lack of people’s part icipat ion in proj ect design & implement at ion  Saf et y against f loods (+ve)  Enhanced human act ivit ies in prot ect ed areas (+ve)  I ncreased agricult ural product ion

Past experiences with of Flood Control

Compromise wit h benef icial ef f ect s of normal, annual f loods

Hydr aulic impact s

I mpacts of f ragmented approach

Tr ansf er of f lood r isk Embankment f ailur e f loods I mpact s of FC pr oj ect s on f isher ies I mpact s of FC pr oj ect s on Navigat ion (e.g. count r y boat s) Det er ior at ion of r iver mor phology and wat er ways due t o coast al polder s

AGRI CULTURE and FI SHERI ES DOMESTI C WATER SUPPLY and URBANI ZATI ON TRANSPORTATI ON and FLOOD MANAGEMENT

• Many dif f erent uses of wat er resources are int erdependent ;

management of t he wat er resource must t ake t his int o account

Why is I WRM usef ul?

• I WRM - a signif icant st ep in addressing t he short comings of

t radit ional approaches;

Mor e coor dinat ed decision-making

• across sect ors

.....and scales

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GWP (2000): I WRM is a process which promot es t he coordinat ed development and management of wat er, land and relat ed resources, in order t o maximize t he result ant economic and social welf are in an equitable manner wit hout compromising t he sustainability of vital ecosystems.

Def inition of I WRM

• All dif f erent uses of wat er resources are considered t oget her
• Wat er allocat ion and management decisions t o consider t he

ef f ect s of each use on t he ot hers

• Take overall social and economic goals as well as achievement of

sust ainabilit y int o account

• I ncorporat e part icipat ory decision making

Economic ef f iciency Environment al & ecological sust ainabilit y Equit y

Because of t he increasing scarcit y of wat er and f inancial resources, t he f init e and vulnerable nat ure of wat er as a resource, and t he increasing demands upon it , wat er must be used wit h maximum possible ef f iciency; The basic right f or all people t o have access t o wat er of adequat e quant it y and qualit y f or t he sust enance of human wellbeing must be universally recognized; The present use of t he resource should be managed in a way t hat does not undermine t he lif e-support syst em t hereby compromising use by f ut ure generat ions of t he same resource. (1) Fresh wat er is a f init e and vulnerable resource, essent ial t o sust ain lif e, development and t he environment .

Water Management Principles

(2) Wat er dev. & management should be based

• n a part icipat ory

approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all levels. (3) Women play a cent ral part in t he provision, management and saf eguarding of wat er (4) Wat er has an economic value in all it s compet ing uses and should be recognised as an economic good. “Wat er has a value as an economic good as well as a social good”

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

WHERE I S GROUNDWATER?

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29.9% of the Earth fresh water re-sources and 99% of the blue water resources. However, only groundwater storage that exists in connected pores/ openings/ is accessible for use. GW is less susceptible to contamination than surface water

• quite often requires little or no treatment to be used as drinking water.

Groundwater usually reacts more slowly than surface water; processes usually take longer and recharge and remediation take therefore much more time.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Groundwater…the “hidden” resource

• Underlying resource, stored in

underground reservoir and transmitted through interconnected spaces

• Aquifers have huge differences with

respect to their hydrogeological setting.

• GW management based on a good

understanding of aquifer system.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Basic components Precipitation, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Infiltration, Overland flow, Streamflow, Groundwater flow

9/8/2013 8

• Wat er st or age f unct ion
• moderat e t he f lood f low
• augment dry season f low in rivers

I mport ant f unct ions of Floodplain

Q t

(b) (a)

Q t

(b) (a)

Q t

(b) (a)

Q t Q t Q t

(b) (a)

• Recharges t he shallow aquif er

increased base f low

Groundwater level in July Groundwater level in May Rainfall Ponded water Agricultural bund Ground surface Groundwater level in July Groundwater level in May Rainfall Ponded water Agricultural bund Ground surface

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

The sust ainabilit y of groundwat er is closely linked wit h a range of micro and macro-policy issues inf luencing wat er and land use, and represent s one of t he maj or challenges in nat ural resource management .

• The hydrologic cycle is being cont inuously af f ect ed by t he

modif icat ion of landscape.

 Eliminat ion of wet lands reduces st orage space f or f loodwat er.  Modif icat ion of land cover by land use change, encroachment

• f f loodplains
• These act ivit ies bring changes in t he inf ilt rat ion and

groundwat er recharge processes and surf ace runof f

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

The f irst maj or irrigat ion proj ect -- in t he early sixt ies in t he Thakurgaon area under BWDB (sinking 380 DTWs). I ncreasing demand – rapid expansion of DTWs and STWs during t he lat e 1970’s and t he 1980’s. STW --- f rom 133,800 in 1985 t o 925,200 in 2004 About 75 percent of t ot al cult ivat ed land is irrigat ed by groundwat er and 25 percent by surf ace wat er

100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 1985 1988 1989 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1998 2001 2004

STW DTW

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

The development of groundwat er f or irrigat ion has had a maj or posit ive impact on f ood grain product ion in Bangladesh -- hence an import ant role in povert y alleviat ion. Agricult ure sect or is import ant f or nat ional f ood securit y and f or providing raw mat erials t o t he manuf act uring indust ry, which is now becoming t he lead cont ribut or t o t he count ry’s GDP. Much of t he rural populat ion, especially t he poor, is reliant on t he agricult ure sect or as a crit ical source of livelihoods and employment . Many also depend on t he agricult ure sect or indirect ly t hrough employment in small-scale rural ent erprises t hat provide goods and services t o f arms and agro-based indust ries and t rades. The coast al area represent s a higher incidence of povert y compared t o ot her part s of t he count ry. One principal reason f or high incidence of povert y in t he area is low agricult ural product ivit y compared t o t he nat ional average.

9/8/2013 9

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

How much abst r act ion is f easible? unplanned abst r act ion can cause

• conf lict s among dif f er ent user s
• gr oundwat er lower ing/ mining

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Excessive groundwat er abst ract ion f or irrigat ion has posed a great challenge t o t he rural drinking wat er supply using hand-operat ed shallow t ube wells. The cost of irrigat ion pumping increases wit h t he lowering of t he wat er t able.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I n urban and peri-urban areas, groundwat er abst ract ion has lowered wat er levels beyond t he pot ent ial of nat ural recharge.

Source: Hoque et al. 2007

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Source: Hoque et al. 2007

I n Dhaka cit y, recharge t o t he aquif ers is much less t han abst ract ion of groundwat er. The lowering t rend of groundwat er level during t he last 32 years is 20 t o 30m wit h an average decline of more t han 1.0 m/ year. This lowering of t he wat er level leads t o increased pumping cost , abandonment of wells, and land subsidence.

9/8/2013 10

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Source: Hoque et al. 2007

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

• A single resource

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management To what ext ent gr oundwat er int er act s wit h sur f ace wat er ?

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

I n most areas, groundwat er and surf ace wat er are hydraulically connect ed. Depending on t he nat ure of hydraulic connect ion, surf ace wat er bodies can lose wat er recharging t he aquif er, wit h cont aminat ed surf ace wat er af f ect ing groundwat er qualit y. Conversely, surf ace wat er bodies can gain wat er and solut es f rom groundwat er syst ems. Ant hropogenic act ivit ies like pumping of groundwat er can deplet e surf ace wat er, wit hdrawal of surf ace wat er can deplet e groundwat er Food cont rol act ivit ies can signif icant ly reduce recharge t o t he groundwat er syst ems, and human act ivit ies can be a signif icant source of t he degradat ion of t he wat er resources qualit y.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

I n Bangladesh, f low bet ween aquif ers and rivers alt ernat es seasonally; exchange is signif icant ly cont rolled by t he geology. Rivers in Bangladesh have various degrees of penet rat ion int o t he upper aquif er; t hose on Holocene f loodplains have a good hydraulic cont inuit y and t hose on Pleist ocene t erraces have no simple genet ic connect ion wit h t he underlying aquif er [Ahmed and Burgess, 2003; Ravenscrof t , 2003] I n Barind Tract area, rivers like At rai and Mahananda cut t hrough t he Barind clay int o t he underlying aquif er allowing direct recharge. The river At rai is one good example of a variably gaining-losing st ream, being ef f luent during t he wet season and inf luent during t he dry mont hs. Courses of many rivers are, however, f ault cont rolled, and presumably f ault planes in t hese river beds play a role in t he int eract ion wit h t he aquif er.

9/8/2013 11

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Stream f low depletion due to agricultural pumping I f t he cone of depression int ersect s a river

• induce st reamf low losses f irst t hrough reduced basef low
• As pumping cont inues, may cause replenishment of aquif er

st orage by reversing t he groundwat er-st ream gradient s and t hus inducing st ream t o lose wat er t o t he aquif er.

Degree of depletion will depend on: 1) the degree to which the river and aquifer are interconnected, 2) the distance between the river and the pumping source, 3) the rate of pumping, and 4) the physical characteristics of the streambed and the aquifer.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Stream f low depletion due to agricultural pumping MPO (1986): maximum reduct ion will t ake place in t he nort hwest region of t he count ry. BECOM (1992): int ensive t ube-well development will generally reduce nat ural base f lows of rivers by up t o 30%. EPC/ MMP (1991): 26% of t he groundwat er abst ract ed f rom t he aquif er is derived f rom t he surrounding rivers in Dhaka cit y. Recent concern about t he drying up of rivers and bills in t he nort hwest region, which may be a result of a general lowering

• f t he groundwat er level in t hat region.

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Stream f low depletion due to agricultural pumping

NAO026 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1/1/78 1/1/82 1/1/86 1/1/90 1/1/94 1/1/98 1/1/02 Year Groundwater level, m (PWD) NAO048 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1/1/78 1/1/82 1/1/86 1/1/90 1/1/94 1/1/98 1/1/02 Year Groundwater level, m (PWD) NAO047 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1/1/78 1/1/82 1/1/86 1/1/90 1/1/94 1/1/98 1/1/02 Year Groundwater level, m (PWD)

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Stream f low depletion due to agricultural pumping

January 2 4 6 8 10 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Discharge (m3/s) February 2 4 6 8 10 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Discharge (m3/s) March 2 4 6 8 10 12 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Discharge (m3/s) April 2 4 6 8 10 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Discharge (m3/s)

Trends of flow in Little Jamuna river

9/8/2013 12

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Reduction in recharge by physical interventions

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Human impacts on water quality

GW contamination How is the quality of groundwater impacted? What is the fate of contaminants? How do they move?

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

I n Dhaka, signif icant loading of dissolved solid wast es int o t he river Buriganga has been a source of signif icant groundwat er cont aminat ion. I ndust rial act ivit ies are responsible f or increased heavy met al levels in soils and sediment s in many areas of t he count ry. Sediment cont aminat ion by heavy met als is an import ant issue of increasing environment al concern. I ncreased unplanned urbanizat ion and indust rializat ion have already af f ect ed t he environment al component s; air, soil, sediment and wat er of t he Dhaka cit y area. Human impacts on water quality

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

The t annery ef f luent s discharged direct ly t o t he nat ure creat e environment al problems. Presence of higher accumulat ion of Cr, Al and Fe in t opsoils (down t o invest igat ed 6m) wit h signif icant amount

• f Mn, Zn, Ni and Cu were observed, which has already inf luenced

t he qualit y of shallow groundwat er [Zahid and Ahmed 200?]. Human impacts on water quality

9/8/2013 13

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Groundwater Degradation f rom Agricultural Activities

Intensive farming with increased use of fertilizers and pesticides Chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are potential contamination sources. There is inadequate knowledge of the extent of this contamination

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

The successf ul management of wat er resources t hus requires recognit ion of t he t wo component resources as a single resource. The f act t hat surf ace wat er and groundwat er int eract creat es a st rong incent ive f or t he conj unct ive management of t hese t wo resources

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Nat ional Wat er Policy (1999): balanced use of groundwat er and surf ace wat er

• A single resource

I nt egrat ion of surf ace wat er and groundwat er management

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Groundwat er in coast al region: salinit y problem

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Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Percentage of land in each of the 64 districts (broken gray lines) in Bangladesh irrigated with groundwater in 2003 (BADC,2003) [Total numbers of shallow and deep tubewells operated in each district in 2003are also shown. Low-permeable extensive surface geological units are shown in the background] (Source: Shamsudduha et al., 2009)

Groundwat er in coast al region: salinit y problem

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Surface water irrigation GW irrigation (STW)

Groundwat er in coast al region: salinit y problem

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Groundwat er in coast al region

SW / GW coverage

Why does groundwater management matter?

How does it f it in I WRM f ramework?

Arsenic in shallow groundwat er

9/8/2013 15

57

How I WRM can assist groundwater management

Over come t r adit ional inst it ut ional separ at ion of sur f ace wat er f r om gr oundwat er and r esult ing f undament al communicat ion bar r ier s Balancing t he available r esour ces wit h t he incr easing demands of wat er use Replace r isk management decisions – t o addr ess excessive abst r act ion and/ or sever e gr oundwat er pollut ion – by int egr at ed management appr oaches Lack of inst it ut ional capacit y, limit ed f und availabilit y

• r , simply, polit ics ar e ot her bar r ier s t o an int egr at ed

gr oundwat er management

58

I ntegrating (ground & surf ace) Water planning

M a n a g e m e n t I n s t r u m e n t s Ecosystem Sustainability Social Equity Economic Efficiency t s I n s t i t u t i

• n

a l R

• l

e s Policy Legislation Regulation Aquifer & River Basin Central-Local Public-private Assessment Information Allocation tools Enabling Environment Financing & Incentive Structure

IWRM Change Areas

59

THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

• 1. Policies – setting goals for water use, protection and conservation.
• 2. Legislative framework – the rules to enforce to achieve policies and goals.
• 3. Financing and incentive structures – allocating financial resources to meet water

needs. INSTITUTIONAL ROLES

• 4. Creating an organizational framework – forms and functions.
• 5. Institutional capacity building – developing human resources.

MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS

• 6. Water resources assessment – understanding resources and needs.
• 7. Plans for IWRM – combining development options, resource use and human

interaction.

• 8. Demand management – using water more efficiently.
• 9. Social change instruments – encouraging a water-oriented civil society.
• 10. Conflict resolution – managing disputes, ensuring sharing of water.
• 11. Regulatory instruments – allocation and water use limits.
• 12. Economic instruments – using value and prices for efficiency and equity.
• 13. Information management and exchange– improving knowledge for better water

management. THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

• 1. Policies – setting goals for water use, protection and conservation.
• 2. Legislative framework – the rules to enforce to achieve policies and goals.
• 3. Financing and incentive structures – allocating financial resources to meet water

needs. INSTITUTIONAL ROLES

• 4. Creating an organizational framework – forms and functions.
• 5. Institutional capacity building – developing human resources.

MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS

• 6. Water resources assessment – understanding resources and needs.
• 7. Plans for IWRM – combining development options, resource use and human

interaction.

• 8. Demand management – using water more efficiently.
• 9. Social change instruments – encouraging a water-oriented civil society.
• 10. Conflict resolution – managing disputes, ensuring sharing of water.
• 11. Regulatory instruments – allocation and water use limits.
• 12. Economic instruments – using value and prices for efficiency and equity.
• 13. Information management and exchange– improving knowledge for better water

management.

Goals for the enabling environment

60

 Establishing government as the “owner” of all water resources  Setting out effective water allocation mechanisms including decision support for prioritisation  Setting out mechanisms for pollution management in harmony with the environmental laws and regulations  Providing legal basis for institutional reform  Regulating conditions in case of water excessive lowering and pollution emergencies  Making provision for cost recovery, charges, incentives and financing arrangements to assist sustainability  Setting out provisions for enforcement and for sanctions in cases of non-compliance

9/8/2013 16

Goals for the institutional framework

61

• Separate water resources management functions from

service delivery functions

• Manage surface water resources within the boundaries of a

catchment, not within administrative boundaries,

• Decentralising regulatory and service functions to the lowest

appropriate level

• Promote stakeholder involvement and public participation in

planning and management decisions

• To facilitate, regulate and encourage private sector potential

contributions in financing and delivery of services

key goals within management instruments

62

 Establish a hydrological and hydro-geological service tailored for the water resources situation and the key water resources issues  Establish a water resources knowledge base based on monitoring and water resources assessments, supplemented by modelling if necessary and make available as part of public awareness raising  Establish a water allocation mechanism, a surface water, groundwater abstraction and wastewater discharge permit system and associated databases  Establish policy and planning capabilities and develop skills in risk assessment, environmental, social and economic assessments  Establish competencies in demand management and in use of prices and value for efficiency in use and equity in access  Establish human resources development and capacity building tailored to the water resources and institutional issues

Groundwater & National Planning Cycle

63

Work plan Awareness raising

• Stakeholder

participation

• Political

commitment Vision/ policy Commitment to IWRM Situation analysis Problems, IWRM situation, Goals identified Strategy choice Goals prioritised Strategy selected I WRM plan Draft, Stakeholder & political approval I WRM plan Draft, Stakeholder & political approval I mplementation Legal, institutional, management actions. Build capacity Evaluation Assess progress, Revise plan Initiation. Government commitment. Team formed