The Collegiate Sport Club Model: Examining How Sport Clubs Impact Positive Student Outcomes Dr. Leeann Lower Richard Bailey Mark Beattie Tarkington Newman Daniel Wray
Building Blocks of the Project
Comparing Rec Sport Programs 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.334 3.4 2.8 3.2 2.800 3.384 3.3 2.7 3.1 3.142 PB Mean Score PB Mean Score PB Mean Score 3 3.2 2.6 2.645 3.222 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.8 3.075 3 2.4 2.7 2.398 2.716 2.6 2.9 2.3 Social PB Fitness PB Intellectual PB Intramural Sports Group Fitness Sport Clubs
Collegiate Varsity vs. Club Sport 3.60 3.55 3.53 3.49 3.50 3.42 3.40 t = 2.79 3.33 p < .01 3.27 3.30 Mean benefit score 3.20 3.09 3.10 Collegiate Recreation 3.00 2.90 t = 3.15 p < .01 2.79 2.80 2.70 2.60 Overall Benefits Fitness Benefits Social Benefits Intellectual Benefits F(2,124) = 14.13 F(2,124) = 14.20 F(3,123) = 11.29 F(3,123) = 4.85 p < .0001 p < .0001 p < .0001 p = .0032
Financial Implications ´ Collegiate varsity athletics are costly ´ Example: Baylor University (BU) ´ Collegiate Sport Revenue: $11,754,286* ´ Collegiate Sport Expenses: $12,764,230* BU Collegiate BU Club Operating Expenses Operating Expenses Baseball $607,977 $3,000 Soccer $138,055 $3,000 Softball $230,870 $3,000 Volleyball $266,791 $3,000 * Excludes Football and Basketball
CLUB PURPOSE & ASSUMPTIONS UNIVERSITY ACTIVITIES - Support • Student Training SHORT-TERM • Fundraising Activities OUTCOMES (0-4) UNIVERSITY OUTPUTS UNIVERSITY INPUTS • Recruitment Activities - Individual Outcomes - Support Outputs - Human Resources • Risk Management • Physical Wellness • # of Trainings • Paid Staff - Governance • Social Wellness • # of Fundraising Events • Faculty Advisors • Oversight • Emotional Wellness • # of Recruitment Events - Financial Resources • Communication • Intellectual Wellness • # of Clubs Participating • Allocations • Resource Distribution - Club Outcomes - Governance Outputs • Discounts • Management • # of Meetings - Non-Financial Assets Effectiveness • # of Clubs Participating • Facility • Membership Health • Equipment CLUB ACTIVITIES - University Outcomes • Transportation - Sport Activities • Student Retention • Practice CLUB OUTPUTS • Competition - Sport Outputs - Social Activities • # of Practices • Team Building • # of Competitions CLUB INPUTS INTERMEDIATE • Travel • # of Participants - Human Resources OUTCOMES (5-7) • Service • - Social Outputs Student Volunteers - Individual Outcomes - Fundraising Activities • • # of Team Building • Non-University Paid Physical Activity Across • Work Events the Life Span Staff • Sales • • # of Trips • Student Members Life Skills • Sponsors • # of Service Events • - Financial Resources Occupational Wellness • Donors • • # of Participants Revenue - Club Outcomes - Administrative Activities - Fundraising Outputs • - Non-Financial Assets Sustainability • Strategic Planning • • # of Fundraising Events - University Outcomes Non-University Facility • Governance • • # of Participants • Non-University Academic Success Rate • Communication - Administrative Outputs Equipment • Human Resource • • # of Meetings Non-University Management • # of Participants Transportation • Asset Management LONG-TERM OUTCOMES • Event Management (8-11) - Individual Outcomes SPORT GOVERNING BODY • Overall Wellbeing SPORT GOVERNING BODY OUTPUTS - Club Outcomes SPORT GOVERNING BODY INPUTS - Support Outputs • Long-term ACTIVITIES - Human Resources • # of Trainings Sustainability - Support • Paid Staff • # of Clubs Participating - University Outcomes • Student Training - Non-Financial Assets - Governance Outputs • Alumni support - Governance • Facility • # of Meetings • Oversight • # of Competitions • Communication • # of Clubs Participating • Event Management EXTERNAL FACTORS (University, Sport Governing Body, & Environmental Constraints)
CLUB ACTIVITIES - Sport Activities • Practice CLUB OUTPUTS • Competition - Sport Outputs - Social Activities # of Practices Team Building CLUB INPUTS # of Competitions Travel - Human Resources # of Participants POSITIVE STUDENT Service • Student Volunteers - Social Outputs OUTCOMES - Fundraising Activities • Paid Staff # of Team Building Events - Healthy Behaviors Work • Student Members # of Trips - Life Skills Sales - Financial Resources # of Service Events - Sport Skills Transfer of Sponsors Revenue # of Participants Learning Donors - Non-Financial Assets - Fundraising Outputs - University Attachment - Administrative Activities Facility • # of Fundraising Events Strategic Planning Equipment • # of Participants Governance - Administrative Outputs Communication # of Meetings Human Resource Management # of Participants Asset Management Event Management Conceptual Model Tested
Pilot Test – Preliminary Findings MANOVA Univariate Effects Less than Greater than Average M ( SD ) Average M ( SD ) Attachment F (1, 141) p Club In-Season Competitions University Attachment 4.90(0.89) 5.06(0.75) 0.89 0.346 Member Attachment 4.47(0.87) 4.40(0.83) 0.20 0.653 Club Travel University Attachment 5.03(0.84) 4.93(0.84) 1.00 0.319 Member Attachment 4.49(0.81) 4.41(0.91) 1.16 0.283 Club Social Inclusionary Tactics University Attachment 4.69(0.88) 5.16(0.73) 8.52 0.004 Member Attachment 4.22(0.88) 4.59(0.81) 5.24 0.024 Note . Bonferroni correction of p < .025 applied.
Full Study – In Progress PART 1 (Spring 2019) PART 2 (Fall 2019) ´ Inputs : Secondary club data ´ Inputs : Secondary club data ´ Activities/Outputs : ´ Activities/Outputs : ´ Sport ´ Sport ´ Social ´ Social ´ Fundraising ´ Fundraising ´ Administrative ´ Administrative ´ Outcomes : ´ Outcomes : ´ Sport club capacity ´ Work life balance ´ 9 dimensions of wellness ´ Mental health ´ Secondary academic data ´ Athlete burnout ´ Retention ´ Secondary academic data
Community Impact ´ Technical Reports ´ OSU Recreational Sports Department ´ Clubs investigated ´ Conference Presentations ´ Applied Sport Management ´ NIRSA Sport Club Institute ´ Big Ten Recreational Sports ´ Future Publications ´ Recreational Sport Journal ´ Applied Sport Management Journal ´ Journal of Student Affairs Research & Practice
CLUB PURPOSE & ASSUMPTIONS UNIVERSITY ACTIVITIES - Support • Student Training SHORT-TERM • Fundraising Activities OUTCOMES (0-4) UNIVERSITY OUTPUTS UNIVERSITY INPUTS • Recruitment Activities - Individual Outcomes - Support Outputs - Human Resources • Risk Management • Physical Wellness • # of Trainings • Paid Staff - Governance • Social Wellness • # of Fundraising Events • Faculty Advisors • Oversight • Emotional Wellness • # of Recruitment Events - Financial Resources • Communication • Intellectual Wellness • # of Clubs Participating • Allocations • Resource Distribution - Club Outcomes - Governance Outputs • Discounts • Management • # of Meetings - Non-Financial Assets Effectiveness • # of Clubs Participating • Facility • Membership Health • Equipment CLUB ACTIVITIES - University Outcomes • Transportation - Sport Activities • Student Retention • Practice CLUB OUTPUTS • Competition - Sport Outputs - Social Activities • # of Practices • Team Building • # of Competitions CLUB INPUTS INTERMEDIATE • Travel • # of Participants - Human Resources OUTCOMES (5-7) • Service • - Social Outputs Student Volunteers - Individual Outcomes - Fundraising Activities • • # of Team Building • Non-University Paid Physical Activity Across • Work Events the Life Span Staff • Sales • • # of Trips • Student Members Life Skills • Sponsors • # of Service Events • - Financial Resources Occupational Wellness • Donors • • # of Participants Revenue - Club Outcomes - Administrative Activities - Fundraising Outputs • - Non-Financial Assets Sustainability • Strategic Planning • • # of Fundraising Events - University Outcomes Non-University Facility • Governance • • # of Participants • Non-University Academic Success Rate • Communication - Administrative Outputs Equipment • Human Resource • • # of Meetings Non-University Management • # of Participants Transportation • Asset Management LONG-TERM OUTCOMES • Event Management (8-11) - Individual Outcomes SPORT GOVERNING BODY • Overall Wellbeing SPORT GOVERNING BODY OUTPUTS - Club Outcomes SPORT GOVERNING BODY INPUTS - Support Outputs • Long-term ACTIVITIES - Human Resources • # of Trainings Sustainability - Support • Paid Staff • # of Clubs Participating - University Outcomes • Student Training - Non-Financial Assets - Governance Outputs • Alumni support - Governance • Facility • # of Meetings • Oversight • # of Competitions • Communication • # of Clubs Participating • Event Management EXTERNAL FACTORS (University, Sport Governing Body, & Environmental Constraints)
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