Slide 1 / 145 Slide 2 / 145 Chemistry Atomic Origins 2015-08-14 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 145 Table of Contents: Creation of Matter Click on the topic to go to that section · The Big Bang · Electrons & Protons · The Nucleus · Formation of the Elements · Isotopes · Radioactive Decay · Half-Life
Slide 4 / 145 The Big Bang Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 145 Chemistry The observable Universe is made up of amazing stuff. We more formally call this stuff matter. Humans have always been curious about the nature of matter: where did matter come from? what is it made out of? why does it behave the way it does? Slide 6 / 145 Chemical Elements Scientists have discovered all of the matter in our Universe is made up of 116 different types of chemical elements. About 90 of these elements occur naturally. http://www.periodictable.com/
Slide 7 / 145 The Beginning... Where did the elements that makes up the Universe come from? Slide 8 / 145 The Beginning... You were correct if you said the prevailing theory is that the Universe began with the "Big Bang," which is an event thought to have occurred about 14 billion years ago. Slide 9 / 145 Big Bang Theory It is believed our Universe began at a single point. This one spot was thousands of times smaller than the head of a pin. It was also hotter and more dense than any object we know of today. This heat still remains as Cosmic Background Radiation.
Slide 10 / 145 Big Bang Theory This Universe began expanding suddenly and rapidly from this single point. Consequently, every piece of matter, all the "stuff" in the universe came from this small, dense spot! Slide 11 / 145 1 In 1929, Edwin Hubble observed the "redshift" of the universe and concluded that galaxies are moving away from each other. Students type their answers here What phenomenon causes the universe to appear red? "Schema Redshift" by Rogilbert - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schema_Redshift.png#/media/File:Schema_Redshift.png Slide 11 (Answer) / 145 In 1929, Edwin Hubble observed the "redshift" of the universe 1 and concluded that galaxies are moving away from each other. Students type their answers here What phenomenon causes the universe to appear red? Answer The Doppler Effect "Schema Redshift" by Rogilbert - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schema_Redshift.png#/media/File:Schema_Redshift.png [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 12 / 145 Doppler Effect The Doppler effect occurs when a source of the wave is moving with respect to an observer. A source moving toward an observer has a higher frequency and shorter wavelength; the opposite is true when a source is moving away from an observer. This works with sound waves and the waves of an electromagnetic spectrum. Click here for a video on the doppler effect http://njc.tl/pu Slide 13 / 145 2 Red light has the longest visible spectrum (wavelength), so when Hubble looked at the night sky the galaxies appeared Students type their answers here red because they were moving away from us! How would they appear if they were moving toward us? Slide 13 (Answer) / 145 2 Red light has the longest visible spectrum (wavelength), so when Hubble looked at the night sky the galaxies appeared Students type their answers here red because they were moving away from us! How would they appear if they were moving toward us? Answer Violet [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 14 / 145 3 Scientists believe the Big Bang happened: A 14 million years ago B 14 trillion years ago C 14 billion years ago D within the last 3000 years Slide 14 (Answer) / 145 3 Scientists believe the Big Bang happened: A 14 million years ago B 14 trillion years ago Answer C C 14 billion years ago D within the last 3000 years [This object is a pull tab] Slide 15 / 145 Energy and Matter 14 billion years ago, in the flash of the Big Bang high energy photons (light particles) collided with each other, forming oppositely charged particles. Typically, when this happened the oppositely charged matter and antimatter annihilated each other instantly, converting back into high energy photons. Photons Photons Oppositely Charged Charged Antimatter Matter
Slide 16 / 145 Energy and Matter 4 Students type their answers here In the first seconds of the Universe, for reasons scientists cannot explain, it is estimated that one particle of matter for approximately every one billion particles of antimatter were not annihilated. (You could win a Nobel Prize if you figure out why!) In this environment three major particles formed: + positively charged particles neutrally charged particles - negatively charged particles What are these positive, negative and neutral particles called? What is the magnitude of their charge? What are their masses? Slide 16 (Answer) / 145 Energy and Matter 4 Students type their answers here In the first seconds of the Universe, for reasons scientists cannot explain, it is estimated that one particle of matter for approximately every one billion particles of antimatter were not annihilated. (You could win a Nobel Prize if you figure out why!) Answer In this environment three major particles formed: protons, neutrons, electrons +1.6x10 -19 C, neutral, - 1.6x10 -19 C + positively charged particles 1.67x10 -27 kg, 1.67x10 -27 kg, 9.1x10 -31 kg neutrally charged particles - negatively charged particles [This object is a pull tab] What are these positive, negative and neutral particles called? What is the magnitude of their charge? What are their masses? Slide 17 / 145 Cosmic Background Radiation "As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled and stable atoms could form, they eventually could no longer absorb the thermal radiation and the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. The photons that from that time have been propagating ever since, growing fainter and less energetic." http://www.universetoday.com/79777/cosmic-background-radiation/
Slide 18 / 145 5 Which of these pieces of evidence support the Big Bang theory? A red-shift B cosmic background radiation C both a and b Slide 18 (Answer) / 145 5 Which of these pieces of evidence support the Big Bang theory? A red-shift B cosmic background radiation Answer C both a and b C [This object is a pull tab] Slide 19 / 145 6 Following the Big Bang, the universe: A expanded and then rapidly stopped expanding. B expanded and has not stopped expanding since. C rapidly expanded and then shrunk back to its original size.
Slide 19 (Answer) / 145 6 Following the Big Bang, the universe: A expanded and then rapidly stopped expanding. B expanded and has not stopped expanding since. C rapidly expanded and then shrunk back to its Answer B original size. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 20 / 145 Formation of the Elements 3 minutes after the Big Bang, the Universe began to cool down from (1x 10 32 °C to 1 x 10 9 °C) and protons and neutrons began to combine. + + Slide 21 / 145 Formation of the Elements About 300,000 years later, the universe had cooled enough for positively charged protons to attract the negatively charged electrons, and the first atoms were formed. - - - + + + Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-3 Deuterium Tritium - - - - - + + + 3 4 + 4 5 - - - - Helium-4 Lithium-7 Beryllium-9
Slide 22 / 145 Stellar Furnaces During the formation of the universe only atoms of the lightest elements - hydrogen, helium, lithium and beryllium were formed. As the cloud of cosmic dust and gases from the Big Bang cooled, stars formed, and these then grouped together to form galaxies and stars. The high pressure and temperature within Stars caused protons and neutrons to fuse together. In smaller stars like our Sun, the temperatures are 15.5 million C at the core, hot enough to make Helium from Hydrogen only. Slide 23 / 145 Larger Elements In the core of hotter, larger giant stars: hydrogens fuse to make helium Sun heliums fuse to make atoms with 4 protons - beryllium helium and beryllium fuse to Red Giant Red Supergiant make atoms with 6 protons - carbon carbon and helium fuse to make Blue atoms with 8 protons - oxygen, Giant etc., and in this manner Blue elements with up to 12 protons Supergiant formed. Slide 24 / 145 Formation of Heavier Elements The most massive elements Atoms of elements aluminum to iron formed in from iron to uranium were created in star explosions Super Giant stars. called supernovae. 26 . . - + 26 30
Slide 25 / 145 Periodic Table of Nucleosynthesis Slide 26 / 145 "We Are Made from Star Stuff" Atoms, the building blocks of matter, formed in the intense heat and pressure of the early universe, stellar furnaces and supernovae. Everything around us was once part of a star. In this course we will explore the nature of matter and apply principles of physics to understand atomic structure, chemical properties and predict chemical behavior. Click here to watch a video on the formation of the Elements. Slide 27 / 145 Atomic Structure: Electrons & Protons Return to Table of Contents
Recommend
More recommend
