The Big-Bang Machine Stefan Spanier Physics and Astronomy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The Big-Bang Machine

Stefan Spanier Physics and Astronomy University of Tennessee, Knoxville

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Accelerator = Microscope

Length to be resolved L L 1/Particle Energy

+

• Energy

Pocket Electron-Accelerator

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particle Collider Experiment Principle

Particles live long enough to make signals in a detector (material)

• create light
• generate new particles

E = m c2

short lived particle – new matter?

Particle Accelerator provides large kinetic energy

Very High Voltage (year 1932)

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particle Collider Experiment Principle

Measure many particles e.g. their energy …

Background Signal Lifetime 1 / Width exists ~10-23 seconds

more like

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

mass

u c t d s b d s b u c t

e- e e

• e+

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Quarks Leptons particles anti-particles Proton u u d

hadrons

Anti-proton u _ u _ d _

Latest addition 1995 Tevatron at Fermilab

The Standard Model Building Blocks

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particles and Forces

+ + Electric Force: same sign electrical charges repel each other even at infinite separation Electromagnetic Force: Unification electricity+magnetism

Maxwell ~1861

+

• 2

2

Distance Charge Force

Coulomb law, 1783 Franklin, June 1752

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particle Interactions

Particle Physics (Quantum Field Theory) + + Time Photon

Boson

Mass Range 1

• Range

Photon

Mass

Coupling to Charge Started ~ 1925

Theory works extremely well

virtual photon precision within ten parts in a billion

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particle Interactions

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Particle Interactions

Radioactive Decay Weak Force

Boson

Mass Range 1

• Neutron Proton

e- ~10-15m

• u

d W - e-

• ~10-18 m
• W

Mass ~ 80 MassProton

Could the forces be the same? What is the underlying important principle?

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Standard Model Fundamentals

The SM is a Quantum Field Theory: describes all interactions as exchange of particles 1) Force laws must apply at all places and times gauge invariance (know how to calibrate) 2) Predicted reaction rates should be finite at all energies renormalizable Turns out: Theories based on principle 1) deliver predictions with high precisions But: To work everywhere the force particles need to be massless !!!

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Noble Price 2013

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The Higgs Mechanism

How particles acquire masses … The Higgs particle mass generation

Standard Model safe ! ????

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Why should it be safe?

The Standard Model has ~ 18 (+9) dials (parameters) that are adjusted in agreement with measurements - precisely They are not a fundamental outcome of the present theory = appear to be arbitrary settings - could be linked

Arbitrariness is Ignorance –

we do not know yet the more fundamental theory – what is it?

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Standard Model in Everyday Life

e.g. the W-boson controls the Sun this weak force process starts the cycle that fuels the Sun: Set W mass dial to lower value Sun hotter, brighter more UV light W mass is given by Higgs interaction, but not its value

p p

e+

• Deuterium

p n

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The Time Machine

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The Bigger Picture – if this is it …

~ 13.7 billion years

1 meV Today ( T= 2.7 K )

400,000 yr

1019 GeV Planck Epoch

10-43 s 10-35 s

1015 GeV Unification of electroweak and strong force

103 GeV Higgs acts 10-12 s 10-8 s 1 s

Quark protons, neutrons form Nuclei form (D, He, Li) Galaxy formation Solar system

Particle Desert: Are there more particles ?

Big Bang

LHC

( T~1032 K )

Why here?

Time

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Grand Unification of Forces

Minimal Supersymmetric SM

develop new theories, e.g. Supersymmety ?

Simplest super-symmetric model has 105 dials …

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Smash things together and see what happens!

The Experiment

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

How to produce particles at LHC?

Proton Collision

Proton Proton

d u u d d u u

b b

d d

d u u d d u u

b b

d d

Higgs, X, Y …

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Higgs Hunt ?

How do you find one Higgs?

If each person is one collision event you need to search ~100 times the number of people on Earth

In 2017 there are 7.5 billion people on Earth! Because you need several Higgs and you will miss some you need to do this over an over.

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The Higgs Mechanism CMS CMS

LHC at CERN

Airport Mont Blanc LHC control room

CERN

http://www.lhc-closer.es/1/3/10/0

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

LINAC Magnet RF Need injector, since magnetic field cannot start from zero.

LHC Storage Ring

Beam broken up into bunches ~ 3000 bunches in LHC ~ 100 billion protons/bunch

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The LHC Protons

Airport

CERN

The bottle with hydrogen gas (the protons) ~ 12 liters of gas compressed (1 gram of gas) How often does it need to be refilled? 8 months/year

x 120 fills/month x 3 *1014 protons/fill

~ ~ 3 3 *10 10 17

17 protons

protons / / year year

In a year In the bottle are ~6 *1023 protons

The bottle lasts for 2 Million years !

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Acceleration to full energy takes 20 minutes.

LHC RF Cavity

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

PS Accelerator Section

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Superconducting magnets:

• 1232 dipole magnets (bending)
• T = -271oC (superfluid Helium)
• 100,000 x earth magnetic field

LHC

superconducting dipole magnet LHC in LEP tunnel Each beam

• Circulation time: 89 s
• Current: ~ 0.6 Ampere
• Time between collisions: 25 ns
• Fill time (450 GeV): 7.5 min
• Acceleration time : 20 min
• Beam lifetime : several hours

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Beam Protection

Energy stored/beam: 360 MJ Energy stored in magnets: 700 GJ

• The energy per proton is equivalent to using ~70,000 Hiroshima

bombs (‘Little Boy’) to accelerate a 22 caliber bullet.

• The energy stored in the beam is equivalent to a small aircraft carrier
• f mass 10,000 tons traveling at 20 miles/hour.
• This energy can lighten up a 100W light bulb for 1000 hours.

copper plate

450 GeV beam

10 20 40 bunches 60 Beam loss is fatal:

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Develop Diamond Detectors

Installation of diamond diode detectors near the beam pipe in the CMS detector to continuously monitor the beams in the CMS detector region Installation of diamond diode detectors near the beam pipe in the CMS detector to continuously monitor the beams in the CMS detector region Prototype diamond pixel detector readout at UTK (SERF)

using radioactive sources

Prototype diamond pixel detector readout at UTK (SERF)

using radioactive sources

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

How to detect the Higgs?

Every 25ns protons in bunches collide Interactions/crossing = 25 (~1000 charged particles)

p p

+

• +

Higgs Higgs Z

Simulation

in 100,000x earth magnetic field

Higgs + 25 other events

In CMS collision information corresponds to 100 billion phone calls per second.

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The LHC Collaboration

About 10,000 of Earth’s inhabitants came together to make it happen.

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The CMS Detector

Muon Detectors Superconducting coil

• 270oC

Iron return yoke

Photon and Electron Detector Width: 22m Diameter: 15m Weight: 13,000 tons Charged Particle Tracker

Weighs ~25% more than the Eiffel Tower in Paris

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The first force studied carefully by CMS was Gravity … The first force studied carefully by CMS was Gravity …

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The CMS Collaboration

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The CMS Detector

Superconducting Solenoid All Silicon Tracker (Pixels and Microstrips) E/M Calorimeter Muon System Hadron Calorimeter [scintillators & brass]

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

PLT

Grant – UTK GradStudent at CERN

Collaboration between UTK Princeton, Rutgers, Wisconsin Vanderbilt, CERN, Fermilab Successful measurements since 2015

New detector to measure precisely the interaction rate close to LHC beam

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

Higgs 4

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

But we have only just started to understand the Higgs boson…

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

we need to look from every angle as there might be something unexpected!

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The full picture

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The larger picture …

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

MPlanck M* 1/R (1 mm)–1 1 TeV Strength of Forces 3-2-1 LED Conventional Gravity

Simulation of a black hole event with in CMS No signal in direct searches …

• N. Arkani‐Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali (1998). "The Hierarchy

problem and new dimensions at a millimeter". Physics Letters B429 : 263–272

Probing Gravity

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25 February 2017 Stefan Spanier, The Big Bang Machine

The End