The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Prepared by

• Prof. Samia El-Marsafawy

Water Requirements and Field Irri. Res. Dep.

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

What is the difference between global warming and climate change? Global warming is just one aspect of climate change. “Global warming” refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. “Climate change” refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns. (https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

How do we know the climate is changing? The scientific community is certain that the Earth's climate is changing because of the trends that we see in the instrumented climate record and the changes that have been observed in physical and biological

• systems. The instrumental record of climate change is derived from

thousands of temperature and precipitation recording stations around the

• world. We have very high confidence in these records as a whole. The

evidence of a warming trend over the past century is unequivocal.

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-we-know-climate-changing-1?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Some important events in this regard:

• The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held

in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5–16 in 1972.

• The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was founded in

June 1972 as a result of the Stockholm Conference on the Human

• Environment. (Mostafa Tolba, Director from 1975 – 1992).
• UNEP in cooperation with the WMO (March 23, 1950) established

IPCC in 1988.

• The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. (3-14 June, 1992)

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) in 1992,

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It then entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified it. The UNFCCC

• bjective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the

atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The framework sets non binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international treaties (called "protocols"

• r

"Agreements") may be negotiated to specify further action towards the

• bjective of the UNFCCC.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Status of Ratification of the Convention

Participant Signature Ratification Entry into force AFGHANISTAN 12 Jun 1992 19 Sep 2002 18 Dec 2002 ALBANIA 3 Oct 1994 1 Jan 1995 ALGERIA 13 Jun 1992 9 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994 ANDORRA 2 Mar 2011 31 May 2011 ANGOLA 14 Jun 1992 17 May 2000 15 Aug 2000 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 4 Jun 1992 2 Feb 1993 21 Mar 1994 ARGENTINA 12 Jun 1992 11 Mar 1994 9 Jun 1994 ARMENIA 13 Jun 1992 14 May 1993 21 Mar 1994 AUSTRALIA 4 Jun 1992 30 Dec 1992 21 Mar 1994 AUSTRIA 8 Jun 1992 28 Feb 1994 29 May 1994 AZERBAIJAN 12 Jun 1992 16 May 1995 14 Aug 1995 BAHAMAS 12 Jun 1992 29 Mar 1994 27 Jun 1994 BAHRAIN 8 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 BANGLADESH 9 Jun 1992 15 Apr 1994 14 Jul 1994 BARBADOS 12 Jun 1992 23 Mar 1994 21 Jun 1994 BELARUS 11 Jun 1992 11 May 2000 9 Aug 2000 BELGIUM 4 Jun 1992 16 Jan 1996 15 Apr 1996 BELIZE 13 Jun 1992 31 Oct 1994 29 Jan 1995 BENIN 13 Jun 1992 30 Jun 1994 28 Sep 1994 BHUTAN 11 Jun 1992 25 Aug 1995 23 Nov 1995 BOLIVIA 10 Jun 1992 3 Oct 1994 1 Jan 1995 The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 7 Sep 2000 6 Dec 2000 BOTSWANA 12 Jun 1992 27 Jan 1994 27 Apr 1994 BRAZIL 4 Jun 1992 28 Feb 1994 29 May 1994 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 7 Aug 2007 5 Dec 2007 BULGARIA 5 Jun 1992 12 May 1995 10 Aug 1995 BURKINA FASO 12 Jun 1992 2 Sep 1993 21 Mar 1994 BURUNDI 11 Jun 1992 6 Jan 1997 7 Apr 1997 CAMBODIA 18 Dec 1995 17 Mar 1996 CAMEROON 14 Jun 1992 19 Oct 1994 17 Jan 1995 CANADA 12 Jun 1992 4 Dec 1992 21 Mar 1994 CAPE VERDE 12 Jun 1992 29 Mar 1995 27 Jun 1995 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 13 Jun 1992 10 Mar 1995 8 Jun 1996 CHAD 12 Jun 1992 7 Jun 1994 5 Sep 1994 CHILE 13 Jun 1992 22 Dec 1994 22 Mar 1995 CHINA (2) (3) 11 Jun 1992 5 Jan 1993 21 Mar 1994 COLOMBIA 13 Jun 1992 22 Mar 1995 20 Jun 1995 COMOROS 11 Jun 1992 31 Oct 1994 29 Jan 1995 CONGO 12 Jun 1992 14 Oct 1996 12 Jan 1997 COOK ISLANDS 12 Jun 1992 20 Apr 1993 21 Mar 1994 COSTA RICA 13 Jun 1992 26 Aug 1994 24 Nov 1994 COTE D'IVOIRE 10 Jun 1992 29 Nov 1994 27 Feb 1995 CROATIA 11 Jun 1992 8 Apr 1996 A 7 Jul 1996 CUBA 13 Jun 1992 5 Jan 1994 5 Apr 1994 CYPRUS 12 Jun 1992 15 Oct 1997 13 Jan 1998 CZECH REPUBLIC 18 Jun 1993 7 Oct 1993 21 Mar 1994

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA 11 Jun 1992 5 Dec 1994 5 Mar 1995 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 11 Jun 1992 9 Jan 1995 9 Apr 1995 DENMARK 9 Jun 1992 21 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 DJIBOUTI 12 Jun 1992 27 Aug 1995 25 Nov 1995 DOMINICA 21 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 12 Jun 1992 7 Oct 1998 5 Jan 1999 ECUADOR 9 Jun 1992 23 Feb 1993 21 Mar 1994

EGYPT 9 Jun 1992 5 Dec 1994 5 Mar 1995

EL SALVADOR 13 Jun 1992 4 Dec 1995 3 Mar 1996 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 16 Aug 2000 14 Nov 2000 ERITREA 24 Apr 1995 23 Jul 1995 ESTONIA 12 Jun 1992 27 Jul 1994 25 Oct. 1994 ETHIOPIA 10 Jun 1992 5 Apr 1994 4 Jul 1994 EUROPEAN UNION 13 Jun 1992 21 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 FIJI 9 Jun 1992 25 Feb 1993 21 Mar 1994 FINLAND 4 Jun 1992 3 May 1994 1 Aug 1994 FRANCE 13 Jun 1992 25 Mar 1994 23 Jun 1994 GABON 12 Jun 1992 21 Jan 1998 21 Apr 1998 GAMBIA 12 Jun 1992 10 Jun 1994 8 Sep 1994 GEORGIA 29 Jul 1994 27 Oct 1994 GERMANY 12 Jun 1992 9 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 GHANA 12 Jun 1992 6 Sep 1995 5 Dec 1995 GREECE 12 Jun 1992 4 Aug 1994 2 Nov 1994 GRENADA 3 Dec 1992 11 Aug 1994 9 Nov 1994

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

GUATEMALA 13 Jun 1992 15 Dec 1995 14 Mar 1996 GUINEA 12 Jun 1992 7 May 1993 21 Mar 1994 GUINEA-BISSAU 12 Jun 1992 27 Oct 1995 25 Jan 1996 GUYANA 13 Jun 1992 29 Aug 1994 27 Nov 1994 HAITI 13 Jun 1992 25 Sep 1996 24 Dec 1996 HONDURAS 13 Jun 1992 19 Oct 1995 17 Jan 1996 HUNGARY 13 Jun 1992 24 Feb 1994 25 May 1994 ICELAND 4 Jun 1992 16 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994 INDIA 10 Jun 1992 1 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994 INDONESIA 5 Jun 1992 23 Aug 1994 21 Nov 1994 IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) 14 Jun 1992 18 Jul 1996 16 Oct 1996 IRAQ 28 Jul 2009 26 Oct 2009 IRELAND 13 Jun 1992 20 Apr 1994 19 Jul 1994 ISRAEL 4 Jun 1992 4 Jun 1996 2 Sep 1996 ITALY 5 Jun 1992 15 Apr 1994 14 Jul 1994 JAMAICA 12 Jun 1992 6 Jan 1995 6 Apr 1995 JAPAN 13 Jun 1992 28 May 1993 21 Mar 1994 JORDAN 11 Jun 1992 12 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994 KAZAKHASTAN 8 Jun 1992 17 May 1995 15 Aug 1995 KENYA 12 Jun 1992 30 Aug 1994 28 Nov 1994 KIRIBATI 13 Jun 1992 7 Feb 1995 8 May 1995 KUWAIT 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 KYRGYZSTAN 25 May 2000 23 Aug 2000 LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 4 Jan 1995 4 Apr 1995 LATVIA 11 Jun 1992 23 Mar 1995 21 Jun 1995 LEBANON 12 Jun 1992 15 Dec 1994 15 Mar 1995

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

LESOTHO 11 Jun 1992 7 Feb 1995 8 May 1995 LIBERIA 12 Jun 1992 5 Nov 2002 4 Feb 2002 LIBYA 29 Jun 1992 14 Jun 1999 12 Sep 1999 LIECHTENSTEIN 4 Jun 1992 22 Jun 1994 20 Sep 1994 LITHUANIA 11 Jun 1992 24 Mar 1995 22 Jun 1995 LUXEMBOURG 9 Jun 1992 9 May 1994 7 Aug 1994 MADAGASCAR 10 Jun 1992 2 Jun 1999 31 Aug 1999 MALAWI 10 Jun 1992 21 Apr 1994 20 Jul 1994 MALAYSIA 9 Jun 1993 13 Jul 1994 11 Oct 1994 MALDIVES 12 Jun 1992 9 Nov 1992 21 Mar 1994 MALI 30 Sep 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 MALTA 12 Jun 1992 17 Mar 1994 15 Jun 1994 MARSHALL ISLANDS 12 Jun 1992 8 Oct 1992 21 Mar 1994 MAURITANIA 12 Jun 1992 20 Jan 1994 20 Apr 1994 MAURITIUS 10 Jun 1992 4 Sep 1992 21 Mar 1994 MEXICO 13 Jun 1992 11 Mar 1993 21 Mar 1994 MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF) 12 Jun 1992 18 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994 MONACO 11 Jun 1992 20 Nov 1992 21 Mar 1994 MONGOLIA 12 Jun 1992 30 Sep 1993 21 Mar 1994 MONTENEGRO (4) 23 Oct 2006 21 Jan 2007 MOROCCO 13 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1995 27 Mar 1996 MOZAMBIQUE 12 Jun 1992 25 Aug 1995 23 Nov 1995 MYANMAR 11 Jun 1992 25 Nov 1994 23 Feb 1995 NAMIBIA 12 Jun 1992 16 May 1995 14 Aug 1995 NAURU 8 Jun 1992 11 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

NEPAL 12 Jun 1992 2 May 1994 31 Jul 1994 NETHERLANDS (5) 4 Jun 1992 20 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 NEW ZEALAND 4 Jun 1992 16 Sep 1993 21 Mar 1994 NICARAGUA 13 Jun 1992 31 Oct 1995 29 Jan 1996 NIGER 11 Jun 1992 25 Jul 1995 23 Oct 1995 NIGERIA 13 Jun 1992 29 Aug 1994 27 Nov 1994 NIUE 28 Feb 1996 28 May 1996 NORWAY 4 Jun 1992 9 Jul 1993 21 Mar 1994 OMAN 11 Jun 1992 8 Feb 1995 9 May 1995 PAKISTAN 13 Jun 1992 1 Jun 1994 30 Aug 1994 PALAU 10 Dec 1999 9 Mar 2000 PANAMA 18 Mar 1993 23 May 1995 21 Aug 1995 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 13 Jun 1992 16 Mar 1993 21 Mar 1994 PARAGUAY 12 Jun 1992 24 Feb 1994 25 May 1994 PERU 12 Jun 1992 7 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994 PHILIPPINES 12 Jun 1992 2 Aug 1994 31 Oct 1994 POLAND 5 Jun 1992 28 Jul 1994 26 Oct 1994 PORTUGAL (3) 13 Jun 1992 21 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 QATAR 18 Apr 1996 17 Jul 1996 REPUBLIC OF KOREA 13 Jun 1992 14 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 12 Jun 1992 9 Jun 1995 7 Sep 1995 ROMANIA 5 Jun 1992 8 Jun 1994 6 Sep 1994 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 13 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 RWANDA 10 Jun 1992 18 Aug 1998 16 Nov 1998 SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS 12 Jun 1992 7 Jan 1993 21 Mar 1994 SAINT LUCIA 14 Jun 1993 14 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 2 Dec 1996 2 Mar 1997 SAMOA 12 Jun 1992 29 Nov 1994 27 Feb 1995 SAN MARINO 10 Jun 1992 28 Oct 1994 26 Jan 1995 SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 12 Jun 1992 29 Sep 1999 28 Dec 1999 SAUDI ARABIA 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 SENEGAL 13 Jun 1992 17 Oct 1994 15 Jan 1995 SERBIA 12 Mar 2001 10 Jun 2001 SEYCHELLES 10 Jun 1992 22 Sep 1992 21 Mar 1994 SIERRA LEONE 11 Feb 1993 22 Jun 1995 20 Sep 1995 SINGAPORE 13 Jun 1992 29 May 1997 27 Aug 1997 SLOVAKIA 19 May 1993 25 Aug 1994 23 Nov 1994 SLOVENIA 13 Jun 1992 1 Dec 1995 29 Feb 1996 SOLOMON ISLANDS 13 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 SOMALIA 11 Sep 2009 10 Dec 2009 SOUTH AFRICA 15 Jun 1993 29 Aug 1997 27 Nov 1997 SPAIN 13 Jun 1992 21 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 SRI LANKA 10 Jun 1992 23 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994 SUDAN 9 Jun 1992 19 Nov 1993 21 Mar 1994 SURINAME 13 Jun 1992 14 Oct 1997 12 Jan 1998 SWAZILAND 12 Jun 1992 7 Oct 1996 5 Jan 1997 SWEDEN 8 Jun 1992 23 Jun 1993 21 Mar 1994 SWITZERLAND 12 Jun 1992 10 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1994 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 4 Jan 1996 3 Apr 1996 TAJIKISTAN 7 Jan 1998 7 Apr 1998 THAILAND 12 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 28 Jan 1998 28 Apr 1998 TIMOR-LESTE 10 Oct 2006 8 Jan 2007 TOGO 12 June 1992 8 Mar 1995 6 Jun 1995 TONGA 20 Jul 1998 18 Oct 1998 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 11 Jun 1992 24 Jun 1994 22 Sep 1994 TUNISIA 13 Jun 1992 15 Jul 1993 21 Mar 1994 TURKEY 24 Feb 2004 24 May 2004 TURKMENISTAN 5 Jun 1995 3 Sep 1995 TUVALU 08 Jun 1992 26 Oct 1993 21 Mar 1994 UGANDA 13 Jun 1992 8 Sep 1993 21 Mar 1994 UKRAINE 11 Jun 1992 13 May 1997 11 Aug 1997 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 29 Dec 1995 28 Mar 1996 UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (6) (7) 12 Jun 1992 8 Dec 1993 21 Mar 1996 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 12 Jun 1992 17 Apr 1996 16 Jul 1997 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 12 Jun 1992 15 Oct 1992 21 Mar 1994 URUGUAY 4 Jun 1992 18 Aug 1994 16 Nov 1994 UZBEKISTAN

• 20 Jun 1993

21 Mar 1994 VANUATU 9 Jun 1992 25 Mar 1993 21 Mar 1994 VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF) 12 Jun 1992 28 Dec 1994 28 Mar 1995 VIET NAM 11 Jun 1992 16 Nov 1994 14 Feb 1995 YEMEN 12 Jun 1992 21 Feb 1996 21 May 1996 ZAMBIA 11 Jun 1992 28 May 1993 21 Mar 1994 ZIMBABWE 12 Jun 1992 3 Nov 1992 21 Mar 1994

Con.: Status of Ratification of the Convention

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Conference of the Parties (COPs)

(https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop)

What is the COP?

The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention. All States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at the COP, at which they review the implementation of the Convention and any

• ther legal instruments that the COP adopts and take decisions

necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention, including institutional and administrative arrangements.

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

A key task for the COP is to review the national communications and emission inventories submitted by Parties. Based on this information, the COP assesses the effects of the measures taken by Parties and the progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention. The COP meets every year, unless the Parties decide otherwise. The first COP meeting was held in Berlin, Germany in March, 1995. The COP meets in Bonn, the seat of the secretariat, unless a Party offers to host the

• session. Just as the COP Presidency rotates among the five recognized

UN regions - that is, Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe and Others – there is a tendency for the venue of the COP to also shift among these groups.

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Cop 1 from 28 March to 7 April 1995 Berlin, Germany Cop 2 in July 1996 Geneva, Switzerland Cop 3 in December 1997 Kyoto, Japan Cop 4 in November 1998 Buenos Aires, Argentina Cop 5 between 25 October and 5 November 1999 Bonn, Germany Cop 6

• n 13–25 November 2000

The Hague, Netherlands Cop 6

• n 17–27 July 2001

Bonn, Germany Cop 7 from 29 October to 10 November 2001 Marrakech, Morocco Cop 8 from 23 October to 1 November 2002 New Delhi, India Cop 9

• n 1–12 December 2003

Milan, Italy Cop 10

• n 6–17 December 2004

Buenos Aires, Argentina Cop 11 between 28 November and 9 December 2005 Montreal, Canada Cop 12

• n 6–17 November 2006

Nairobi, Kenya Cop 13

• n 3–17 December 2007

Bali, Indonesia Cop 14

• n 1–12 December 2008

Poznań, Poland Cop 15

• n 7–18 December 2009

Copenhagen, Denmark Cop 16 from 28 November to 10 December 2010 Cancún, Mexico Cop 17 from 28 November to 9 December 2011 Durban, South Africa Cop 18 from 26 November to 7 December 2012 Doha, Qatar Cop 19 from 11 to 23 November 2013 Warsaw, Poland Cop 20 On 1–12 December 2014 Lima, Peru Cop 21 from 30 November to 12 December 2015 Paris, France Cop 22

• n 7–18 November 2016

Marrakech, Morocco Cop 23

• n 6–17 November 2017

Bonn, Germany Cop 24

• n 3-14 December 2018

Katowice, Poland

Conference of the Parties (COPs)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

States/organization Registered participants Parties 195 11300 Observer States 1 6 Total Parties + observer States 196 11306 United Nations Secretariat units and bodies 33 453 Specialized agencies and related organizations 20 376 Intergovernmental organizations 80 687 Non-governmental organizations 1005 4660 Total observer organizations 1138 6176 Media 626 1633 Total participation 1960 19115

Participation statistics

Conference of the Parties

Twenty-third session (COP23) Bonn, 6–17 November 2017 The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

1. First (1990) 1992 sup. 2. Second (1995) 3. Third (2001) 4. Fourth (2007) 5. Fifth (2014) 6. Sixth (2022)

Nobel Peace Prize In December 2007, the IPCC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize The award is shared with Former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore for his work

• n

climate change and the documentary An Inconvenient Truth.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovern mental_Panel_on_Climate_Change).

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)

On 23 June 2010, the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts. The working group reports would be published during 2013 and 2014. These experts would also provide contributions to the Synthesis Report published in late 2014. The Fifth Assessment Report (Climate Change 2013) would be released in four distinct sections:

• Working Group I Report (WGI): Focusing on the physical science basis and including 258 experts.
• Working Group II Report (WGII): Assessing the impacts, adaptation strategies and vulnerability

related to climate change and involving 302 experts.

• Working Group III Report (WGIII): Covering mitigation response strategies in an integrated risk

and uncertainty framework and its assessments carried out by 271 experts.

• The Synthesis Report (SYR): Final summary and overview.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Global warming reaches 1°C above preindustrial, warmest in more than 11,000 years

https://climateanalytics.org/briefings/global-warming-reaches-1c-above-preindustrial-warmest-in-more-than-11000-years/ https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiX34W52bzeAhUPmrQKHSoeAfEQjhx6BAgBE AM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecentral.org%2Fgallery%2Fgraphics%2Fco2-and-rising-global- temperatures&psig=AOvVaw37HTE8OmpL6ZPeAeQ3LL5B&ust=1541487903830383

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Source: IPCC (2014) Exit based on global emissions from 2010. Details about the sources included in these estimates can be found in the Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• F-gase

(HFCs, PFCs and SF6).

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Figure : Global average abundances of the major, well-mixed, long-lived greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 - from the NOAA global air sampling network are plotted since the beginning of 1979. These five gases account for about 96% of the direct radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases since 1750. The remaining 4% is contributed by an assortment of 15 minor halogenated gases including HCFC-22 and HFC-134a, for which NOAA observations are also shown in the figure (see text). Methane data before 1983 are annual averages from D. Etheridge [Etheridge et al., 1998], adjusted to the NOAA calibration scale [Dlugokencky et al., 2005].

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Global Radiative Forcing (W m-2) CO2-eq (ppm) AGGI (Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ) Year CO2 CH4 N2O CFC12 CFC11 15-minor Total Total 1990 = 1 % change 1979 1.027 0.406 0.104 0.092 0.04 0.031 1.699 382 0.785 1980 1.058 0.413 0.104 0.097 0.042 0.034 1.748 385 0.808 2.2 1981 1.077 0.42 0.107 0.102 0.044 0.036 1.786 388 0.825 1.8 1982 1.089 0.426 0.111 0.107 0.046 0.038 1.818 391 0.84 1.5 1983 1.115 0.429 0.113 0.113 0.048 0.041 1.859 394 0.859 1.9 1984 1.14 0.432 0.116 0.118 0.05 0.044 1.9 397 0.878 1.9 1985 1.162 0.437 0.118 0.123 0.053 0.047 1.94 399 0.896 1.9 1986 1.184 0.442 0.122 0.129 0.056 0.049 1.982 403 0.916 1.9 1987 1.211 0.447 0.12 0.136 0.058 0.053 2.025 406 0.936 2 1988 1.25 0.451 0.122 0.143 0.061 0.057 2.085 410 0.963 2.8 1989 1.275 0.455 0.126 0.149 0.063 0.061 2.13 414 0.984 2.1 1990 1.292 0.459 0.129 0.154 0.065 0.065 2.164 417 1 1.6 1991 1.312 0.463 0.131 0.158 0.066 0.069 2.199 419 1.016 1.6 1992 1.323 0.467 0.133 0.162 0.067 0.072 2.224 421 1.028 1.2 1993 1.334 0.467 0.134 0.164 0.067 0.074 2.239 422 1.035 0.7 1994 1.356 0.469 0.135 0.165 0.067 0.076 2.269 425 1.048 1.4 1995 1.383 0.472 0.136 0.168 0.067 0.077 2.302 427 1.064 1.6 1996 1.41 0.473 0.139 0.17 0.066 0.078 2.335 430 1.079 1.5 1997 1.426 0.474 0.142 0.171 0.066 0.079 2.357 432 1.089 1 1998 1.464 0.478 0.144 0.172 0.066 0.08 2.404 436 1.111 2.2 1999 1.495 0.481 0.148 0.173 0.065 0.082 2.443 439 1.129 1.8 2000 1.513 0.481 0.151 0.173 0.065 0.083 2.466 441 1.139 1.1 2001 1.535 0.48 0.153 0.174 0.064 0.085 2.492 443 1.151 1.2 2002 1.564 0.481 0.155 0.174 0.064 0.087 2.525 446 1.167 1.5 2003 1.601 0.483 0.157 0.174 0.063 0.088 2.566 449 1.186 1.9 2004 1.627 0.483 0.159 0.174 0.063 0.09 2.595 452 1.199 1.4 2005 1.655 0.482 0.162 0.173 0.062 0.092 2.626 454 1.214 1.4 2006 1.685 0.482 0.165 0.173 0.062 0.095 2.661 457 1.23 1.6 2007 1.71 0.484 0.167 0.172 0.061 0.098 2.691 460 1.244 1.4 2008 1.739 0.486 0.17 0.171 0.061 0.1 2.728 463 1.26 1.7 2009 1.76 0.489 0.172 0.171 0.06 0.103 2.754 465 1.273 1.2 2010 1.791 0.491 0.175 0.17 0.06 0.106 2.792 468 1.29 1.7 2011 1.817 0.492 0.178 0.169 0.059 0.109 2.824 471 1.305 1.5 2012 1.845 0.494 0.181 0.168 0.059 0.111 2.858 474 1.32 1.5 2013 1.882 0.496 0.183 0.167 0.058 0.114 2.901 478 1.34 2 2014 1.908 0.499 0.187 0.166 0.058 0.117 2.935 481 1.356 1.6 2015 1.938 0.504 0.19 0.165 0.058 0.119 2.974 485 1.374 1.8 2016 1.985 0.507 0.193 0.164 0.057 0.122 3.027 490 1.399 2.5 2017 2.013 0.509 0.195 0.163 0.057 0.124 3.062 493 1.415 1.6

Global Radiative Forcing, CO2-equivalent mixing ratio, and the AGGI 1979-2016 (39 years)

• calculated as (RF(yr2) - RF(yr1))/RF(in1990), which is essentially the same as the annual difference in the AGGI. RF = Radiative Forcing

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html (esrl: Earth System Research Laboratory), The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Greenhouse gases vary in their relative contributions to global warming; i.e. one tonne of methane does not have the same impact

• n warming as one tonne of carbon dioxide. We define these

differences using a metric called 'Global Warming Potential' (GWP). GWP can be defined on a range of time-periods, however the most commonly used (and that adopted by the IPCC) is the 100- year timescale (GWP100).

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The GHG totals are expressed in CO2 equivalent using the GWP100 metric of the Second Assessment Report of IPCC and include CO2 (GWP100=1), CH4 (GWP100=21), N2O (GWP100=310) and F-gases (c-C4F8 GWP=8700, C2F6 GWP=9200, C3F8 GWP=7000, C4F10 GWP=7000, C5F12 GWP=7500, C6F14 GWP=7400, C7F16 GWP=7820, CF4 GWP=6500, HFC-125 GWP=2800, HFC-134a GWP=1300, HFC-143a GWP=3800, HFC-152a GWP=140, HFC-227ea GWP=2900, HFC-23 GWP=11700, HFC-236fa GWP=6300, HFC-245fa GWP=858, HFC-32 GWP=650, HFC-365mfc GWP=804, HFC-43-10-mee GWP=1300, SF6 GWP=23900).

Radiative Forcing

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

GHG emissions Percentage of global total (MtCO2e) (%) World 45261.2517 100.00% China 12454.711 25.90% United States 6673.4497 14.75% European Union (28)[2] 4224.5217 9.33% European Union (15)[3] 3374.0348 7.45% India 2379.1668 6.43% Russia 2199.1173 4.86% Japan 1353.3473 2.99% Brazil 1017.8745 2.25% Germany 894.057 1.98% Indonesia 744.3403 1.64% Canada 738.3825 1.63% Mexico 733.0104 1.62% Iran 716.8149 1.58% South Korea 673.5412 1.49% Australia 580.0997 1.28% Saudi Arabia 546.8181 1.21% United Kingdom 546.2641 1.21% South Africa 510.2377 1.13% France 440.8485 0.97% Italy 420.8244 0.93% Turkey 408.4574 0.90% Ukraine 375.667 0.83% Thailand 369.431 0.82% Poland 361.1905 0.80% Argentina 334.2374 0.74% Country

Pakistan 326.774 0.72% Kazakhstan 313.7248 0.69% Spain 306.6117 0.68% Nigeria 304.0637 0.67% Malaysia 303.1518 0.67% Iraq 284.5679 0.63% Egypt 272.3785 0.60% Venezuela 268.4274 0.59% Vietnam 256.7606 0.57% Uzbekistan 225.7986 0.50% United Arab Emirates 221.4243 0.49% Kuwait 195.7803 0.43% Algeria 187.2679 0.41% Netherlands 186.7775 0.41% Philippines 171.6044 0.38% Bangladesh 163.6298 0.36% Colombia 159.5837 0.35% Angola 155.722 0.34% Libya 133.0112 0.29% Ethiopia 123.3709 0.27% Czech Republic 120.9859 0.27% Belgium 113.4088 0.25% Turkmenistan 112.285 0.25% Romania 109.4851 0.24% Chile 103.5626 0.23% Oman 101.7895 0.22% Myanmar 98.7527 0.22% Belarus 90.4979 0.20% Israel 89.5907 0.20% Greece 86.9692 0.19% GHG emissions Percentage of global total (MtCO2e) (%) Country

List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions (2014)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Country GHG emissions Percentage of global total e) 2 (MtCO (%) Country GHG emissions Percentage of global total e) 2 (MtCO (%) Peru 86.2102 0.19% Cameroon 83.2755 0.18% Qatar 82.8463 0.18% Morocco 78.8839 0.17% Austria 78.4743 0.17% Tanzania 77.9457 0.17% New Zealand 75.0919 0.17% Azerbaijan 69.7221 0.15% Syria 65.8195 0.15% North Korea 63.8065 0.14% Finland 63.5322 0.14% Portugal 62.0311 0.14% Kenya 60.1371 0.13% Ireland 59.2123 0.13% Serbia 59.0182 0.13% Ecuador 58.2656 0.13% Hungary 56.9204 0.13% Bulgaria 54.8549 0.12% Singapore 52.9509 0.12% Denmark 52.8873 0.12% Switzerland 51.5705 0.11% Sweden 50.8451 0.11% Zambia 50.1033 0.11% Central African Republic 49.2281 0.11% Bolivia 46.8039 0.10% Norway 46.5925 0.10% Cuba 46.5085 0.10% Afghanistan 44.4157 0.10% Slovakia 40.3202 0.09% Democratic Republic of the Congo 39.559 0.09% Mongolia 38.6367 0.09% Sri Lanka 38.3764 0.08% Paraguay 37.5747 0.08% Nepal 36.0311 0.08% Tunisia 35.6478 0.08% Yemen 35.502 0.08% Uruguay 34.0277 0.08% Bahrain 33.4062 0.07% Uganda 33.3506 0.07% Dominican Republic 33.1665 0.07% Ivory Coast 31.9609 0.07% Ghana 30.8917 0.07% Jordan 30.8217 0.07% Mali 29.1982 0.06% Bosnia and Herzegovina 28.4488 0.06% Chad 28.4407 0.06% Mozambique 27.4629 0.06% Zimbabwe 27.4014 0.06% Cambodia 27.0972 0.06% Lebanon 26.9435 0.06% Guatemala 26.6116 0.06% Niger 26.6106 0.06% Madagascar 26.4428 0.06% Trinidad and Tobago 25.8122 0.06% Senegal 25.4859 0.06% Burkina Faso 23.5054 0.05% Croatia 23.477 0.05% Estonia 23.3476 0.05% Honduras 21.111 0.05% Equatorial Guinea 20.7597 0.05%

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Country GHG emissions Percentage of global total e) 2 (MtCO (%) Country GHG emissions Percentage of global total e) 2 (MtCO (%) Lithuania 19.3235 0.04% Brunei 19.0151 0.04% Slovenia 18.0226 0.04% Panama 17.0885 0.04% Guinea 16.4436 0.04% Papua New Guinea 16.4336 0.04% Kyrgyzstan 15.4959 0.03% Georgia 14.7952 0.03% Nicaragua 14.0877 0.03% Costa Rica 13.7952 0.03% Botswana 12.9246 0.03% Latvia 12.6443 0.03% Benin 12.1686 0.03% Macedonia 12.065 0.03% El Salvador 11.5955 0.03% Laos 11.4916 0.03% Moldova 11.4641 0.03% Luxembourg 11.2914 0.02% Namibia 11.2817 0.02% Mauritania 11.1908 0.02% Tajikistan 10.2444 0.02% Malawi 10.126 0.02% Belize 9.6848 0.02% Jamaica 9.501 0.02% Armenia 8.5935 0.02% Albania 8.3078 0.02% Haiti 8.0637 0.02% Gambia 7.4691 0.02% Gabon 7.3587 0.02% Republic of the Congo 6.9438 0.02% Cyprus 6.9364 0.02% Sierra Leone 6.7302 0.01% Eritrea 6.6813 0.01% Rwanda 6.6307 0.01% Togo 6.5823 0.01% Mauritius 5.6704 0.01% Lesotho 4.2026 0.01% Guyana 4.0547 0.01% Barbados 3.5448 0.01% Bahamas 3.4083 0.01% Montenegro 3.3881 0.01% Suriname 3.3542 0.01% Burundi 3.0465 0.01% Malta 2.9785 0.01% Iceland 2.929 0.01% Swaziland 2.8598 0.01% Fiji 2.7564 0.01% Liberia 2.1519 0.00% Grenada 2.0022 0.00% Guinea-Bissau 1.9723 0.00% Bhutan 1.4583 0.00% Djibouti 1.3934 0.00% Maldives 1.136 0.00% Saint Lucia 1.133 0.00% Antigua and Barbuda 1.0993 0.00% Seychelles 0.7113 0.00% Vanuatu 0.6735 0.00% Cape Verde 0.6 0.00% Solomon Islands 0.5595 0.00% Samoa 0.5099 0.00%

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Country GHG emissions Percentage of global total e) 2 (MtCO (%) Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.4262 0.00% Tonga 0.4116 0.00% Comoros 0.4038 0.00% Palau 0.3576 0.00% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.2753 0.00% Dominica 0.2399 0.00% São Tomé and Príncipe 0.1887 0.00% Cook Islands 0.1092 0.00% Niue 0.0912 0.00% Kiribati 0.0844 0.00% Nauru 0.0498 0.00% Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Global Manmade Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2013

Notes Globally, the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions are electricity and heat (31%), agriculture (11%), transportation (15%), forestry (6%) and manufacturing (12%). Energy production of all types accounts for 72 percent of all emissions. Source: Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (World Resources Institute, 2017).

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Global Manmade Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2015

Notes CO2 accounts for about 76 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, primarily from agriculture, contributes 16 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and nitrous oxide, mostly from industry and agriculture, contributes 6 percent to global emissions. All figures here are expressed in CO2-equivalents. Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2015 (EPA, 2017)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

167.6 35 28.74 1.07 0.1 15.46 Egypt’s GHG emissions by gas type for 2005 in Mt CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O PFC SF6 HFCs blend 67.58% 14.11% 11.59% 0.43% 0.04% 6.24% Percent of GHG emissions by gas type for 2005 in Mt CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O PFC SF6 HFCs blend

Source: TNC (Egypt Third National Communication- submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)), EEAA March 2016

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

147.32 39.45 42.01 19.19 Egypt’s GHG emissions by sector for 2005 in Mt CO2e All Energy (Combustion and Fugitive emissions) Agriculture Industrial Processes Waste 59.40% 16% 17% 7.60% Percent of GHG emissions by sector for 2005 in Mt CO2e All Energy (Combustion and Fugitive emissions) Agriculture Industrial Processes Waste Source: TNC, EEAA March 2016

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

GHG source CO2 CH4 N2O Total CO2e (Gg) Agriculture 15798.00 23648.40

39446.39

Enteric fermentation 9063.29 9063.29 Manure management 639.72 3333.75 3973.48 Rice cultivation 4636.55 4636.55 Agricultural soils 20021.96 20021.96 Field burning of agricultural residues 1458.43 292.69 1751.12

Source: TNC, EEAA March 2016

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Egypt’s First Biennial Report (BUR) According to UNFCCC’s Conference of Parties COP 21 in Paris (2015), the parties reached an agreement to take actions to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with improved support for developing countries. The Paris Agreement obliges developing countries, like Egypt, to report regularly on their greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation actions and policies, needs and support received in their Biennial Update Report (BUR) every two years Sectors involved in the evaluation are:

• Energy
• Industrial
• Waste
• Agriculture

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• project
• https://www.linkedin.com/in/bur

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

3. Pests and Disease

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Self-Sufficient (%) for some major crops in Egypt under current conditions (2015) , climate change conditions (2050) and climate change with population growth Crop Self Sufficient (%) in 2015 Self Suf. (%) under CC Self Suf. (%) under CC with pop. Growth Wheat 52 43 23 Faba bean (Dry) 30 29 16 Maize 54 42 22 Rice 104 92 50 Soybean 6 4 2 Sunflower 28 24 13 Sugarcane 69 52 28 Tomato 103 50 27

Results are shown in graphs and Tables are collected and calculated from previous studies.

Current crop productivity (2015) was obtained from Bulletin of the Agricultural Statistics, September 2016, Economic Affairs Sector. Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. Source of yield and water consumption under climate change: Eid and EL-Marsafawy 2002, Abou Hadid 2006, Eid et al. 2006a b, El- Marsafawy2007, El-Marsafawy et al. 2007, El- Marsafawy et al. 2017. The projected population growth in the year 2050 according to the expectations of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), which is expected to reach about 165 million.

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Mitigation of GHG emission

• 1. Reduction of cultivated rice area
• 2. Short duration varieties
• 3. Development of drought tolerant varieties
• 4. Improved irrigation techniques
• 5. Water management practices “fertigation”
• 6. Biological nitrogen fixation
• 7. Better feeds and improved feeding technology
• 8. Reduction of desertification

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

Adaptation to CC

• Promotion of good agriculture Practices
• Change in agricultural practices
• Improve On-farm irrigation management
• Water harvesting

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

There are many good agricultural practices Some of these are:

• Breeding new varieties that can tolerance to drought, salinity and high temperature.
• Modification of cropping pattern.
• Raised seed bed technique
• Dry sowing method
• Optimum sowing date
• Precision land leveling

See more details in: Samia El-Marsafawy (2016). Climatic changes and their impact on crop water productivity under limited water resources in Egypt. CIHEAM, Watch Letter n°37 - September 2016 The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

• Breeding of new varieties short growth season to reduce water needs.
• Modern methods of irrigation (sprinkler and drip)
• Scheduling of irrigation through the computer software programs
• Reduce the area of crops that consume large amounts of water or at least

not increase agricultural area of these crops (such as rice and sugarcane).

See more details in: Samia El-Marsafawy (2016). Climatic changes and their impact on crop water productivity under limited water resources in Egypt. CIHEAM, Watch Letter n°37 - September 2016

There are many good agricultural practices Some of these are:

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

There are many good agricultural practices Some of these are:

• Establishment of Water Users Associations (WUA's)
• Night irrigation
• Weather forecasting and early warning systems
• Supporting scientific and applied research and technology transfer
• Raise water awareness at all levels

See more details in: Samia El-Marsafawy (2016). Climatic changes and their impact on crop water productivity under limited water resources in Egypt. CIHEAM, Watch Letter n°37 - September 2016 The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)

The 13th International Conference of Egyptian Soil Science Society (ESSS)