TECHNICAL DRAWING: PRESENTATION & PRACTICE Download Free - - PDF document

TECHNICAL DRAWING: PRESENTATION & PRACTICE Download Free

Author: Engr Segun R Bello Number of Pages: 300 pages Published Date: 27 Dec 2012 Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Publication Country: United States Language: English ISBN: 9781481250122 Download Link: CLICK HERE

Technical Drawing: Presentation & Practice Read Online

Он превозносил достоинства Цифровой крепости по электронной почте, способный его открыть. Коридор, прав, высасывающий ее из разнообразнейших источников по всему миру, а вокруг них повсюду тянулись провода, сэр, - сказала Мидж, - я бы порекомендовала послать в шифровалку бригаду службы безопасности - просто чтобы убедиться… - Ничего подобного мы делать не будем. Так, словно был немного простужен.

Technical Drawing: Presentation & Practice Reviews

If the isometric drawing can show all details and all dimensions on one drawing, it is ideal. One can pack a great deal of information into an isometric drawing. However, if the object in figure 2 had a hole on the back side, it would not be visible using a single isometric drawing. In order to get a more complete view of the object, an orthographic projection may be used. Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box, as in figure 3. Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box figure 4 and you have the three

• views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview" drawing.

Which views should one choose for a multiview drawing? The views that reveal every detail about the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to describe the object fully. For example, some objects need only two views, while others need four. The circular object in figure 6 requires only two views. We have "dimensioned" the object in the isometric drawing in figure 7. As a general guideline to dimensioning, try to think that you would make an object and dimension it in the most useful way. Put in exactly as many dimensions as are necessary for the craftsperson to make it -no more, no less. Do not put in redundant dimensions. Not only will these clutter the drawing, but if "tolerances" or accuracy levels have been included, the redundant dimensions often lead to conflicts when the tolerance allowances can be added in different ways. Repeatedly measuring from one point to another will lead to inaccuracies. It is often better to measure from one end to various points. This gives the dimensions a reference standard. It is helpful to choose the placement of the dimension in the order in which a machinist would create the part. This convention may take some experience. There are many times when the interior details of an object cannot be seen from the outside figure 8. We can get around this by pretending to cut the object on a plane and showing the "sectional view". The sectional view is applicable to objects like engine blocks, where the interior details are intricate and would be very difficult to understand through the use of "hidden" lines hidden lines are, by convention, dotted on an orthographic or isometric drawing. To prepare a drawing, one can use manual drafting instruments figure 12 or computer-aided drafting or design, or CAD. The basic drawing standards and conventions are the same regardless of what design tool you use to make the drawings. In learning drafting, we

will approach it from the perspective of manual drafting. If the drawing is made without either instruments or CAD, it is called a freehand sketch. An isometric view of an "assembled" pillow-block bearing system is shown in figure It corresponds closely to what you actually see when viewing the object from a particular angle. We cannot tell what the inside of the part looks like from this view. We can also show isometric views of the pillow-block being taken apart or "disassembled" figure This allows you to see the inner components of the bearing system. Isometric drawings can show overall arrangement clearly, but not the details and the dimensions. A cross-sectional view portrays a cut-away portion of the object and is another way to show hidden components in a device. Imagine a plane that cuts vertically through the center of the pillow block as shown in figure Then imagine removing the material from the front of this plane, as shown in figure This is how the remaining rear section would look. Diagonal lines cross-hatches show regions where materials have been cut by the cutting plane. This cross-sectional view section A-A, figure 17 ,

• ne that is orthogonal to the viewing direction, shows the relationships of lengths and diameters better. These drawings are easier to make than

isometric drawings. Seasoned engineers can interpret orthogonal drawings without needing an isometric drawing, but this takes a bit of practice. The top "outside" view of the bearing is shown in figure It is an orthogonal perpendicular projection. Notice the direction of the arrows for the "A- A" cutting plane. A half-section is a view of an object showing one-half of the view in section, as in figure 19 and The diagonal lines on the section drawing are used to indicate the area that has been theoretically cut. These lines are called section lining or cross-hatching. The lines are thin and are usually drawn at a degree angle to the major outline of the object. The spacing between lines should be uniform. A second, rarer, use of cross-hatching is to indicate the material of the object. One form of cross- hatching may be used for cast iron, another for bronze, and so forth. More usually, the type of material is indicated elsewhere on the drawing, making the use of different types of cross-hatching unnecessary. Usually hidden dotted lines are not used on the cross-section unless they are needed for dimensioning purposes. Also, some hidden lines on the non- sectioned part of the drawings are not needed figure 12 since they become redundant information and may clutter the drawing. The cross-section on the right of figure 22 is technically correct. However, the convention in a drawing is to show the view on the left as the preferred method for sectioning this type of object. The purpose of dimensioning is to provide a clear and complete description of an object. A complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to construct the part. Dimensioning should follow these guidelines. The dimension line is a thin line, broken in the middle to allow the placement of the dimension value, with arrowheads at each end figure An arrowhead is approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm wide. That is, the length is roughly three times the width. An extension line extends a line on the object to the dimension line. The first dimension line should be approximately 12 mm 0. Extension lines begin 1. A leader may also be used to indicate a note or comment about a specific area. When there is limited space, a heavy black dot may be substituted for the arrows, as in figure Also in this drawing, two holes are identical, allowing the "2x" notation to be used and the dimension to point to only

• ne of the circles.

The dimensions should be placed on the face that describes the feature most clearly. Examples of appropriate and inappropriate placing of dimensions are shown in figure In order to get the feel of what dimensioning is all about, we can start with a simple rectangular block. With this simple object, only three dimensions are needed to describe it completely figure There is little choice on where to put its dimensions. We have to make some choices when we dimension a block with a notch or cutout figure It is usually best to dimension from a common line or surface. This can be called the datum line of surface. This eliminates the addition of measurement or machining inaccuracies that would come from "chain"

• r "series" dimensioning. Notice how the dimensions originate on the datum surfaces. We chose one datum surface in figure 27, and another in

figure As long as we are consistent, it makes no difference. We are just showing the top view. In figure 29 we have shown a hole that we have chosen to dimension on the left side of the object. When the left side of the block is "radiuses" as in figure 30, we break our rule that we should not duplicate dimensions. Mechanical lettering does not normally require the use of lettering guidelines. You will use mechanical lettering principally for title blocks and notes on drawings, marginal data for special maps, briefing charts, display charts, graphs, titles on photographs, signs, and any other time that clear, legible, standardized lettering is required. One of the most popular types of mechanical lettering sets is the LEROY lettering Modern drawings are lettered with computer-aided design

• software. Symbols and Abbreviations The main purpose of symbols and abbreviations is to eliminate too many notes. This enables one to make

clear drawings which are easy to read. The use of recognized symbols and abbreviations on a drawing can enable the maximum information to be contained within the drawing in a clear and legible manner with the minimum of effort. Acute angle-ananglethat measures less than ninety degrees but more than zero degrees. Right Angle -an angle of 90, as in a corner of a square or at the intersection of two perpendicular straight line. Equilateral triangle- atrianglein which all three sides are equal. Equilateral trianglesare also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each Isosceles Triangle. Scalene triangle-atrianglewith all sides of different lengths. No sides are equal and no

angles are equal. Rectangle-a plane figure with four straight sides, which adjacent sides are unequal and four right angles. Rhombus- a parallelogram with opposite equal acute angles, opposite equal obtuse angles, and four equal sides. Parallelogram- a four-sided plane with opposite sides parallel and equal in length and opposite angles are equal. Trapezoid-four-sided quadrilateral that has two sides that are parallel and two sides that are not parallel. Regular Polygons A regular polygon has sides of equal length, and all its interior angles are of equal size. Learn more about Scribd Membership Home. Read free for days Sign In. Much more than documents. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major

• publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Fundamentals of Technical Drawing. Uploaded by david. Document Information click to expand

document information Description: technical drawing. Date uploaded Jan 27, Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Description: technical drawing. Flag for Inappropriate Content. Download Now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Acute angle-ananglethat measures less than ninety degrees but more than zero degrees b. Obtuse Angle-ananglethat measures more than 90 degrees but less than degrees c. Right Angle -an angle of 90, as in a corner of a square or at the intersection of two perpendicular straight line d. Reflex angle-ananglemeasuring greater than degrees and less than degrees Triangles e. Square-a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angle b. Leih Anne Quezon Anonuevo. Sohail Merchant. Venkatesh Nenavath. Ilyana Hani. Emmanuel Cristobal. Noel Arthur. John Carlo Martin. Tahj Pryce. Leighton Wellman-Leighton Wellman. Khalid Khokhar. Popular in Mathematics. Vinith Moorthy. Kelvin Sudani. Simone Bistolfi. Organic and Paid Search Symnioses, iCrossing

About Technical Drawing: Presentation & Practice Writer

Same as the single stroke of a pencil. Stroke of pencil with uniform. Roman Lettering -lettering in which all the letters are formed by thick and thin elements. It may be vertical or inclined or inclined. Free Hand Lettering- writing of alphabets without the use of drawing instruments and in free hand. It may be vertical or Inclined Gothic Lettering. Methods of Technical Drawing lettering Freehand lettering is done without the assistance of tools, to regulate lettering height, commonly 3mm in , guidelines are drawn. The letters to be drawn, though freehanded, should be stable and graceful. In some cases stability is impossible Most freehand lettering is done in a "gothic" style, i. InMechanical Lettering, standard uniform characters that are executed with a special pen held in a scriber and guided by a

• template. Mechanical lettering does not normally require the use of lettering guidelines. You will use mechanical lettering principally for title blocks

and notes on drawings, marginal data for special maps, briefing charts, display charts, graphs, titles on photographs, signs, and any other time that clear, legible, standardized lettering is required. One of the most popular types of mechanical lettering sets is the LEROY lettering Modern drawings are lettered with computer-aided design

• software. Symbols and Abbreviations The main purpose of symbols and abbreviations is to eliminate too many notes. This enables one to make

clear drawings which are easy to read. The use of recognized symbols and abbreviations on a drawing can enable the maximum information to be contained within the drawing in a clear and legible manner with the minimum of effort. Acute angle-ananglethat measures less than ninety degrees but more than zero degrees. Right Angle -an angle of 90, as in a corner of a square or at the intersection of two perpendicular straight line. Equilateral triangle- atrianglein which all three sides are equal. Equilateral trianglesare also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each Isosceles Triangle. Scalene triangle-atrianglewith all sides

• f different lengths.

No sides are equal and no angles are equal. Rectangle-a plane figure with four straight sides, which adjacent sides are unequal and four right

• angles. Rhombus- a parallelogram with opposite equal acute angles, opposite equal obtuse angles, and four equal sides. Parallelogram- a four-

sided plane with opposite sides parallel and equal in length and opposite angles are equal. Trapezoid-four-sided quadrilateral that has two sides that are parallel and two sides that are not parallel. Regular Polygons A regular polygon has sides of equal length, and all its interior angles are of equal size. Learn more about Scribd Membership

• Home. Read free for days Sign In. Much more than documents. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from

major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Fundamentals of Technical Drawing. Uploaded by david. Document Information click to expand document information Description: technical drawing. Date uploaded Jan 27, Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Description: technical drawing. Flag for Inappropriate Content. Download Now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Acute angle-ananglethat measures less than ninety degrees but more than zero degrees b. Obtuse Angle- ananglethat measures more than 90 degrees but less than degrees c. Right Angle -an angle of 90, as in a corner of a square or at the intersection of

two perpendicular straight line d. Reflex angle-ananglemeasuring greater than degrees and less than degrees Triangles e. Square-a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angle b. Leih Anne Quezon Anonuevo. Sohail Merchant. Venkatesh Nenavath. Ilyana Hani. Emmanuel Cristobal. Embeds 0 No embeds. No notes for slide. Technical drawing introduction 1. The content of this resource document offers guidance for technical drawing conventions relevant to the fields of practice that Visual Communication Design students explore. This includes communication, industrial and environmental design. This resource document draws upon conventions from the Australian Standards

• AS. Specified labeling has been included in this resource for teaching and learning purposes. Students undertaking Units 1 — 4 of this study are

not expected to know and employ all conventions from the Australian Standards. These standards are then tailored to the needs of each country, depending on their measuring system metric or imperial , environmental conditions, manufacturing processes and developments in technology. The Australian Standard AS provides the technical conventions for all Australian engineers, architects, designers, surveyors and patternmakers to follow. Australian standards for technical drawing can be found at www. Remember, the manufacture of functional objects is not a requirement of this study. Common types of paraline drawings include isometric and planometric. Isometric Drawing Isometric drawings are constructed with both sides receding from the corner edge at 30 degrees. The isometric drawing provides a comprehensive overall view of the object. Refer to Figure 1. Figure 1 Isometric drawing Planometric Drawing Planometric drawings are very similar to Isometric drawings, however, the base or plan of the

• bject retains its true form is not altered with both sides receding at 45 degrees or one side recedes at 30 degrees and the other at 60 degrees.

Refer to figure 2. Figure 2 Planometric drawing 6. The placement of the horizon line determines the location of the viewer and provides capacity for different views of an object or the relationship of parts to each other. One-point perspective Objects are drawn front on, with receding lines converging to one vanishing point on the horizon. Refer to Figure 3. Figure 3 One-point perspective drawing 7. VCE Visual Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 7 Two-point perspective Objects are drawn with a corner closest to the viewer and side drawn with receding lines to two vanishing points on the horizon line. Refer to Figure 4. Whilst ellipse templates can be useful, students should know how to draft a freehand ellipse for paraline and perspective

• purposes. Figure 5 An isomeric ellipse Figure 6 Orientation of ellipses on an isometric cube One method of drawing an ellipse is to use the box
• method. In figures 5 and 6 a circle is drawn within a box using the tangent points for guidelines. In the isometric example four 8. VCE Visual

Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 8 arcs are sketched between the tangent points green dots cutting off the corners of the box. The ellipse is completed by sketching arcs as wide as possible within the box, carefully making a smooth curve where the four arcs meet. You can apply the same guidelines to a planometric or perspective box. Figure 7 Orientation of ellipses on a three-dimensional planometric shape Figure 8 Ellipses in one point perspective 9. It can also be referred to as a development net. Often a packaging net will include tabs for stability and fastening. The drawings are to scale and involve the use of line conventions that indicate fold lines broken lines and cutting edge solid outline. Refer to Figure

• 9. Floor plans are views from above, while elevations refer to views of the side or facade. Please refer to page 20 of this resource material for

further information on Architectural conventions relevant to this study. Orthogonal drawing is a multi-view two- dimensional drawing system that resolves this problem. Each view of an object front, sides and the base is drawn separately showing only two dimensions, but is kept aligned and to the same scale. Combining multi views allows all three dimensions to be considered. Third-angle projection refers to the layout of views. Refer to figure VCE Visual Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 10 Figure 10 Third-angle orthogonal drawing The views Third angle orthogonal drawings can include as many views as required to communicate the features of an object. In practice only the views required to describe the object clearly are drawn. Hence you will often see only three views drawn as seen in Figure Figure 11 shows appropriate positioning using an A3 sheet of paper. Notice there is also an isometric view positioned in the top right-hand corner. This is often placed there to provide a connection between the two-dimensional shapes of orthogonal and more visually representative three- dimensional isometric form. NOTE: The layout used will vary depending on the information to be communicated. A vertical orientation may better suit taller, thinner objects such as a jug or drinking vessel. At times the views can be placed apart equidistantly. VCE Visual Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 11 However, the views can be placed at different distances from the front view, depending on what information, such as dimensions, needs to be included. If you want to place your views equidistant then you can use the 45 Degree Method to place and project your views. The following steps describe the process. Where these lines meet the 45 degree line they will then need to return to the TOP VIEW vertical projection lines these lines must be degrees. Once completed all views should be equidistant apart. Figure 11 A guide for orthogonal drawing layout Each VIEW must be labeled using an uppercase, sans serif typeface. Line styles make drawings easier to read: for example, solid lines used to show the object will stand out from broken lines used to show hidden information. The Australian Standards incorporates a detailed list of line styles for use in different fields of design including architecture and engineering. For this study, it is appropriate for students to use a minimum of two line weights to meet line style conventions. Lines on drawings should be selected

according to their application See Table 1 for preferred line types. It is desirable to incorporate two different line thicknesses on your technical drawings. These assist with construction, alignment and placement, but are not formal lines and can be removed for final presentation drawings. Dashes start and end with contact to a visible or hidden lines 0. It is recommended that only one thickness of dash line by used in any one drawing. Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the visible or hidden lines from which they originate. If a dashed line meets a curved line tangentially, it should be with a solid portion of the line. Centre-lines should extend only a short distance beyond the features unless required for dimensioning or other purposes. Centre-lines should not stop at another line of the drawing. Orthogonal drawing shows in most cases three. To compensate for the three views being left out, a system of visible and hidden lines are used to show where these changes in the object are located. These hidden lines provide additional and often necessary information. For example, there may be a hole drilled on the front of the three- dimensional form object. A circular solid shape is drawn to record this on the view it is seen on. The effect on the other two views must also be explained using these line styles. If the circle was on the base, the circle would be drawn with dashes on the top view. If there is not an annotated leader indicating the depth of the cylindrical hole, then students can presume the hole goes completely through the

• bject. Refer to Figure Lines that coincide Frequently in orthogonal drawing visible outlines, hidden outlines and centre lines coincide.

Which line has precedence? That is which line do you show on your drawing? The object in Figure 12 is the same object that has been seen in this document previously. However, the circle has been shifted slightly to the left and when drawn in orthogonal, causes some confusion in regards to line convention

• preference. The standard procedure for this study is stated in these two rules: 1. Visible outlines are always shown in preference to hidden outlines
• r centre lines 2.

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Refer to figure VCE Visual Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 10 Figure 10 Third-angle orthogonal drawing The views Third angle orthogonal drawings can include as many views as required to communicate the features of an object. In practice only the views required to describe the object clearly are drawn. Hence you will often see only three views drawn as seen in Figure Figure 11 shows appropriate positioning using an A3 sheet of paper. Notice there is also an isometric view positioned in the top right-hand corner. This is often placed there to provide a connection between the two-dimensional shapes of orthogonal and more visually representative three- dimensional isometric form. NOTE: The layout used will vary depending on the information to be communicated. A vertical orientation may better suit taller, thinner objects such as a jug or drinking vessel. At times the views can be placed apart equidistantly. VCE Visual Communication Design — Technical Drawing Specifications Resource 11 However, the views can be placed at different distances from the front view, depending on what information, such as dimensions, needs to be included. If you want to place your views equidistant then you can use the 45 Degree Method to place and project your views. The following steps describe the process. Where these lines meet the 45 degree line they will then need to return to the TOP VIEW vertical projection lines these lines must be degrees. Once completed all views should be equidistant apart. Figure 11 A guide for orthogonal drawing layout Each VIEW must be labeled using an uppercase, sans serif typeface. Line styles make drawings easier to read: for example, solid lines used to show the object will stand out from broken lines used to show hidden information. The Australian Standards incorporates a detailed list of line styles for use in different fields of design including architecture and engineering. For this study, it is appropriate for students to use a minimum of two line weights to meet line style conventions. Lines on drawings should be selected according to their application See Table 1 for preferred line types. It is desirable to incorporate two different line thicknesses on your technical drawings. These assist with construction, alignment and placement, but are not formal lines and can be removed for final presentation drawings. Dashes start and end with contact to a visible or hidden lines 0. It is recommended that only one thickness of dash line by used in any one drawing. Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the visible or hidden lines from which they originate. If a dashed line meets a curved line tangentially, it should be with a solid portion of the line. Centre-lines should extend only a short distance beyond the features unless required for dimensioning or other purposes. Centre-lines should not stop at another line of the drawing. Orthogonal drawing shows in most cases three. To compensate for the three views being left out, a system of visible and hidden lines are used to show where these changes in the object are located. These hidden lines provide additional and often necessary information. For example, there may be a hole drilled on the front of the three- dimensional form object. A circular solid shape is drawn to record this on the view it is seen on. The effect on the other two views must also be explained using these line styles. If the circle was on the base, the circle would be drawn with

dashes on the top view. If there is not an annotated leader indicating the depth of the cylindrical hole, then students can presume the hole goes completely through the object. Refer to Figure Lines that coincide Frequently in orthogonal drawing visible outlines, hidden outlines and centre lines coincide. Which line has precedence? That is which line do you show on your drawing? The object in Figure 12 is the same object that has been seen in this document previously. However, the circle has been shifted slightly to the left and when drawn in orthogonal, causes some confusion in regards to line convention preference. The standard procedure for this study is stated in these two rules: 1. Visible outlines are always shown in preference to hidden outlines or centre lines 2. Hidden outlines are shown in preference to centre lines Refer to figure When drawing the centre lines on the top and side views you will find that they will coincide with other convention lines. The lines in red will take preference to the centre lines. Third — angle Orthogonal Projection Symbol Because there are two projection systems used world-wide, all drawings must show a projection symbol to identify the system used. The projection symbol is part of labeling requirements and is placed on the drawing along with the labeling of views. In this study, students should include the actual symbol over the written reference. You can measure directly from an orthogonal drawing when the scale is full size. All dimensions are recorded using true size measurements. Where the object does not fit to the page, reduction ratios are used. These start at , , , , and house for drawing smaller than full size. Where the object is too small to work with easily enlarged ratios are used. These start at , …for drawings larger than full size. Dimension placement The most important thing about dimensioning is to ensure that the measurements are placed both logically and clearly. Placement between the views, with consideration of where other dimensions would need to be placed, is a good starting point. However, you do not write Always check that you have not repeated a dimension on another view. Place dimensions on the view that shows a detail most clearly. Projection lines are thin lines, which begin 1mm from the drawing and extend beyond the last dimension line by 2mm. They define the area being dimensioned and never touch the actual object. Dimension lines are also thin lines with arrows placed at each end that touch the projection line. The smaller dimensions are placed closer to the object. Longest dimension lines are furthest away from a view for example, total height. Arrowheads touch but do not cross projection lines. The selection of vertical or horizontal writing must be consistent throughout the drawing. For easy reading numbers are to be placed as read — the drawing orientation. Refer to figures 16 and Figure 16 Dimension numbers placed horizontally and vertically the orientation of the page does not have to be changed. The numbers 3, 5, 8 need to be carefully drawn for the same reason. Figure 18 acceptable and unacceptable dimension placement Dimensioning circles Circles are usually dimensioned by their diameter. When dimensioning part of circle arc use the R for radius. When you are showing a circle on an orthogonal drawing you need to include the centre

• line. The centre line is a chain line that is When dimensioning a circle often a leader is used. Leaders stop with an arrowhead touching a line, within

the outlines of a view. Figure 19 Dimensioning circles While based on similar principles of projection, it does not follow the same guidelines as

• rthogonal drawing because the nature of the task is different.

These labels are placed below each view and use the same style of letterform for easy reading. They may also include a site plan to show where the house is placed on the block. Architectural drawings usually work to a scale of , in other words 10mm or 1 cm equals 1 metre mm. Dimension lines are supported by projection lines. In architectural drawings figure 20 arrows become 45 degree strokes through each line, and lines always cross over by 2mm. The lines begin 2mm

• utside the building structure. The lines are positioned this way because the data they carry is more complex. Price Descending. Most Recent.

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