T OPI C CIVIL RE SIST ANCE IN SOUT H AF RICA IN T HE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

T OPI C

CIVIL RE SIST ANCE IN SOUT H AF RICA IN T HE 1970s AND 1980s Wha t wa s the na ture o f c ivil-so c ie ty re sista nc e a fte r 1960?

These slides give all the illustrations from Topic 4 of the Gr 12 History book, and they give them in colour whenever possible. However, the illustrations here are not given in exactly the same order as the illustrations in the book. The illustrations in the slides are ordered so that a teacher can follow a logical lecture format. The illustrations in the book are

• rdered to make an effective

page layout, and often also so that the portraits accompany the first mention

• f a particular person.

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By 1969, the SACP ha d inse rte d itse lf within a ke y org a n of South Afric a ’s na tiona l libe ra tion move me nt.

Se e pa g e 131

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T he thre e ma in org a nisa tions within the a rme d strug g le from 1961, a nd the ir a rme d forc e s

SACP

(no n-ra c ia l

• rg a nisa tio n)

ANC

(Bla c ks-o nly

• rg a nisa tio n)

PAC

(Afric a n

• rg a nisa tio n)

Poqo/ APL A

(a nti- White )

MK

(no n- ra c ia l)

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Se e pa g e 131

Source: Ons eerste halfeeu 1910 – 1960. Morne on http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3% AAer:John_Vorster.jpg. Wikimedia Commons.

John Vorste r, Prime Ministe r of South Afric a (1966–1978) a nd Sta te Pre side nt of South Afric a (1978–1979)

NP

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Se e pa g e 132

A Joha nne sburg stre e t in 1970

Source: Collectie Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 132

Source: Htonl. Wikimedia Commons.

While Bla c k pe ople forme d the ma jority

• f the South Afric a n popula tion, the a re a s a lloc a te d

to the m a s home la nds we re re la tive ly sma ll.

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Se e pa g e 132

Ke y fig ure s of the ANC, MK, PAC a nd SACP: unde rg round, in prison a nd in e xile be twe e n 1964 a nd 1982

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Se e pa g e 133 UNDE RGROUND IN PRISON IN E XIL E

Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Olive r T a mbo, Pre side nt of the ANC 1967–1991

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Se e pa g e 133

T HE CHAL L E NGE OF BL ACK CONSCIOUSNE SS T O T HE APART HE ID ST AT E

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Se e pa g e 134

Source: Collectie Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen. Wikimedia Commons.0

Durba n boule va rd in 1970

Source: International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF). SAHA collection AL2547.

Ste ve Biko, Pre side nt of SASO in 1969

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Se e pa g e 134

Source: http://www.sahistory.org.za/

Onkg opotse T iro, SRC Pre side nt a t the Unive rsity of the North (1972), SASO pe rma ne nt org a nise r (1972) a nd te a c he r a t Morris Isa a c son Hig h Sc hool (1972)

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Se e pa g e 135

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Se e pa g e 137

Polic e a nd stude nts in the 1976 Sowe to Uprising

Photographer: Jan Hamman for City Press - News24

Ke y org a nisa tions in the Bla c k Consc iousne ss Move me nt a nd some of the ke y fig ure s a ssoc ia te d with the se org a nisa tions

Mamphela Ramphele Aubrey Mokoena Black Community Programmes (BCP) 1972 Drake Koka Black Allied Workers Union (BAWU) 1972 Dumisani Kumalo Charles Nqakula Union of Black Journalists (UBJ) 1973 Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Aubrey Mokoena Black Parents Association (BPA) 1976 Steve Biko Barney Pityana Onkgopotse Tiro Mamphela Ramphele Mosiuoa Lekota Mosibudi Mangena South African Students Organisation (SASO) 1968 Tsietsi Mashinini Tebello Motapanyane Seth Mazibuko Khehla Mthembu Murphy Morobe Tokyo Sexwale South African Students Movement (SASM) 1971 (established) 1973 (affiliated to the BPC)

Black People’s Convention (BPC)

Mosibudi Mangena Mthuli Shezi Saths Cooper Winnie Kgware Steve Biko Onkgopotse Tiro Aubrey Mokoena Drake Koka Strini Moodley Aubrey Mokoape

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Se e pa g e 138

Source: City of Johannesburg website (www.joburg.org.za).

T he sta tue of T sie tsi Ma shinini a t Morris Isa a c son Hig h Sc hool

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Se e pa g e 139

T

• kyo Se xwa le

ha s be e n a politic a l prisone r on Robbe n Isla nd, the Ga ute ng Pre mie r, a nd the ANC g ove rnme nt’s Ministe r of Huma n Se ttle me nts. He re ma ins a suc c e ssful busine ssma n.

Source: World Economic Forum. Nesnad. Wikimedia Commons.

Murphy Morobe wa s a politic a l prisone r on Robbe n Isla nd, he lpe d form the Unite d De moc ra tic F ront (UDF ), is Dire c tor on the boa rd

• f Old Mutua l South Afric a ,

a nd is Cha irma n of the South Afric a n Na tiona l Pa rks Boa rd (SANP).

Source: MoDILA website (http://modilatrust.co.za/home).

Se th Ma zibuko be c a me Chie f Ope ra ting Offic e r

• f the Mora l Re g e ne ra tion

Move me nt, Busine ss De ve lope r a t MPine Me dia, a nd Cha nc e llor of the June 16 Youth F

• unda tion.

Source: http://mpine.co.za/management.html.

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Se e pa g e 139

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Se e pa g e 139

Source: Superikonoskop. Wikimedia Commons.

Winnie Ma dikize la- Mande la (pre viously Winnie Ma nde la) ha s be e n Pre side nt of the ANC Wome n’s L e a g ue a nd the ANC g ove rnme nt’s De puty Ministe r of Arts, Culture , Sc ie nc e a nd T e c hnolog y. She re ma ins a me mbe r

• f pa rlia me nt.

Source: cdelondon. Wikimedia Commons.

Ba rne y Pitya na be c a me a huma n- rig hts la wye r a nd a Christia n ministe r. He wa s Cha irma n

• f the South Afric a n Huma n

Rig hts Commission a nd Vic e - Cha nc e llor of the Unive rsity of South Afric a (UNISA).

Source: www.gov.za

Cyril Ra ma phosa be c a me a la wye r, worke d for CUSA, founde d NUM, wa s Se c re ta ry Ge ne ra l of COSAT U, a nd be c a me a suc c e ssful busine ssma n with Sha nduka , Bidve st, MT N, L

• nmin,

Sta nda rd Ba nk a nd Mondi. Now, a s pa rt of the ANC, he is De puty Pre side nt of South Afric a .

Nkosa za na Dla mini- Zuma (pre viously Nkosa za na Dla mini) ha s he ld a numbe r of positions in the ANC g ove rnme nt: Ministe r of He a lth, Ministe r of F

• re ig n Affa irs

a nd Ministe r of Home Affa irs. She is now the Cha irpe rson of the Afric a n Union Commission.

Source: U.S. Department of State Source: People’s Assembly website. (http://www.pa.org.za).

Itume le ng Mosa la be c a me Pre side nt

• f AZAPO,

Princ ipa l of T e c hnikon North We st a nd Me mbe r of Pa rlia me nt for the ANC. Dumisa ni Kuma lo we nt into e xile in the USA, be c oming Proje c t Dire c tor

• f the Ame ric a n Committe e
• n Afric a .

On his re turn he e nte re d South Afric a ’s De pa rtme nt of F

• re ig n Affa irs

a nd the n be c a me South Afric a ’s Pe rma ne nt Re pre se nta tive to the Unite d Na tions.

Source: Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute. http://www.unisa.ac.za.

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Se e pa g e 139

Dr Ma mphe la Ra mphe le be c a me Vic e - Cha nc e llor

• f the Unive rsity of Ca pe

T

• wn (UCT

), Ma na g ing Dire c tor of the World Ba nk, a nd a lso founde d the politic a l pa rty Ag a ng South Afric a .

Source: Chatham House. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Tourvest website (http://www.tourvest.co.za).

Khe hla Mthe mbu be c a me Pre side nt of AZAPO, Chie f E xe c utive Offic e r of Old Mutua l (SA) Ga ute ng , Chie f E xe c utive Offic e r of Ne w Ag e Be ve ra g e s (Pe psi) South Afric a , a nd Cha irma n of Sun Inte rna tiona l. Mosiuoa L e kota ha s be e n a politic a l prisone r

• n Robbe n Isla nd,

a pa rt of the le a de rship of the Unite d De moc ra tic F ront (UDF ), a nd the ANC g ove rnme nt’s Ministe r of De fe nc e . He is now the le a de r of the politic al pa rty Cong re ss of the Pe ople (COPE ).

Source: R. D. Ward. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 139

CRISIS OF APART HE ID IN T HE 1980s

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Se e pa g e 140

Source: Wie is wie in Suid-Afrika 1963. Morne on https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PW_Botha_1962.jpg.

P.W. Botha , Prime Ministe r of South Afric a (1978–1984) a nd Sta te Pre side nt of South Afric a (1984–1989)

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Se e pa g e 140

A me mory tool showing whic h ra c e wa s re pre se nte d by whic h house in the T ric a me ra l Pa rlia me nt BLACK ‘homeland citizens’

R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S C O L O U E D

• f

A S S E M B L Y W H I T

• f

D E L E G A T E S I N I A N

• f

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Se e pa g e 142

T he struc ture of the g ove rnme nt e sta blishe d by the 1983 ‘T ric a me ra l Constitution’

Ministers of state departments (appointed by the state president) as well as other ministers (also appointed by the state president)

(chooses who and how many people make up the rest

• f the cabinet)

(elects 1)

Chairman Chairman Chairman

Ministers’ Council for Coloured Affairs Ministers’ Council for White Affairs Ministers’ Council for Indian Affairs

(elects 25)

Tricameral parliament

(elects 50) (elects 13)

State Security Council CABINET House

• f

Assembly

(178 White ministers)

House

• f

Representatives

(85 Coloured ministers)

House

• f

Delegates

(45 Indian ministers)

State president Electoral college

(88 members)

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Se e pa g e 143

Source: Ian Barbour. Wikimedia Commons.

Pre side nt PW Botha a nd the c hie f of the SADF , Ge ne ra l Consta nd Viljoe n, inspe c ting the g ua rd of honour

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Se e pa g e 143

Source: Borisgorelik. Wikimedia Commons.

A polic e Ca sspir use d to prote c t se c urity forc e s in urba n a re a s

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Se e pa g e 144

T he wa y in whic h PW Botha re struc ture d a pa rthe id in a n a tte mpt to ma ke it survive

LIMITED REFORMS AND CONTINUED REPRESSION

More money spent on Black schools Black ‘Com- munity Councils’ in Black urban areas Tricameral system More money spent

• n the

military Power centralised in state president States

• f

Emergency Racial classification Blacks have to vote in ‘homelands’ Communism banned State schools segregated Residential areas segregated

1980s APARTHEID

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Se e pa g e 145

Source: DoD photo by Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo. Wikimedia Commons.

E bra him Ra sool, a le a de r of the Ca ll of Isla m, who la te r be c a me the ANC pre mie r for the We ste rn Ca pe (2004–2008)

Source: U.S. Government photographer accompanying Rev. Tutu. Sally Tanner. Ellin Beltz

De smond T utu, Bishop of L e sotho (1976–1978), Ge ne ra l Se c re ta ry of the South Afric a n Counc il of Churc he s (1978–1984), Bishop of Joha nne sburg (1985–1986), Arc hbishop of Ca pe T

• wn

(1986–1996)

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Se e pa g e 146

UDF

Source: International Monetary Fund

T re vor Ma nue l, a me mbe r of the UDF ’s Na tiona l E xe c utive Counc il, a me mbe r of the ANC from 1994, a nd la te r South Afric a ’s Ministe r of F ina nc e (1996–2009)

Source: Rob C. Croes / Anefo

Re ve re nd Alla n Boe sa k

• f the Dutc h Re forme d

Churc h wa s Pre side nt of the World Allia nc e of Re forme d Churc he s (1982–1991).

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Se e pa g e 146

Civic s, tra de unions, a nd stude nt a nd youth prote st

• rg a nisa tions supporte d e a c h othe r during the 1980s.

suppo rte d (thro ug h c o nsume r b o yc o tts) suppo rte d suppo rte d (thro ug h c a lls fo r b e tte r e duc a tio n a nd fa c ilitie s) (thro ug h c o nsume r b o yc o tts a nd pre ssure a g a inst ‘ sc a b la b o ur’ ) suppo rte d suppo rte d (thro ug h he lp with c ivic pro je c ts) (thro ug h re nt b o yc o tts a nd the tra nsfe rra l o f

• rg a nisa tio na l skills)

suppo rte d (thro ug h c a lls fo r c o -o rdina te d sta ya wa ys)

Civic s Stude nt a nd youth prote st

• rg a nisa tions

T ra de unions

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Se e pa g e 147

An a nti- a pa rthe id prote st during the 1980s

Source: Paul Weinberg. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 148

Source: Bert Verhoeff / Anefo. Wikimedia Commons.

Be ye rs Na udé wa s a re ve re nd in the Dutc h Re forme d Churc h a nd the n a re ve re nd of the Re forme d Churc h in Afric a , the le a de r of the Christia n Institute of Southe rn Afric a (1963–1977), the Ge ne ra l Se c re ta ry of the South Afric a n Counc il of Churc he s (1984–1986) a nd a me mbe r of the UDF . F ra nk Chic a ne , a re ve re nd of the Apostolic F a ith Mission, Ge ne ra l Se c re ta ry of the South Afric a n Counc il of Churc he s (1987–1994) a nd a me mbe r of the UDF

Source: Meraj Chhaya from Johannesburg, South Africa, Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 148

COSAT U inc o rpo ra ting NUM

Ja y Na idoo, Ge ne ra l- Se c re ta ry

• f the Counc il of South Afric a n

T ra de Unions (1985–1993), Ministe r of Pa rlia me nt for Communic a tions (1994–1999), Cha irpe rson of the De ve lopme nt Ba nk of Southe rn Afric a (2000–2010), a nd c urre ntly Cha irpe rson

• f the Globa l Allia nc e

for Improve d Nutrition

Source: http://www/sun.ac.za

COSAT U T he re we re 33 tra de unio ns tha t fo unde d COSAT U. T he five mo st impo rta nt a re sho wn a s pa rts o f this drill:

• Na tio na l Unio n o f Mine wo rke rs (NUM)
• Swe e t F
• o d a nd Allie d Wo rke rs Unio n (SF

AWU)

• F
• o d a nd Ca nning Wo rke rs Unio n (F

CWU)

• Me ta l a nd Allie d Wo rke rs Unio n (MAWU)
• So uth Afric a n Ra ilwa ys a nd Ha rb o ur Wo rke rs

Unio n (SARHWU).

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Se e pa g e 149

COSAT U (re pre se nte d by the drill) de ma nde d be tte r c onditions a nd wa g e s for worke rs, a nd a de moc ra tic South Afric a

CAPIT AL IST OPPRE SSION APART HE ID RE PRE SSION

T he re we re 33 tra de unio ns tha t fo unde d COSAT U. T he se five a re the mo st impo rta nt.

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Se e pa g e 149

T he Unite d De moc ra tic F ront (UDF )

UDF

(1983  )

Some women’s

• rganisations

such as FEDSAW Some religious

• rganisations

such as SACC Some youth

• rganisations

such as SAYCO Some student

• rganisations

such as COSAS Some civic

• rganisations

such as Vaal Civic Association Some issue-specific

• rganisations

such as ECC Some labour

• rganisations

such as CUSA Some racially based

• rganisations

within the Congress Movement such as NIC & TIC

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Se e pa g e 151

W R S Y C I L R

UDF (1983 

)

COSATU

incorporating

NUM Some women’s

• rganisations

such as FEDSAW Some religious

• rganisations

such as SACC Some youth

• rganisations

such as SAYCO Some student

• rganisations

such as COSAS Some civic

• rganisations

such as. Vaal Civic Association Some issue-specific

• rganisations

such as ECC Some labour

• rganisations

such as CUSA Some racially based

• rganisations

within the Congress Movement such as NIC & TIC

W R S Y C I L R

MDM (1989 

)

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T he Ma ss De moc ra tic Move me nt (MDM)

Se e pa g e 151

T he L ibe ra tion Move me nt a g a inst the Na tiona l Pa rty

L ib e ra tio n Me mb e rs o f the a rme d strug g le

MDM

(1989  ) ANC / SACP a llia nc e

UDF

(1983  )

Some religious

• rganisations

such as SACC Some racially based

• rganisations

within the Congress Movement such as NIC & TIC Some labour

• rganisations

such as CUSA Some issue-specific

• rganisations

such as ECC Some civic

• rganisations

such as Vaal Civic Association Some student

• rganisations

such as . COSAS Some youth

• rganisations

such as SAYCO Some women’s

• rganisations

such as FEDSAW COSATU incorporating NUM SACP PAC incorporating APLA ANC incorporating MK

W R S Y C I L R

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Se e pa g e 151

16 ke y a nti- a pa rthe id org a nisa tions of the 1980s

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Se e pa g e 151 Oppo sitio n to a pa rthe id L ib e ra tio n Me mb e rs o f the a rme d strug g le

MDM

(1989  )

I nde pe nde nt no n- g o ve rnme nta l

• rg a nisa tio n

Oppo sitio n within T ric a me ra l pa rlia me nt Oppo sitio n within ‘ ho me la nd’ syste m K e y c hurc h tha t c ha ng e d its po sitio n

ANC / SACP a llia nc e

UDF

(1983  )

Some religious

• rganisations

such as SACC Dutch Reformed Church Some pro- democracy ‘homeland’ administrations such as Transkei PFP Some racially based

• rganisations

within the Congress Movement such as NIC & TIC Some labour

• rganisations

such as CUSA Some issue-specific

• rganisations

such as ECC Some civic

• rganisations

such as Vaal Civic Association Some student

• rganisations

such as COSAS Some youth

• rganisations

such as SAYCO Some women’s

• rganisations

such as FEDSAW COSATU incorporating NUM SACP Black Sash PAC incorporating APLA ANC incorporating MK

W R S Y C I L R

16 ke y a nti- a pa rthe id org a nisa tions of the 1980s

Whe n trying to re me mb e r wha t kinds o f c ivil-pro te st o rg a nisa tio n b e lo ng e d to the UDF , re me mb e r the a c ro nym ‘ WRY SCI L R’ .

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Se e pa g e 151 Oppo sitio n to a pa rthe id L ib e ra tio n Me mb e rs o f the a rme d strug g le

MDM

(1989  )

I nde pe nde nt no n- g o ve rnme nta l

• rg a nisa tio n

Oppo sitio n within T ric a me ra l pa rlia me nt Oppo sitio n within ‘ ho me la nd’ syste m K e y c hurc h tha t c ha ng e d its po sitio n

ANC / SACP a llia nc e

UDF

(1983  )

Some religious

• rganisations

such as SACC Dutch Reformed Church Some pro- democracy ‘homeland’ administrations

such as

Transkei PFP Some labour

• rganisations

such as CUSA Some issue-specific

• rganisations

such as ECC Some civic

• rganisations

such as Vaal Civic Association Some student

• rganisations

such as COSAS Some youth

• rganisations

such as SAYCO Some women’s

• rganisations

such as FEDSAW COSATU incorporating NUM SACP Black Sash PAC incorporating APLA ANC incorporating MK

W R S Y C I L R

Some racially based

• rganisations

within the Congress Movement such as NIC & TIC

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Se e pa g e 152

Source: Dwaasheid

A sta tue of Mose s Kota ne in Mosc ow

Source: Discott. Wikimedia Commons.

Ka de r Asma l, a la w le c ture r a t T rinity Colle g e in Dublin, Ire la nd, a nd a South Afric a n me mbe r of pa rlia me nt (1994–2008)

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Se e pa g e 153

Source: Africa Through a Lens. Wikimedia Commons.

F a the r T re vor Huddle ston in T a nza nia

Source: rahuldlucca

An a nti- a pa rthe id prote st in L

• ndon, the c a pita l c ity of the UK

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Se e pa g e 153

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Se e pa g e 154

How the inte rna tiona l c ommunity ta rg e te d a pa rthe id by ta rg e ting South Afric a 's tie s with We ste rn g ove rnme nts

UN's 1962 request that no arms be sold to South Africa South African rugby team isolated from 1985

ARMS

UN's 1977 mandatory arms embargo UK's limited economic sanctions from 1988

ECONOMY

USA's banning

• f investment into

South Africa from 1986 Equity's cultural boycott in the 1980s AAM marches & rallies, which reached up to 250 000 people in 1988 South Africa denied entry to the Olympics from 1964

SPORT CULTURE

UK USA West Germany Israel

APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

T OPI C 4 QUE ST I ONS

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Se e pa g e 155

[From: Biko: The Quest for A True Humanity by the Ministry of Education]

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Se e pa g e 155

NUSAS

[From: Through My Lens: A Photographic Memoir by A. Kumalo]

AFRIKAANS MUST BE ABOLISHED!

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Se e pa g e 156