T OPI C T HE COMING OF DE MOCRACY T O SOUT H AF RICA AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

T OPI C

T HE COMING OF DE MOCRACY T O SOUT H AF RICA AND COMING T O T E RMS WIT H T HE PAST

Ho w did So uth Afric a e me rg e a s a de mo c ra c y fro m the c rise s o f the 1990s, a nd ho w did So uth Afric a ns c o me to te rms with the a pa rthe id pa st?

These slides give all the illustrations from Topic 5 of the Gr 12 History book, and they give them in colour whenever possible. However, the illustrations here are not given in exactly the same order as the illustrations in the book. The illustrations in the slides are ordered so that a teacher can follow a logical lecture format. The illustrations in the book are

• rdered to make an effective

page layout, and often also so that the portraits accompany the first mention of a particular person.

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T he politic a l a nd e c onomic spe c trum Left-wing ideologies emphasise the importance of sharing in an economy, while right-wing ideologies emphasise the importance of private ownership in an economy.

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Se e pa g e 162

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

Cha irpe rso n

• f the

c o mmunist pa rty Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty

• r o nly pa rty)

Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty o r the e le c te d le a de r) Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty o r the e le c te d le a de r) E mpe ro r / e mpre ss / king / q ue e n / c hie f / dic ta to r E q ua lity (inc luding ra c ia l a nd g e nde r e q ua lity) T he e nd

• f po ve rty

I ndividua l rig hts Pe rso na l re spo nsib ility Duty to se rve the le a de r E q ua l sta nda rd

• f living

Hig h minimum sta nda rd

• f living

E q ua l

• ppo rtunity

F re e do m

• f o ppo rtunity

Ab ility to a c c umula te privile g e s

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

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Se e pa g e 162

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

100% sta te

• wne rship
• f e ve rything ,

so no ta x is pa id Sta te o wne rship o f ke y industrie s, a nd a hig h ta x ra te , b ut whe re the ric h pa y a hig he r ra tio

• f the ir inc o me in

ta x Mo de ra te sta te

• wne rship o f ke y

industrie s, a nd a lo w ta x ra te , b ut whe re the ric h pa y a hig he r ra tio

• f the ir inc o me in

ta x L ittle sta te

• wne rship o f ke y

ind ustrie s (pa rtic ula rly no t the b a nks), a nd a lo w fla t ta x ra te Ve ry little sta te

• wne rship, a nd

ta x b re a ks fo r use ful industrie s a nd po we rful pe o ple Ve ry hig h ra tio

• f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

Hig h ra tio

• f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

Mo de ra te ra tio

• f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

L

• w ra tio
• f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

Ve ry lo w a nd/ o r inc o nsiste nt ra tio

• f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

Une mplo ye d pe o ple a nd wo rke rs Wo rke rs a nd pro fe ssio na ls Pro fe ssio na ls a nd b usine ss pe o ple Busine ss pe o ple a nd ma jo r la ndo wne rs Ma jo r la ndo wne rs a nd the o ffic ia l milita ry

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Se e pa g e 162

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

L

• ya lty to the

sta te (in the na me

• f the pe o ple )

de ma nde d a t the e xpe nse o f lo ya lty to o ne se lf,

• ne ’ s fa mily,

frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng Sta te o ffic ia ls e xpe c te d to put ne e ds

• f the sta te a nd/ o r

pe o ple b e fo re lo ya ltie s to the mse lve s a nd the ir ‘ in-g ro up’ (fa mily, frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng ) L

• ya ltie s

to o ne se lf,

• ne ’ s fa mily,

e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng no t a llo we d to influe nc e pe o ple a s the y unde rta ke sta te wo rk fo r the b e ne fit

• f the pe o ple

T a ke n fo r g ra nte d tha t

• ne ’ s prima ry

lo ya lty is to o ne se lf,

• ne ’ s fa mily,

e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng , whic h c a n le a d to a re duc e d se nse

• f lo ya lty to

the pe o ple / sta te T he le a de r e nc o ura g e s lo ya lty to him/ he rse lf, fa mily, frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng a t the e xpe nse

• f the pe o ple

a nd the sta te

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Se e pa g e 162

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

E thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d. Bo nds with a nti-c a pita list fo rc e s e nc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d. No n-e thnic na tio na l unity e nc o ura g e d E thnic ide ntitie s re spe c te d b ut e thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism e nc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism stro ng ly e nc o ura g e d Ag a inst re lig io n a nd re lig io us institutio ns Wa ry o f re lig io us institutio ns Ac c e pts pe o ple ’ s rig hts to re lig io n Re spe c ts the e sta b lishe d re lig io n Wo rks with the e sta b lishe d re lig io us institutio n(s)

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Se e pa g e 162

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

I nte nds to e xpa nd c o mmunism g lo b a lly L ike s to suppo rt fo re ig n so c ia list mo ve me nts Co nc e ntra te s

• n fulfilling

re spo nsib ilitie s in o wn sta te De sire s to e xpa nd influe nc e a nd so me time s a lso te rrito ry De sire s to e xpa nd te rrito ry, o fte n c o lo nisa tio n Po we r is hig hly c e ntra lise d So me time s po we r is c e ntra lise d No t c e ntra lise d, no rma lly pro -fe de ra lism So me time s po we r is c e ntra lise d, b ut no t a lwa ys Po we r is hig hly c e ntra lise d

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Se e pa g e 162

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y

No (suspe nde d until e ve ryo ne suppo rts c o mmunism) I n so me c a se s (b ut the re is a re luc ta nc e b y the ma jo rity pa rty to a llo w

• the r po litic a l

pa rtie s) Ye s (a ll a dults c a n vo te ) I n the o ry (b ut in re a lity the fra nc hise is o fte n re stric te d

• r unfa irly

we ig hte d) No No (o nly to the c o mmunist pa rty) T

• a n e xte nt

(b ut limite d b y limite d tra nspa re nc y) Ye s (he lpe d b y a re spe c t fo r tra nspa re nc y) T

• a n e xte nt

(b ut limite d b y limite d tra nspa re nc y) No (a s the re a re no vo te rs)

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Se e pa g e 162

T he politic al and e c onomic spe c tr um

fa r le ft c e ntre le ft c e ntre rig ht fa r rig ht

Communism Soc ia lism Soc ia l libe ra lism Classic liber alism Autoc ra c y Cha irpe rso n

• f the c o mmunist pa rty

Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty o r o nly pa rty) Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty o r the e le c te d le a de r) Prime ministe r / pre side nt (the le a de r o f the ma jo rity pa rty o r the e le c te d le a de r) E mpe ro r / e mpre ss / king / q ue e n / c hie f / dic ta to r E q ua lity (inc luding ra c ia l a nd g e nde r e q ua lity) T he e nd o f po ve rty I ndividua l rig hts Pe rso na l re spo nsib ility Duty to se rve the le a de r E q ua l sta nda rd

• f living

Hig h minimum sta nda rd o f living E q ua l o ppo rtunity F re e do m o f o ppo rtunity Ab ility to a c c umula te privile g e s 100% sta te

• wne rship
• f e ve rything ,

so no ta x is pa id Sta te o wne rship o f ke y industrie s, a nd a hig h ta x ra te , b ut whe re the ric h pa y a hig he r ra tio o f the ir inc o me in ta x Mo de rate state o wne rship

• f ke y industrie s, and a lo w tax

rate , but whe re the ric h pay a hig he r ratio o f the ir inc o me in tax L ittle sta te o wne rship o f ke y industrie s (pa rtic ula rly no t the b a nks), a nd a lo w fla t ta x ra te Ve ry little sta te

• wne rship, a nd ta x b re a ks

fo r use ful industrie s a nd po we rful pe o ple Ve ry hig h ra tio o f g o ve rnme nt e xpe nditure spe nt o n we lfa re Hig h ra tio o f g o ve rnme nt e xpe nditure spe nt

• n we lfa re

Mo de ra te ra tio o f g o ve rnme nt e xpe nditure spe nt o n we lfa re L

• w ra tio o f g o ve rnme nt

e xpe nditure spe nt o n we lfa re Ve ry lo w a nd/ o r inc o nsiste nt ra tio o f g o ve rnme nt e xpe nditure spe nt o n we lfa re Une mplo ye d pe o ple a nd wo rke rs Wo rke rs a nd pro fe ssio na ls Pro fe ssio na ls a nd b usine ss pe o ple Busine ss pe o ple a nd ma jo r la ndo wne rs Ma jo r la ndo wne rs a nd the o ffic ia l milita ry L

• ya lty to the sta te

(in the na me o f the pe o ple ) de ma nde d a t the e xpe nse

• f lo ya lty to o ne se lf, o ne ’ s

fa mily, frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng Sta te o ffic ia ls e xpe c te d to put ne e ds o f the sta te a nd/ o r pe o ple b e fo re lo ya ltie s to the mse lve s a nd the ir ‘ in-g ro up’ (fa mily, frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng ) L

• ya ltie s to o ne se lf, o ne ’ s

fa mily, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng no t a llo we d to influe nc e pe o ple a s the y unde rta ke sta te wo rk fo r the b e ne fit o f the pe o ple T a ke n fo r g ra nte d tha t o ne ’ s prima ry lo ya lty is to o ne se lf,

• ne ’ s fa mily, e thnic g ro up,

milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng , whic h c a n le a d to a re duc e d se nse o f lo ya lty to the pe o ple / sta te T he le a de r e nc o ura g e s lo ya lty to him/ he rse lf, fa mily, frie nds, e thnic g ro up, milita ry c o mra de s, b usine ss c o nne c tio ns a nd/ o r g a ng a t the e xpe nse o f the pe o ple a nd the sta te E thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d. Bo nds with a nti- c a pita list fo rc e s e nc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d. No n-e thnic na tio na l unity e nc o ura g e d E thnic ide ntitie s re spe c te d b ut e thnic na tio na lism disc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism e nc o ura g e d E thnic na tio na lism stro ng ly e nc o ura g e d Ag a inst re lig io n a nd re lig io us institutio ns Wa ry o f re lig io us institutio ns Ac c e pts pe o ple ’ s rig hts to re lig io n Re spe c ts the e sta b lishe d re lig io n Wo rks with the e sta b lishe d re lig io us institutio n(s) I nte nds to e xpa nd c o mmunism g lo b a lly L ike s to suppo rt fo re ig n so c ia list mo ve me nts Co nc e ntra te s o n fulfilling re spo nsib ilitie s in o wn sta te De sire s to e xpa nd influe nc e a nd so me time s a lso te rrito ry De sire s to e xpa nd te rrito ry,

• fte n thro ug h c o lo nisa tio n

Po we r is hig hly c e ntra lise d So me time s po we r is c e ntra lise d No t c e ntra lise d, no rma lly pro -fe de ra lism So me time s po we r is c e ntra lise d, b ut no t a lwa ys Po we r is hig hly c e ntra lise d No (suspe nde d until e ve ryo ne suppo rts c o mmunism) I n so me c a se s (b ut the re is a re luc ta nc e b y the ma jo rity pa rty to a llo w

• the r po litic a l pa rtie s)

Ye s (a ll a dults c a n vo te ) I n the o ry (b ut in re a lity the fra nc hise is o fte n re stric te d

• r unfa irly we ig hte d)

No No (o nly to the c o mmunist pa rty) T

• a n e xte nt

(b ut limite d b y limite d tra nspa re nc y) Ye s (he lpe d b y a re spe c t fo r tra nspa re nc y) T

• a n e xte nt

(b ut limite d b y limite d tra nspa re nc y) No (a s the re a re no vo te rs)

L e ade r Cor e value Cor e foc us Appr

• ac h to state
• wne r

ship of asse ts, and to tax Gove r nme nt e xpe nditur e on we lfar e Common sour c e

• f suppor

t Ba la nc e be twe e n loya lty to the state and loyalty to one se lf and

• ne ’s ‘in- gr
• ups’

Position

• n nationalism

Position on r e ligion Position

• n e xpansionism

Position on c e ntr alisation Ar e multi- par ty de moc r atic e le c tions he ld? Is the le ade r ac c ountable to the vote r s?

• ne -pa rty sta te

de mo c ra c y rule b y a n e lite

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Se e pa g e 162

T HE NE GOT IAT E D SE T T L E ME NT AND GOVE RNME NT OF NAT IONAL UNIT Y

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Se e pa g e 163

Source: www.nelsonmandela.org.Wikimedia Commons.

Joe Slovo, MK’s Chie f of Sta ff (1961–1987), Cha irma n of the SACP (1991–1995) a nd ANC Ministe r

• f Housing

(1994–1995)

Source: R. D. Ward. Wikimedia Commons.

Joe Modise , Comma nde r in Chie f of MK (1965–1990), Ministe r

• f De fe nc e

(1994–1999)

Source: Richter Frank-Jurgen. Wikimedia Commons.

Mac Mahar aj, me mbe r of the SACP and MK, a me mbe r

• f the ANC’s

National E xe c utive Committe e from 1985, Ministe r of T ra nsport (1994–1999), non- e xe c utive dir e c tor

• f F

irstRa nd Ba nk in the e ar ly 2000s, and spoke spe r son for Pre side nt Ja c ob Zuma (2011–2015)

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Se e pa g e 163

Slovo’s 1988 vision of a two- stage national de moc r atic r e volution

ST AGE 1

the e nd o f a pa rthe id

ST AGE 2

the e sta b lishme nt o f a so c ia list re pub lic

Source: http://www.stellenbosch writers.com/vanzylsl.html

F r e de r ik van Zyl Slabbe r t, le ade r

• f

the Pr

• gr

e ssive F e de r al Par ty (1979–1986), a nd c o- founde r of the Institute for De moc ra tic Alte rna tive for South Afric a (IDASA)

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Se e pa g e 163 Se e pa g e 163

T he thr e e main par tie s in the White House of Asse mbly in 1985 DP CP NP

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Se e pa g e 164

Ke y me mbe r s of MK (and also the ANC) dur ing 1990

Me mb e rs

• f the SACP

Me mb e rs

• f Ope ra tio n Vula

Walte r Sisulu Ne lson Mande la T habo Mbe ki Govan Mbe ki Andr e w Masondo Joe Nhlanhla Je ff Rade be Mzwai Piliso Ste ve T shwe te Joe Modise T

• kyo

Se xwa le L ambe r t Moloi Mathe ws Phosa Joe l Ne tshite ndze Char le s Nqakula Joe Slovo Chr is Hani Ronnie Kasr ils Mac Mahar aj Iva n Pilla y Pr a vin Gor dhan Solly Shoke Alfr e d Nzo Olive r T ambo Jac ob Zuma Siphiwe Nyanda Aboobake r Ismail Raymond L alla

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Se e pa g e 165

T he T ripa rtite Allia nc e (1991  )

so c ia list- le a ning SACP COSAT U ANC

(inc luding ma ny me mb e rs o f the UDF )

c ommunist

• fte n

so c ia list

Source: Richter Frank-Jurgen. Wikimedia Commons.

Pr avin Gor dhan, an ac tivist in the Natal Indian Congr e ss and the SACP (during the 1980s), and the ANC’s Ministe r

• f F

inanc e (2009–2014, 2015–2017)

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Se e pa g e 165

Source: Rob Bogaerts / Anefo. Wikimedia Commons.

Ma ng osuthu Buthe le zi, Chie f of the Buthe le zi tribe

(1953 ),

Chie f Ministe r of Kwa Zulu

(1970–1994),

the founde r of the Inka tha Na tiona l Cultur al L ibe r ation Move me nt in 1975, Pr e side nt of the IF P

(1976 )

a nd South Afric a ’s Ministe r

• f Home Affair

s

(1994–2004)

T ha bo Mbe ki, the ANC’s He ad of Infor mation, the ANC’s He ad of Inte rna tiona l Affa irs, De puty Pr e side nt of the ANC

(1997–2007),

De puty Pre side nt of South Afric a

(1994–1999),

Pr e side nt of the ANC

(1997–2007)

a nd Pre side nt of South Afric a

(1999–2008)

Source: White House photo by Paul Morse. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 166

T he thre e ke y e le me nts in the c ontinuing c yc le of viole nc e tha t

• c c ur

r e d in South Afr ic a be twe e n 1990 and 1994 (a nd the va rious forc e s tha t sympa thise d with the m)

MK

Pr

• ANC

SDUs

T r anske i Kwa - Zulu, Ciske i & ‘Bop’ Pro IF P SPUs 3r

d F

• r

c e

SAP SADF

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Se e pa g e 167

T he Patr iotic F r

• nt

(1991–1994)

SACP AZAPO PAC COSAT U ANC DP IF P

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Se e pa g e 167

Chr is Hani, the c hie f of sta ff of MK (1987–1993) and the se c r e tar y ge ne r al of the SACP (1987–1993), as we ll as a me mbe r

• f the ANC

Source: http://www.rdm.co.za

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Se e pa g e 167

Ge ne r al Bantu Holomisa, He ad of the T r anske i ‘home land’ (1987–1994), ANC Me mbe r of Pa rlia me nt (1994–1996), and Pr e side nt of the Unite d De moc r atic Move me nt (1997 )

Source: UDM.

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Se e pa g e 168

National unity ve r sus e thnic nationalism in South Afr ic a in the e ar ly 1990s

T he T ripa rtite Allia nc e ’ s de sire fo r a c o ntinue d unio n

ANC COSAT U SACP

Bo phutha t- swa na ‘ ho me la nd’

• ffic ia ls

T swa na na tio na lism F re e do m F ro nt Afrika ne r na tio na lism K wa Zulu ‘ ho me la nd’

• ffic ia ls

Zulu na tio na lism Xhosa na tio na lism Ciske i ‘ ho me la nd’

• ffic ia ls

Na tio na lists’ de sire fo r se c e ssio n (to b e c o me a n inde pe nde nt sta te )

• r

a uto no my (to b e c o me a la rg e ly se lf-g o ve rning sta te within a fe de ra l sta te )

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Se e pa g e 168

T ito Mbowe ni, De puty He ad of the ANC’s De par tme nt of E c onomic Polic y (e a rly 1990s), Ministe r of L a bour (1994–1998), Gove r nor

• f the South Afr

ic an Re se r ve Bank (1999–2009), and Inte r national Advise r for Goldman Sac hs Inte r national (2010 )

Source: World Economic Forum from Cologny, Switzerland. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 169

T he rig htwa rds shift of ANC e c onomic polic y in 1992 Communism Soc ia lism Soc ial libe ra lism Conse r vatism Autoc r ac y

ANC

Source: World Economic Forum. Wikimedia Commons.

Pre side nt F W de Kle rk a nd Ne lson Ma nde la a t Da vos in 1992

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Se e pa g e 169

An AWB Ra lly in Pre toria in 1990

Source: Anton Raath from Leuven, Belgium. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 169

Source: David Goldblatt. UCT digital collections.

Cyr il Ramaphosa of the ANC and Roe lf Me ye r

• f the NP

dur ing the ne gotiation pr

• c e ss

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Se e pa g e 170

T he c ha ng ing politic a l re la tionships ne a r the e nd of 1992, whe n the ANC a nd the NP sig ne d the Re c ord of Unde rsta nding a nd sta rte d to stre a mline ne g otia tions

PAC



T ra nske i



AZAPO



DP



SACP



COSAT U



ANC



NP



CP



I F P



BOP



Ciske i



Cyril Ra ma pho sa Ro e lf Me ye r

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Se e pa g e 170

Source: SADF history. Wikimedia Commons.

Ge ne ra l Ge org e Me iring , Chie f of the Army (1990–1993), Chie f of the SADF (1993–1994), and the fir st Chie f of the South Afr ic an National De fe nc e F

• r

c e (1994–1998)

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Se e pa g e 171

T he planne d two- stage national de moc r atic r e volution

ST AGE 2

T he sun rise s

• n a so c ia list re pub lic

ST AGE 1

T he sun se ts

• n a pa rthe id

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Se e pa g e 171

Mande la in the 1990s: a le ft- wing le ade r in r ight- wing time s

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Se e pa g e 171

T he shifts in ANC and NP polic ie s dur ing 1992 allowe d impr

• ve d c o- ope r

ation be twe e n the se pa rtie s during 1993.

ANC mo ve s a wa y fro m so c ia lism (a nd c o mmunism) NP mo ve s a wa y fro m ra c ia l

• ppre ssio n

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Se e pa g e 172

T he F r e e dom Allianc e

(1993–1994)

‘Bop’ Ciske i IF P/ Kwa- Zulu

AVF

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Se e pa g e 172

F atal instanc e s of de stabilising viole nc e that oc c ur r e d be twe e n the ANC’s offic ial suspe nsion of the ar me d str uggle in the 1990 Pr e tor ia Minute and South Afr ic a’s fir st de moc r atic e le c tions in 1994, whic h le d to the e stablishme nt

• f the Gove r

nme nt of Na tiona l Unity (GNU)

during 'ta lks a b o ut ta lks' during CODE SA 1 during the MPNF during CODE SA 2 during the tra nsitio na l pe rio d unde r the T E C

Se boke ng Killing s 1990

Source: Leonemanuel Wikimedia Commons.

T hokoza Killing s 1991

Source: Christoph Aeschlimann. Wikimedia Commons.

Bisho Ma ssa c re Se p 1992

Source: Ryanvanhuyssteen. Wikimedia Commons.

Boipa tong Ma ssa c re June 1992

Source: Eric Kilby from Somerville, MA, USA. Wikimedia Commons.

Assa ssina tion

• f Hani

Apr 1993

Source: Ltshears. Wikimedia Commons.

St Ja me s Ma ssa c re July 1993

Source: Tomascastelazo. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Mike Baird. Wikimedia Commons.

He ide lbe rg Ma ssa c re De c 1993 Na ta l Killing s E arly 1994 Bophutha - tswa na Invasion Mar 1994 Mar 1994 She ll House Ma ssa c re AWB Bombing s Apr 1994

Source: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, France. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Yathin S Krishnappa. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Malene Thyssen. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Vlieg. Wikimedia Commons.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 173

Source: isafmedia. Wikimedia Commons.

Pr e tor ia Minute August 1990

This was not a strong bridge. It was just a tentative attempt at co-operation by two parties in order to avoid being swept away by a civil war.

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Se e pa g e 174

De c la ra tion of Inte nt Oc tobe r 1991

Source: Sengkang. Wikimedia Commons.

This arrangement had a firmer foundation, but it did not show the structure that the final negotiated settlement would take.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 174

Re c ord of Unde rsta nding Se pte mbe r 1992

Source: Charles Hutchins. Wikimedia Commons.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 174

This was a stronger commitment towards a negotiated settlement between the two main parties, and was based on finding common ground.

Inte r im Constitution Nove mbe r 1993

Source: Rowland Shaw. Wikimedia Commons.

This was a solid structure supported by many parties.

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Se e pa g e 174

Ag re e me nt to pa rtic ipa te in de moc ra tic e le c tions April 1994

Source: Michael Jefferies. Wikimedia Commons.

This was an impressive bridging of past differences by almost all the political

• rganisations, and it became an example to
• ther countries regarding what could be

achieved through co-operation.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 174

T he five most importa nt doc ume nts tha t we re sig ne d in the ne g otia tion pr

• c e ss that le d to the Gove r

nme nt of National Unity (GNU)

CODE SA

1

CODE SA

2

MPNF T E C

Bila te ra l NP- ANC ta lks Multi- la te ra l ta lks Bila te ra l NP- ANC a g re e me nt Multi- la te ra l agr e e me nt

Pre toria Minute

Aug 1990

De c la ra tion

• f Inte nt

Oc t 1991

Re c or d of Unde rsta nding

Se p 1992

Inte rim Constitution

No v 1993

Ag re e me nt to pa rtic ipate in de moc ra tic e le c tions Apr 1994 GNU

Source: isafmedia. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Sengkang. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Charles Hutchins. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Rowland Shaw. Wikimedia Commons. Source: Michael Jefferies. Wikimedia Commons.

(see www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlOfDHyaXg).

T he five mo st impo rta nt do c ume nts tha t we re sig ne d during the ne g o tia tio n pro c e ss c a n b e se e n a s b ridg e s o f inc re a sing stre ng th. T he b o die s tha t we re c re a te d a fte r e a c h do c ume nt c a n b e se e n a s ite ms

• f inc re a sing spe e d a nd dire c tio n.

CODE SA 1 a nd 2 b o th mo ve d like a pla stic b a g b lo wn b y ma ny winds c o ming fro m va rio us diffe re nt dire c tio ns, so tha t the b a g g o e s no whe re in pa rtic ula r. T he Multi-Pa rty Ne g o tia ting F

• rum, the T

ra nsitio na l E xe c utive Co mmitte e a nd the Go ve rnme nt o f Na tio na l Unity mo ve d muc h mo re q uic kly, like a to y fa lling do wn a flig ht o f sta irs. T his wa s b e c a use the ne w ANC-NP wo rking re la tio nship he a de d ne g o tia tio ns do wn a ro ute tha t wa s ne ithe r ve ry le ft- wing no r ve ry rig ht-wing .

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 174

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa.

Limpopo North West Mpuma- langa KwaZulu- Natal Free State Northern Cape Western Cape Eastern Cape

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 175

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Se e pa g e 175

(sho wing the o rg a nisa tio ns o f whic h the y ha d pre vio usly b e e n a pa rt)

Bantu Holomiso

(T ra nske i ‘ ho me la nd’ g o ve rnme nt)

Winnie Madikize la Mande la

(ANC)

Pe te r Mokaba

(SAYCO & ANCYL )

T homas Nkobi

(ANC)

Ar nold Stofile

(ANC & UDF )

Cyril Ramaphosa

(BCM, NUM & UDF )

Patr ic k L e kota

(BCM & UDF )

T r e vor Manue l

(UDF )

Va lli Moosa

(UDF )

Dulla r Oma r

(UDF )

Che ryl Ca rolus

(F E DSAW & UDF )

Kgale ma Motlanthe

(ANC, MK & NUM)

T

• kyo Se xwale

(ANC & MK )

Mac Mahar aj

(SACP, MK & ANC)

Joe Slovo

(SACP, MK & ANC)

Jac ob Zuma

(ANC, MK & SACP)

Joe Modise

(ANC & MK )

Ste ve T shwe te

(ANC & MK )

T habo Mbe ki

(ANC & MK )

Ne lson Mande la

(ANC & MK )

Mathe ws Phosa

(ANC & MK

Ke y me mbe r s of the ANC dur ing the 1994 de moc r atic e le c tions

T he thr e e main me mbe r s of the Gove r nme nt of National Unity (GNU)

NP IF P

ANC

ANC

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 175

Ne lson Mande la, an Afr ic an nationalist

Source: Eli Weinberg

Ne lson Mande la building a non- r ac ial nation

Source: West Midlands Police. Wikimedia Commons.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 177

How the NP a nd the ANC built a unifie d de moc ra c y throug h c ompromise

Ag re e me nt to pa rtic ipa te in de mo c ra tic e le c tio ns Mo dise a nd Me iring ’ s willing ne ss to c re a te sta b ility Ma nde la a nd the ANC’ s willing ne ss to c o mpro mise a b o ut e c o no mic po lic y De K le rk a nd the NP’ s willing ne ss to c o mpro mise a b o ut ra c ia l privile g e s Pre to ria Minute De c la ra tio n

• f I

nte nt Ra ma pho sa & Me ye r’ s willing ne ss to find c o mmo n g ro und I nte rim c o nstitutio n Re c o rd o f Unde rsta nding Assa ssina tion

• f Chris Ha ni

1993

She ll House Ma ssa c re

1994

T hokoza Killing s

1991

Boipa tong Ma ssa c re

Se pt 1992

I n 1993 a nd 1994 inc re a se d vio le nc e ma de the ke y ne g o tia to rs ke e n to c o mple te the ne g o tia tio ns q uic kly. I n 1991 a nd 1992 vio le nc e thre a te ne d the pe a c e ful ne g o tia tio ns.

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Se e pa g e 178

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Se e pa g e 179

A visua l summa ry of the te mpora ry divisions a nd e ve ntua l vic tory

• f South Afric a ’s Bla c k libe ra tion move me nt

(de spite one re ma ining ‘thorn in its side ’)

1920s Through the Congress Movement Black South African nationalism emerges. 1959 The PAC is established because

• f the influence of White

communists on the ANC. 1968 Biko starts to chart a course for Black people to overcome the psychological domination of White patterns of thought. 1979 Inkatha refuses to enter the armed struggle for liberation. 1991 The PAC convenes an anti-apartheid convention: the Patriotic Front. 1993 The Interim constitution is signed and the armed struggle is suspended. 1994 South Africa's first democratic elections are held. 1996 The Reconstruction and Development Programme is launched.

Inkatha’s r e sistanc e to the many thr e ats it ide ntifie d

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Se e pa g e 180

HOW HAS SOUT H AF RICA CHOSE N T O RE ME MBE R T HE PAST ?

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Se e pa g e 181

E xe c utio n witho ut tria l

ve r sus

Ge ne ra l a mne sty

e .g . Spa in in 1939 e .g . Na mib ia in 1990

T wo e xtr e me positions r e gar ding how to de al with pe ople ac c use d of war c r ime s

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Se e pa g e 181

Wa ys of de a ling with pe ople a c c use d of wa r c rime s, inc luding two diffe re nt type s of justic e

Ge ne ra l a mne sty T ria l to de te rmine g uilt o r inno c e nc e E xe c utio n witho ut tria l Re trib utive justic e Re sto ra tive justic e

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 181

Source: USA. Wikimedia Commons.

He r mann Gör ing, Vic e Chanc e llor

• f Ge r

many and Re ic hsmar sc hall (1941–1945)

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 182

Source: En Todos Lados !!'s. Wikimedia Commons.

Augusto Pinoc he t’s militar y fune r al

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Se e pa g e 182

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Se e pa g e 182

Dulla h Oma r, Ministe r of Justic e (1994–1999) and Ministe r

• f T

r anspor t (1999–2004)

Source: https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/ mayor/Pages/Dullah_Omar.aspx.

Arc hbishop De smond T utu, Chair pe r son of South Afr ic a’s T r uth and Re c onc iliation Commission

Source: English: Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 182

T he thr e e c ommitte e s of the T r uth and Re c onc iliation Commission T he T ruth a nd Re c onc ilia tion Committe e

Huma n Rig hts Viola tions Committe e Re pa ra tion a nd Re ha bilita tion Committe e Amne sty Committe e

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 183

Source: http://www.sahistory.org.za.

Adr iaan Vlok, Ministe r

• f L

aw and Or de r (1986–1991), a nd founde r of the c ha rity F e e d a Child (2015)

Source: http://www.all4women.co.za.

E ug e ne de Koc k, a South Afr ic an Polic e c olone l, and r e c ipie nt

• f the Polic e Cross for

Br ave r y in 1989 Cra ig Willia mson, apar the id spy within NUSAS, Chie f of Inte llig e nc e for the South Afr ic an Polic e , me mbe r of the Sta te Se c ur ity Counc il, and milita ry inte llig e nc e

• pe r

ative

Source: UCT Libraries Digital Collections

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Se e pa g e 183

RE ME MBE RING T HE PAST : ME MORIAL S

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Se e pa g e 185

Source: Xufanc. Wikimedia Commons.

T he Bhunga Building in Mthatha has be e n c onve r te d into one of the site s of the Ne lson Mande la Muse um

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 185

T he e te r nal flame at F r e e dom Par k

Source: ljswaan. Wikimedia Commons.

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Se e pa g e 185

T OPIC 5 QUE ST IONS

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Se e pa g e 186

[From: http//:hemi.nyu.edu. Accessed on 20 November 2013.]

L E T 'S SPE AK OUT T O E ACH OT HE R. BY T E L L I NG T HE T RUT H, BY T E L L I NG OUR ST ORI E S OF T HE PAST , SO T HAT WE CAN WAL K T HE ROAD T O RE CONCI L I AT I ON T OGE T HE R.

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Se e pa g e 186

[From: www.sahistory.org.za. Accessed on 20 November 2013.]

www.theanswer.co.za

Se e pa g e 187