Standards & Energy Efficiency for the Lighting of Road Tunnels - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Standards & Energy Efficiency for the Lighting

• f Road Tunnels

John Rands CEng MILP

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Topics Discussed

• Defining a Road Tunnel
• The Task and Challenges
• Requirements and Standard Application
• Energy initiatives

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What is a road tunnel ? In simplistic terms a road tunnel is any stretch of a highway that is covered thereby restricting natural daylight.

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• Under waterways
• Through hillsides
• Under urban structures
• Road intersections
• Under railways
• +Any combination of above !

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What is the key issue for road tunnels users?

Drivers of vehicles, should be able to approach, pass through and exit the tunnel with the same speed, degree of safety and comfort as on the open approach road.

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What is required ?

Answer – Lighting within the tunnel, by either natural or artificial means. Or perhaps a combination of both ?

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Challenges and Considerations for lighting a road tunnel.

• Sustainability
• Energy Management
• Environmental Issues
• Aesthetics
• Technical Feasibility
• Whole Life Cost
• User Safety
• Visual Task
• Light Pollution
• Other Services
• Conflict Areas
• Lighting Standards

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“At best, any standard can only be a written record of best practice at the time of writing.”

What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’

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As a comparison, current road lighting standards can generally address the vast majority of roadway lighting configurations, however......... Tunnel structures are so diverse in build and use that it is difficult if not impossible, for any single ‘standard’ to cover every conceivable eventuality without some degree of engineering judgement being required ! What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’

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As such a ‘standard’ is potentially unable to consistently address the requirements of:-

• 100% of all structures
• Evolving new technologies
• Innovation

What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’

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It’s acknowledged that professional guidance is vital when considering the demands for the visual task of users, especially critical in road tunnels. What is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’

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A very important issue to be borne in mind for any discipline, is that an incident

• ccurring within a road tunnel can have

vastly more severe consequences to life and property than an identical incident on an

• pen road!

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Generally a tunnel lighting standard is a Code of Practice (CoP). Is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ Mandatory ?

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Albeit generally not mandatory, once included within a project contract specification, the standard becomes binding for all parties. Is a tunnel lighting ‘Standard’ Mandatory ?

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While most likely still compliant with lighting standards, the type of construction contract employed may not give the ultimate owner best lifetime value! Contract Impact

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Worldwide base: CIE 88:2004 European: CR14380:2003 UK: BS 5489- 2:2003/8

(Under

Review 2015)

Other countries have their own versions normally based on CIE 88 principles. Current Tunnel Lighting Standards

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Generally, long tunnels are dealt with reasonably well within most standards. Known issues in standards have been experienced for ‘short’ tunnels. Where does this take us ?

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What defines a short tunnel?

European UK UK UK HA International Italy AS/NZS CR14380 5489:7, 1992 5489:2-2003

Part 9 BD 78/99

CIE 88:2004 UNI 11095 1158.52007 Tunnel or Underpass <25m not normally lit, LTP 25m-200m, Long ∴>200m <25m not normally lit, Fig 8 for 25m- 100m, Long ∴>100m <25m not normally lit, LTP 25m-200m, Long ∴>200m >150m <25m not normally lit, Fig 4.1 for 25- 125m, Long >125m <25m not normally lit, Fig 4.1 for 25- 125m, Long >125m No lighting if tunnel Length <10xPortal Height Criteria LTP Length, Visible Exit, Daylight Penetration, Wall reflectance, Traffic LTP + Traffic Flow Length, Visible Exit, Daylight Penetration, Wall reflectance, Traffic Fig 2.2, STP (=LTP)

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Defining a short tunnel Short tunnels can be ‘physically’ short but more importantly for the drivers visual task, is that a physically short tunnel can in fact be a ‘visually’ long tunnel !

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Tunnel Lighting Arrangement

∴ Lth could be >400 cd/m2

L20 View from SD

Lin Night

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Portal Luminance (L20)

L20 = AL / A = 4,060 cd/m2

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Portal Luminance (L20)

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Entrance Requirements

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Standards Further Considerations

• Standards fluid with updates & harmonisation.
• Consideration of potential benefit of applying

any new standard on existing schemes.

• Engineering judgements need to be applied when

project doesn't ‘fit’ the standard.

• Other countries standards may table a more

appropriate solution*.

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Coventry Ring Road

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Coventry Ring Road

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Coventry Ring Road

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Coventry Ring Road

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Coventry Ring Road

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DIN - Lichtschleusen (Light Injection)

Coventry Ring Road

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DIN - Lichtschleusen (Light Injection)

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Line Lighting - Interior

Lighting Styles

• High interior ‘Comfort

Factor’.

• Preferred by most users.
• Exceeds uniformity

requirements

• High cost.

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• Lower interior ‘Comfort

Factor’.

• Mixed views by users.
• Meets uniformity

requirements

• Lower cost.

Point Source Interior / Boost

Lighting Styles

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European Initiatives

CEDR Transnational Road Research Programme

Realistic Energy Efficient Tunnel Solutions: REETS

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Current REET Partners

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Overview of Aims and Objectives

• Identify opportunities to reduce operational energy

consumption in tunnels From a tunnel ‘element’ perspective

(lighting, ventilation, drainage, building services etc.)

• Maintain (or increase) current levels of driver safety and

comfort

• Assess the feasibility of the most promising

technologies

• To consider carbon and cost benefits in the operational phase

(on a life cycle basis for the technology)

• From an energy provision & storage perspective
• From an automotive / driver perspective

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Operational energy consumption

LED Potential Saving

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Considering

• LED
• Solar contributions
• Means to reduce Threshold value requirements
• Closed Loop Feed Back of Control systems
• Dynamic UPS systems
• Road Surface Materials

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Previous Research

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Portal Screens

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500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Screen vs. Open Road Luminance - Cd/m2

Kingsway Tunnel - Wallasey Portal

Open Road Screen Calc L Th1

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Cross Discipline Consultation

If anything positive is to come out of such research and initiatives, by far the most positive route for applying any impending technology, is to adopt an early, active and focused multidiscipline rapport where the +/- impact of one discipline can be understood and embraced by others for the advantage of the project as a whole.

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8-9 OCTOBER 2015 | HOTEL ARTS, BARCELONA, SPAIN

Södra länken, Stockholm