Show Case I: free fall at short distances Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Show Case I: free fall at short distances Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 17, 2023 204 likes •635 views

q B OUNCE A quantum bouncing ball gravity spectrometer Hartmut Abele Schloss Waldthausen 13. April 2016 Hartmut Abele, TU Wien Show Case I: free fall at short distances Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. J. Phys.1999 Quantum interference: sensitivity

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SLIDE 1

Hartmut Abele, TU Wien

Hartmut Abele Schloss Waldthausen

  • 13. April 2016

qBOUNCE

A quantum bouncing ball gravity spectrometer

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SLIDE 2

Show Case I: free fall at short distances

Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. J. Phys.1999 Quantum interference: sensitivity to fifth forces

Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien

Rafael Reiter, Bernhard Schlederer, David Sepp

Simulation: Reiter, Schlederer, Seppi

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SLIDE 3

qBOUNCE: : Quantum States

States in th the Gravity ty Po Pote tential Schrödinger Equation Bound States Discrete energy levels Ground state 1.4 peV Airy-Functions

1/3 2

5.87 m 2

i g

z m m g µ   = − =       

1/3 2 2 2

0.602peV 2

g i

m g E m   = − =       

) ( ) ( 2

2 2 2

z E z mgz z m

n n n

ϕ ϕ =         + ∂ ∂ − 

ψ2

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SLIDE 4

Quantum System, 2-Level System Coupling Example:

  • NMR:
  • Magnetic Moment in
  • outer magnetic field
  • RF-field drives Transitions
  • Rabi – Spectroscopy
  • Ramsey Spectroscopy: Clocks, Spin Echo, EDM

All Spectroscopy methods so far use electromag fields

  • r a coupling to a electromag. potential

Frequency: Resonance Spectroscopy

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SLIDE 5

Quantum System, 2-Level System Coupling GRS: Neutron

  • gravity field of earth,
  • oscillating Mirror

drives transitions

Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy

|1 > 1.4 peV |3 > 3.32 peV

qBounce: Vibrating mirror Demonstration Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy:Jenke et al., Nature Physics 2011

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SLIDE 6

Rabi Spectroscopy 1938

7

NMResonance-Spectroscopy -Technique For measurements of magnetic moments

Signal in Detector No signal Detector

Summary

Energy measurement is related to frequency measurements

  • Mag. Radio

frequency

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SLIDE 7

Show Case II: Rabi-type Spectroscopy of Gravity

NMR Spectroscopy Technique to explore magnetic moments Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy Technique to explore gravity

3 Regions:

I: 1st State selector/ Polarizer II: Coupling

− RF field

III: 2nd State Selector / Analyzer

3 Regions:

I: 1st State selector/ Polarizer II: Coupling

− Vibr. mirror

III: 2nd State Selector / Analyzer

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SLIDE 8

Region I

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SLIDE 9

Airy - Quantum States 1 & 2

11

CR39-Plastik mit Neutronenkonverter (200nm )

B n

10

+

α +

* 7Li

→

~ 10 cm 200µm

neutron mirror

UCN

rough mirror Jenke et al. NIM 2013, PRL2014

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SLIDE 10

2002: Observation of Bound Quantum States

Neutron mirror: polished glass plate 10 cm long V. Nevizhevsky et al., Nature 415 299 (2002).

  • V. Nesvizhevsky et al., Eur. Phys. Lett. (2005)
  • A. Westphal et al., Eur. Phys. Lett. (2007)
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SLIDE 11

Observation of the Spatial Distribution of Gravitationally Bound Quantum States

13

  • G. Ichikawa et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 071101 (2014)
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SLIDE 12

Scattering rate

  • Bulk phonons
  • Ripplons
  • Surfons
  • vapour
  • O. Zimmer: Neutrons on a surface of liquid helium
  • O. Zimmer arXiv:1509.06343 [nucl-ex]
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SLIDE 13

Region II

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SLIDE 14

Region 2: the vibration table

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SLIDE 15
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SLIDE 16
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SLIDE 17

Region III

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SLIDE 18

Detector

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SLIDE 19

qBounce – Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy

|1> ↔ |3> : 462 Hz |1> ↔ |4> : 647 Hz |1> ↔ |2> : 266 Hz |1> ↔ |3> : 563 Hz |2> ↔ |3> : 296 Hz |2> ↔ |4> : 701 Hz |1> ↔ |3> : 462 Hz |1> ↔ |4> : 647 Hz

  • T. Jenke et al. NP 2011
  • T. Jenke et al. PRL 2014
  • C. Cronenberg et al.
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SLIDE 20

Results

Transitions 1-3 and 1-4 observed 1-3: (46±5)% Intensity drop 1-4: (61±7)%

60 measurements Preliminary,

@ 2.1 mm/s

Thesis Cronenberg

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SLIDE 21

Rabi Oscillation

462Hz 647Hz

  • 1

13

20cm 0.5355 m 2.2mm/s = 7.4m/s

R

L Q A µ S τ π π Ω × = × = ⋅ ⋅

Sta State te R Revival

Thesis Cronenberg

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SLIDE 22

Participating Institutions:

  • IST Braunschweig
  • Univ. Heidelberg
  • ILL
  • Univ. Jena
  • Univ. Mainz
  • Priority Areas
  • CP-symmetry violation and particle physics in the early universe.
  • The structure and nature of weak interaction and possible extensions of

the Standard Model.

  • Tests of gravitation with quantum objects
  • Charge quantization and the electric neutrality of the neutron.
  • New Infrastructure (UCN-Source, cold Neutrons)
  • * Coordinators first round (S. Paul, H.A. )

DFG/FWF Priority Programme 1491 : Precision experiments in particle- and astrophysics with cold and ultracold neutrons,

  • Exzellenzcluster ‚Universe‘ München
  • Techn. Univ. München*
  • PTB Berlin
  • Vienna University of Technology*
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SLIDE 23

Priority Programme 1491

Research Area A: CP-symmetry violation and particle physics in the early universe

  • Neutron EDM ∆E = 10-23 eV

Research Area B: The structure and nature of weak interaction and possible extensions of the Standard Model

  • Neutron β-decay V – A Theory

Research Area C: Test of gravitation with quantum interference

  • Neutron bound gravitational quantum states

Research Area D: Charge quantization and the electric neutrality of the neutron

  • Neutron charge

Research Area E: New measuring techniques

  • Particle detection
  • Magnetometry
  • Neutron optics
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SLIDE 24

The focus is a next generation experiment to measure the neutron electric dipole moment with a sensitivity increased by at least one

  • rder of magnitude within the next six years

Experiment at a new ucn source

  • New setup (nEDM)
  • New µ-metal shield (multi-layers)
  • B-Field Stability (10 fT) / Uniformity (3pT/cm)
  • Sensitivity: dn = 0 : | dn | < 1-2 x 10-28 e·cm (95% C.L.)

Ramsey-Method of separated oscillating fields Priority area A: CP-symmetry violation and particle physics in the early universe.

?

/ 2 π / 2 π

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SLIDE 25

Since the Standard Model value for qn requires extreme fine tuning, the smallness of this value may be considered as a hint for GUTs, where qn is equal to zero. Improve limit by two orders of magnitude Charge quantization and the electric neutrality of the neutron.

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SLIDE 26
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SLIDE 27
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SLIDE 28

Adelberger: In oder to see the true strength of gravitation, you have to be very close … .

Gravity at short distances: String theories

Illustration: Savas Dimopoulos

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SLIDE 29

Neutrons test Newton

Strength α Range λ

31

λ

α

−

⋅ = + ⋅

/ 1 2

( ) (1 )

r

m m V r G e r

( )

n

V z m gz =

For a neutron with mass mn, gravitational constant G, mass mE and density ρ of the earth with radius RE (r = RE + z), V(r) is usually approximated by

2 2| |/ 12

( , ) 2 2 10 peV

z n

V z m Ge

λ

λ π ραλ α

− −

= = × ×

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SLIDE 30

Neutrons test Newton

Strength α Range λ

32

/ 1 2

( ) (1 )

r

m m V r G e r

λ

α

−

⋅ = + ⋅

Hypothetical Gravity Like Forces

Extra Dimensions: The string and Dp-brane theories predict the existence of extra space-time dimensions Infinite-Volume Extra Dimensions: Randall and Sundrum Exchange Forces from new Bosons: a deviation from the ISL can be induced by the exchange of new (pseudo)scalar and (pseudo)vector bosons

  • Axion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - → 0.2 µm < λ < 0.2 cm
  • Scalar boson. Cosmological consideration
  • Bosons from Hidden Supersymmetric Sectors
  • Gauge fields in the bulk (ADD, PRD 1999) - - - - →106 < α < 109

Supersymmetric large Extra Dimensions (B.& C.) - - - - → α < 106

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SLIDE 31

Light beam that hits a rain drop is refracted toward the middle of the drop and then repeatedly reflected into the drop

Newton‘s Explanation(Photons)

  • white light was composed of the light of

all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light.

the Rainbow: Newton

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SLIDE 32

Light beam that hits a rain drop is refracted toward the middle of the drop and then repeatedly reflected into the drop again upon encLicht wird am Regentropfen gebrochen und reflektiert (1637).

The Rainbow: Descartes DE L'ARC-EN-CIEL

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SLIDE 33

The rainbow again

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SLIDE 34

George Biddell Airy

The Airy – Funktion:

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SLIDE 35
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SLIDE 36

Snapshots with spatial resolution detectors ~ 1.5 µm

  • M. Thalhammer, T. Jenke et al.

Courtesy: M. Thalhammer

L

ψ ψ ψ

∞ − = ∞

Ψ = − = Ψ

∑ ∫

 /

( , ) ( ) ( ) ~ [ ]; ( ,0) ( )

n

iE t n n n n n n

z t c e z E z z Ai c z z dz z E

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SLIDE 37

Preparation L = 0

Courtesy: M. Thalhammer

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SLIDE 38

2nd bounce, 2nd turning point, L = 41 mm

Courtesy: M. Thalhammer

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SLIDE 39

Move downwards, L = 51 mm

Courtesy: M. Thalhammer

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SLIDE 40

L = 54 mm

42

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SLIDE 41

L = 51 mm @ 20 µm

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SLIDE 42

Gravity tests with quantum objects

  • G. Cronenberg, H. Filter, P. Geltenbort (ILL), T. Jenke, H. Lemmel,
  • M. Thalhammer, T. Rechberger, J. Herzinger, U. Schmidt (HD),
  • T. Lauer (TUM), Collaboration HD, TUM, ILL

Neutron Beta Decay, PERC collaboration

  • J. Erhart, E. Jericha, D. Moser, P. Haydn, G. Konrad, M. Klopp,
  • H. Saul, X. Wang, Collaboration with HD, MZ, TUM, ILL

Interferometry

  • G. Badurek, H. Rauch, Y. Hasegawa, M. Zawisky, J. Summhammer,
  • D. Erdösi, G. Sulyok, S. Sponar, H. Geppert

Neutron Radiography

  • M. Zawisky

N_TOF/USANS: E. Jericha, C. Weiß, H. Rauch, G. Badurek,H. Leeb, Griesmayer

The Team at Atominstitut