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❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ♦♥ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡❞ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs ✇✐t❤ ❈❛❝❤❡s

❋r❛♥❝❦ ❈❛ss❡③ ❈◆❘❙ ✫ ▼❛r✐❡ ❈✉r✐❡ ❋❡❧❧♦✇ ■❘❈❈②◆✱ ◆❛♥t❡s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❏✉♥❡ ✷✹t❤✱ ✷✵✶✶ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶✱ ◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑

❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛❧❦

✶

❚❤❡ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠

✷

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

✸

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts

✹

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✫ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦

❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

■♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ ❞ ∈ D t✐♠❡✭❍❀ P❀ ❞✮

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

■♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ ❞ ∈ D t✐♠❡✭❍❀ P❀ ❞✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ♠❛①❞∈D t✐♠❡✭❍❀ P❀ ❞✮

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

■♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ ❞ ∈ D t✐♠❡✭❍❀ P❀ ❞✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ ✔ ❲❈❊❚✲❯❇✭❍❀ P✮ ✔ ✭✶ ✰ ✧✮ ✂ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❲♦r❦ ✫ ❊①✐st✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s

P❛rt✐❛❧ ➊ ❚❡sts✴❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ r❡❛❧ ❜♦❛r❞✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ❡❛s② t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ♥♦t ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ♥♦t s❛❢❡✿ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ❚♦♦❧s✿ ❘❛♣✐❚✐♠❡ ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣❲❈❊❚✮ ❛♥❞ ▼t✐♠❡ ❊①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ➊ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✫ ■♥t❡❣❡r ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣

✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✄♦✇ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ P ✷ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❧♦♦♣ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞s ✸ ❇✉✐❧❞ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❈❋● ✹ ❙♦❧✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠

❤❛r❞❡r t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t s❛❢❡✿ ❣✐✈❡s ❛♥ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ♠♦♥♦❧✐t❤✐❝ ❚♦♦❧s✿ ❇♦✉♥❞✲❚✱ ❖❚❆❲❆✱ ❚✉❇♦✉♥❞✱ ❈❤r♦♥♦s✱ ❙❲❊❊❚ ❛♥❞ ❛✐❚ ✭❆❜s■♥t✮

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❲♦r❦ ✫ ❊①✐st✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s

P❛rt✐❛❧ ➊ ❚❡sts✴❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ r❡❛❧ ❜♦❛r❞✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ❡❛s② t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ♥♦t ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ♥♦t s❛❢❡✿ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ❚♦♦❧s✿ ❘❛♣✐❚✐♠❡ ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣❲❈❊❚✮ ❛♥❞ ▼t✐♠❡ ❊①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ➊ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✫ ■♥t❡❣❡r ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣

✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✄♦✇ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ P ✷ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❧♦♦♣ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞s ✸ ❇✉✐❧❞ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❈❋● ✹ ❙♦❧✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠

❤❛r❞❡r t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t s❛❢❡✿ ❣✐✈❡s ❛♥ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ♠♦♥♦❧✐t❤✐❝ ❚♦♦❧s✿ ❇♦✉♥❞✲❚✱ ❖❚❆❲❆✱ ❚✉❇♦✉♥❞✱ ❈❤r♦♥♦s✱ ❙❲❊❊❚ ❛♥❞ ❛✐❚ ✭❆❜s■♥t✮

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷ ✴ ✷✷

❖✉r ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠ P✿ t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ P ❛❧✇❛②s t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s ❘❡s✉❧ts ❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ✭❛♥❞ st❛❝❦ s✐③❡✮ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞

✶

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧

✷ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✸ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚✮

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❲❈❊❚

❲❈❊❚ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ❢r♦♠ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ r❡❛❧ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚ ❲❈❊❚ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❬❇❡❝✶✶❪ ❏✳✲▲✳ ❇é❝❤❡♥♥❡❝ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❈❛ss❡③✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ r❡♣♦rt✱ ■❘❈❈②◆✴❈◆❘❙✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✶✱ ❛r❳✐✈✿✶✶✵✺✳✶✻✸✸✈✷ ❬❝s✳❙❊❪✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸ ✴ ✷✷

❖✉r ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠ P✿ t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ P ❛❧✇❛②s t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s ❘❡s✉❧ts ❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ✭❛♥❞ st❛❝❦ s✐③❡✮ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞

✶

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧

✷ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✸ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚✮

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❲❈❊❚

❲❈❊❚ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ❢r♦♠ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ r❡❛❧ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚ ❲❈❊❚ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❬❇❡❝✶✶❪ ❏✳✲▲✳ ❇é❝❤❡♥♥❡❝ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❈❛ss❡③✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ r❡♣♦rt✱ ■❘❈❈②◆✴❈◆❘❙✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✶✱ ❛r❳✐✈✿✶✶✵✺✳✶✻✸✸✈✷ ❬❝s✳❙❊❪✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸ ✴ ✷✷

❚❤❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ Pr♦❣r❛♠

• 00000000 <fib>:

0: e24dd020 sub sp, sp, #32 4: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 8: e3a03001 mov r3, #1 c: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 64: e58d301c str r3, [sp, #28] 68: e59d301c ldr r3, [sp, #28] 6c: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 70: e28dd020 add sp, sp, #32 74: e12fff1e bx lr 00000078 <main>: 78: e52de004 push {lr} 7c: e24dd00c sub sp, sp, #12 80: e3a03f4b mov r3, #300 84: e58d3004 str r3, [sp, #4] 88: e59d0004 ldr r0, [sp, #4] 8c: ebffffdb bl 0 <fib> 90: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 94: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 98: e28dd00c add sp, sp, #12 9c: e49de004 pop {lr} a0: e12fff1e bx lr

• Listing 1. Binary Search Program

ENTRY 120 stmdb sp!,{lr} END 124 sub sp,sp,#12 128 mov r3,#300 132 str r3,[sp,#4] 136 ldr r0,[sp,#4] 140 bl 0 sub sp,sp,#32 4 str r0,[sp,#4] 8 mov r3,#1 12 str r3,[sp,#16] 16 mov r3,#0 20 str r3,[sp,#20] 24 mov r3,#2 28 str r3,[sp,#12] 32 b 50 80 ldr r2,[sp,#12] 84 ldr r3,[sp,#4] 88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 44 ldr r2,[sp,#16] 48 ldr r3,[sp,#20] 52 add r3,r2,r3 56 str r3,[sp,#16] 60 ldr r3,[sp,#24] 64 str r3,[sp,#20] 68 ldr r3,[sp,#12] 72 add r3,r3,#1 76 str r3,[sp,#12] 100 str r3,[sp,#28] 104 ldr r3,[sp,#28] 108 mov r0,r3 112 add sp,sp,#32 116 bx lr 144 mov r3,r0 148 mov r0,r3 152 add sp,sp,#12 156 ldmia sp!,{lr} 160 bx lr

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✹ ✴ ✷✷

❚❤❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ Pr♦❣r❛♠

• 00000000 <fib>:

0: e24dd020 sub sp, sp, #32 4: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 8: e3a03001 mov r3, #1 c: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12]

EN 120 stm 124 su 128 132 136 140 su

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✹ ✴ ✷✷

❚❤❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ Pr♦❣r❛♠

54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 64: e58d301c str r3, [sp, #28] 68: e59d301c ldr r3, [sp, #28] 6c: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 70: e28dd020 add sp, sp, #32 74: e12fff1e bx lr 00000078 <main>: 78: e52de004 push {lr} 7c: e24dd00c sub sp, sp, #12 80: e3a03f4b mov r3, #300 84: e58d3004 str r3, [sp, #4] 88: e59d0004 ldr r0, [sp, #4] 8c: ebffffdb bl 0 <fib> 90: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 94: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 98: e28dd00c add sp, sp, #12 9c: e49de004 pop {lr} a0: e12fff1e bx lr

• ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮

❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✹ ✴ ✷✷

❚❛r❣❡t ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✿ ❆❘▼✾①① ❢❛♠✐❧② ➊ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚

❘■❙❈ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✱ ✶✻ r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ ♠❡♠♦r② ❧♦❛❞✴st♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❧❞r✴str ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❈❛❝❤❡s

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✺ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚

P✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣ = s♣❧✐t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ st❛❣❡s

F D E M W F D E M W F D E M W add r2,r2,#1 sub r3,r3,#2 ldr r1,[sp,#4]

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛❣❡s ✿ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦♥❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♣❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❜✉t s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ st❛❧❧s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✻ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚

P✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣ = s♣❧✐t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ st❛❣❡s

F D E M W F D E M W F D E M W add r2,r2,#1 sub r3,r3,#2 ldr r1,[sp,#4]

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛❣❡s ✿ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦♥❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♣❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❜✉t s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ st❛❧❧s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✻ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚

P✐♣❡❧✐♥✐♥❣ = s♣❧✐t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ st❛❣❡s

F D E M W F D E M W F D E M W add r2,r2,#1 sub r3,r3,#2 ldr r1,[sp,#4]

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛❣❡s ✿ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦♥❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ♣❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❜✉t s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ st❛❧❧s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✻ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❧❧s

❉❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s

F D E M W ldr r2,[sp,#4] add r1,r2,#2 F D E stall M W

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

◆❡①t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ t❛r❣❡t ♦❢ ❛ ➇❜r❛♥❝❤➈ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r②✿ ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾①①①✿ ♥♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ st❛❧❧s✱ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✄♦✇ ✭✶ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✴❝②❝❧❡✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❧♦✇❡❞ ❞♦✇♥

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✼ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❧❧s

❉❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s

F D E M W ldr r2,[sp,#4] add r1,r2,#2 F D E stall M W

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

◆❡①t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ t❛r❣❡t ♦❢ ❛ ➇❜r❛♥❝❤➈ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

F D E M W F D E M W ble 32 stall stall

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7

❙✉♠♠❛r②✿ ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾①①①✿ ♥♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ st❛❧❧s✱ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✄♦✇ ✭✶ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✴❝②❝❧❡✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❧♦✇❡❞ ❞♦✇♥

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✼ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❧❧s

❉❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s

F D E M W ldr r2,[sp,#4] add r1,r2,#2 F D E stall M W

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6

◆❡①t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ t❛r❣❡t ♦❢ ❛ ➇❜r❛♥❝❤➈ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

F D E M W F D E M W ble 32 stall stall

cycle j j+2 j+3 j+1 j+4 j+5 j+6 j+7

❙✉♠♠❛r②✿ ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾①①①✿ ♥♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ st❛❧❧s✱ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✄♦✇ ✭✶ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✴❝②❝❧❡✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❧♦✇❡❞ ❞♦✇♥

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✼ ✴ ✷✷

❈❛❝❤❡s

Set 1 Set 2 Set 2^n Line size

• ❈❛❝❤❡❘❡❛❞✭❳✮✦

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✭❳✮✦ ❘❡❛❞✴❲r✐t❡ ❝❛❝❤❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❍■❚ ▼❛✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ❝❛❝❤ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ▼■❙❙

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✽ ✴ ✷✷

❈❛❝❤❡s

Set 1 Set 2 Set 2^n Line size

• ❈❛❝❤❡❘❡❛❞✭❳✮✦

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✭❳✮✦ ❘❡❛❞✴❲r✐t❡ ❝❛❝❤❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❍■❚ ▼❛✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ❝❛❝❤ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ▼■❙❙

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✽ ✴ ✷✷

❈❛❝❤❡s

Set 1 Set 2 Set 2^n Line size

• ❈❛❝❤❡❘❡❛❞✭❳✮✦

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✭❳✮✦ ❘❡❛❞✴❲r✐t❡ ❝❛❝❤❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❍■❚ ▼❛✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ❝❛❝❤ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ▼■❙❙

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✽ ✴ ✷✷

❈❛❝❤❡s

Set 1 Set 2 Set 2^n Line size

• ❈❛❝❤❡❘❡❛❞✭❳✮✦

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✭❳✮✦ ❘❡❛❞✴❲r✐t❡ ❝❛❝❤❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❍■❚ ▼❛✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ❝❛❝❤ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ▼■❙❙

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✽ ✴ ✷✷

❲❤❛t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❄

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❙✐ ❙❥ ❙❦ ❙♥ 32:add r2,r2,#2 ∅ 12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}

❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣

L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❤✵ ❤❥ ❤❦ ❤♥

♥♦t st❛❧❧ ∧② ✕ ✶

❬32:add r2,r2,#2❀ ∅❪ ❘❡s❡t ①

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✦ ❬12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}❀❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣❪ ❘❡s❡t ②

✝∗ –→ N

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✾ ✴ ✷✷

❲❤❛t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❄

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❙✐ ❙❥ ❙❦ ❙♥ 32:add r2,r2,#2 ∅ 12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}

❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣

L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❤✵ ❤❥ ❤❦ ❤♥

♥♦t st❛❧❧ ∧② ✕ ✶

❬32:add r2,r2,#2❀ ∅❪ ❘❡s❡t ①

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✦ ❬12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}❀❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣❪ ❘❡s❡t ②

✝∗ –→ N

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✾ ✴ ✷✷

❲❤❛t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❄

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❙✐ ❙❥ ❙❦ ❙♥ 32:add r2,r2,#2 ∅ 12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}

❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣

L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❤✵ ❤❥ ❤❦ ❤♥

♥♦t st❛❧❧ ∧② ✕ ✶

❬32:add r2,r2,#2❀ ∅❪ ❘❡s❡t ①

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✦ ❬12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}❀❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣❪ ❘❡s❡t ②

✝∗ –→ N

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✾ ✴ ✷✷

❲❤❛t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❄

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❙✐ ❙❥ ❙❦ ❙♥ 32:add r2,r2,#2 ∅ 12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}

❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣

L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❤✵ ❤❥ ❤❦ ❤♥

♥♦t st❛❧❧ ∧② ✕ ✶

❬32:add r2,r2,#2❀ ∅❪ ❘❡s❡t ①

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✦ ❬12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}❀❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣❪ ❘❡s❡t ②

✝∗ –→ N

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✾ ✴ ✷✷

❲❤❛t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❄

10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2 1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1 4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3 5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24> 60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16]

❙✐ ❙❥ ❙❦ ❙♥ 32:add r2,r2,#2 ∅ 12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}

❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣

L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗

ARM9TDMI Core Data Cache Inst. Cache Coprocessor 15 R13 R13 Data MMU Inst. MMU Write Buffer AMBA bus interface

❤✵ ❤❥ ❤❦ ❤♥

♥♦t st❛❧❧ ∧② ✕ ✶

❬32:add r2,r2,#2❀ ∅❪ ❘❡s❡t ①

❈❛❝❤❡❲r✐t❡✦ ❬12:stm sp!,{r2,lr}❀❢✶✵✵❀ ✶✵✹❣❪ ❘❡s❡t ②

✝∗ –→ N

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✾ ✴ ✷✷

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P ❆✉t✭P✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❛❝❝❡♣ts ✝ ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❍❉▲✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❆✉t✭P✮ ❥❥ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍✱P✮ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✵ ✴ ✷✷

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P ❆✉t✭P✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❛❝❝❡♣ts ✝∗ ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❍❉▲✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❆✉t✭P✮ ❥❥ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍✱P✮ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✵ ✴ ✷✷

▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P ❆✉t✭P✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s L✭P✮ ⊆ ✝∗ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❛❝❝❡♣ts ✝∗ ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❍❉▲✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❆✉t✭P✮ ❥❥ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍✱P✮ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✵ ✴ ✷✷

❲❈❊❚✲❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

❚✇♦ r✉♥s ♦❢ P ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ L✭P✮

❡✳❣✳✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✉✵ = ✵❀ ✉✶ = ✶ ❛♥❞ ✉✵ = ✷❀ ✉✶ = ✸

st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✸✷✲❜✐t r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ st❛❝❦✱ st❛t✉s ❜✐ts

s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ❥st❛❝❦❥ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ✹

❲❈❊❚ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ L✭P✮ ✐❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮ t❤❡♥ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P′✮ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❛♥❞ P ❛r❡ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t P′ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲❈❊❚✲❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

❚✇♦ r✉♥s ♦❢ P ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ L✭P✮

❡✳❣✳✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✉✵ = ✵❀ ✉✶ = ✶ ❛♥❞ ✉✵ = ✷❀ ✉✶ = ✸

st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✸✷✲❜✐t r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ st❛❝❦✱ st❛t✉s ❜✐ts

s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ❥st❛❝❦❥ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ✹

❲❈❊❚ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ L✭P✮ ✐❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮ t❤❡♥ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P′✮ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❛♥❞ P ❛r❡ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t P′ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲❈❊❚✲❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

❚✇♦ r✉♥s ♦❢ P ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ L✭P✮

❡✳❣✳✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✉✵ = ✵❀ ✉✶ = ✶ ❛♥❞ ✉✵ = ✷❀ ✉✶ = ✸

st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✸✷✲❜✐t r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ st❛❝❦✱ st❛t✉s ❜✐ts

s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ❥st❛❝❦❥ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ✹

❲❈❊❚ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ L✭P✮ ✐❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮ t❤❡♥ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P′✮ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❛♥❞ P ❛r❡ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t P′ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲❈❊❚✲❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

❚✇♦ r✉♥s ♦❢ P ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ L✭P✮

❡✳❣✳✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✉✵ = ✵❀ ✉✶ = ✶ ❛♥❞ ✉✵ = ✷❀ ✉✶ = ✸

st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✸✷✲❜✐t r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ st❛❝❦✱ st❛t✉s ❜✐ts

s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ❥st❛❝❦❥ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ✹

❲❈❊❚ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ L✭P✮ ✐❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮ t❤❡♥ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P′✮ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❛♥❞ P ❛r❡ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t P′ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✷

❲❈❊❚✲❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

❚✇♦ r✉♥s ♦❢ P ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ L✭P✮

❡✳❣✳✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✉✵ = ✵❀ ✉✶ = ✶ ❛♥❞ ✉✵ = ✷❀ ✉✶ = ✸

st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✸✷✲❜✐t r❡❣✐st❡rs✱ st❛❝❦✱ st❛t✉s ❜✐ts

s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❆✉t✭P✮✿ ✶✻ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ❥st❛❝❦❥ ✂ ✸✷ ✰ ✹

❲❈❊❚ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ L✭P✮ ✐❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮ t❤❡♥ ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P✮ = ❲❈❊❚✭❍❀ P′✮ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❛♥❞ P ❛r❡ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢❢ L✭P′✮ = L✭P✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t P′ ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✷

❙❧✐❝❡❞ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ Pr♦❣r❛♠

④r✵✱r✷✱r✸✱st❛❝❦❴✸✵✷✵✱st❛❝❦❴✸✵✷✽✱st❛❝❦❴✸✵✺✷⑥

• 00000000 <fib>:

0: e24dd020 sub sp, sp, #32 4: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 8: e3a03001 mov r3, #1 c: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 10: e3a03000 mov r3, #0 14: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 18: e3a03002 mov r3, #2

←

1c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] ← 20: ea00000a b 50 <fib+0x50> 24: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 28: e58d3018 str r3, [sp, #24] 2c: e59d2010 ldr r2, [sp, #16] 30: e59d3014 ldr r3, [sp, #20] 34: e0823003 add r3, r2, r3 38: e58d3010 str r3, [sp, #16] 3c: e59d3018 ldr r3, [sp, #24] 40: e58d3014 str r3, [sp, #20] 44: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] ← 48: e2833001 add r3, r3, #1

←

4c: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] ← 50: e59d200c ldr r2, [sp, #12] ← 54: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4]

←

58: e1520003 cmp r2, r3

←

5c: dafffff0 ble 24 <fib+0x24>

←

60: e59d3010 ldr r3, [sp, #16] 64: e58d301c str r3, [sp, #28] 68: e59d301c ldr r3, [sp, #28] 6c: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 70: e28dd020 add sp, sp, #32 74: e12fff1e bx lr 00000078 <main>: 78: e52de004 push {lr} 7c: e24dd00c sub sp, sp, #12 80: e3a03f4b mov r3, #300

←

84: e58d3004 str r3, [sp, #4]

←

88: e59d0004 ldr r0, [sp, #4]

←

8c: ebffffdb bl 0 <fib> 90: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 94: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 98: e28dd00c add sp, sp, #12 9c: e49de004 pop {lr} a0: e12fff1e bx lr

• Listing 2. Binary Search Program

ENTRY 120 stmdb sp!,{lr} END 124 sub sp,sp,#12 128 mov r3,#300 132 str r3,[sp,#4] 136 ldr r0,[sp,#4] 140 bl 0 sub sp,sp,#32 4 str r0,[sp,#4] 8 mov r3,#1 12 str r3,[sp,#16] 16 mov r3,#0 20 str r3,[sp,#20] 24 mov r3,#2 28 str r3,[sp,#12] 32 b 50 80 ldr r2,[sp,#12] 84 ldr r3,[sp,#4] 88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 44 ldr r2,[sp,#16] 48 ldr r3,[sp,#20] 52 add r3,r2,r3 56 str r3,[sp,#16] 60 ldr r3,[sp,#24] 64 str r3,[sp,#20] 68 ldr r3,[sp,#12] 72 add r3,r3,#1 76 str r3,[sp,#12] 100 str r3,[sp,#28] 104 ldr r3,[sp,#28] 108 mov r0,r3 112 add sp,sp,#32 116 bx lr 144 mov r3,r0 148 mov r0,r3 152 add sp,sp,#12 156 ldmia sp!,{lr} 160 bx lr

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✷ ✴ ✷✷

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣

ENTRY 120 stmdb sp!,{lr} 124 sub sp,sp,#12 128 mov r3,#300 132 str r3,[sp,#4] 136 ldr r0,[sp,#4] 140 bl 0 sub sp,sp,#32 4 str r0,[sp,#4] 8 mov r3,#1 12 str r3,[sp,#16] 16 mov r3,#0 20 str r3,[sp,#20] 24 mov r3,#2 28 str r3,[sp,#12] 32 b 50 80 ldr r2,[sp,#12] 84 ldr r3,[sp,#4] 88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 44 ldr r2,[sp,#16] 48 ldr r3,[sp,#20] 52 add r3,r2,r3 56 str r3,[sp,#16] 60 ldr r3,[sp,#24] 64 str r3,[sp,#20] 68 ldr r3,[sp,#12] 72 add r3,r3,#1 76 str r3,[sp,#12] 100 str r3,[sp,#28] 104 ldr r3,[sp,#28] 108 mov r0,r3 112 add sp,sp,#32 116 bx lr EXIT_0x100807a00

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✸ ✴ ✷✷

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ✉s✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣

ENTRY 120 stmdb sp!,{lr} 124 sub sp,sp,#12 128 mov r3,#300 132 str r3,[sp,#4] 136 ldr r0,[sp,#4] 140 bl 0 sub sp,sp,#32 4 str r0,[sp,#4] 8 mov r3,#1 12 str r3,[sp,#16] 16 mov r3,#0 20 str r3,[sp,#20] 24 mov r3,#2 28 str r3,[sp,#12] 32 b 50 80 ldr r2,[sp,#12] 84 ldr r3,[sp,#4] 88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 44 ldr r2,[sp,#16] 48 ldr r3,[sp,#20] 52 add r3,r2,r3 56 str r3,[sp,#16] 60 ldr r3,[sp,#24] 64 str r3,[sp,#20] 68 ldr r3,[sp,#12] 72 add r3,r3,#1 76 str r3,[sp,#12] 100 str r3,[sp,#28] 104 ldr r3,[sp,#28] 108 mov r0,r3 112 add sp,sp,#32 116 bx lr EXIT_0x100807a00 ENTRY

120 stmdb sp!,{lr} 124 sub sp,sp,#12 128 mov r3,#300 132 str r3,[sp,#4] 136 ldr r0,[sp,#4] 140 bl 0 sub sp,sp,#32 4 str r0,[sp,#4] 8 mov r3,#1 12 str r3,[sp,#16] 16 mov r3,#0 20 str r3,[sp,#20] 24 mov r3,#2 28 str r3,[sp,#12] 32 b 50 80 ldr r2,[sp,#12] 84 ldr r3,[sp,#4] 88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 44 ldr r2,[sp,#16] 48 ldr r3,[sp,#20] 52 add r3,r2,r3 56 str r3,[sp,#16] 60 ldr r3,[sp,#24] 64 str r3,[sp,#20] 68 ldr r3,[sp,#12] 72 add r3,r3,#1 76 str r3,[sp,#12] 100 str r3,[sp,#28] 104 ldr r3,[sp,#28] 108 mov r0,r3 112 add sp,sp,#32 116 bx lr 144 mov r3,r0 148 mov r0,r3 152 add sp,sp,#12 156 ldmia sp!,{lr} 160 bx lr EXIT_0x100807a00

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✸ ✴ ✷✷

❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥❦♥♦✇♥ ■♥♣✉t ❉❛t❛

■♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✿ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✿ D⊥ = D ∪ ❢⊥❣

88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 100 str r3,[sp,#28]

✽✽✿ ❝♠♣ r✷✱r✸ ✾✷✿ ❜❧❡ ✵①✷✹ ✭✸✷✮ ✸✻✿ ❧❞r r✸✱❬s♣✱★✶✻❪ ✾✻✿ ❧❞r r✸✱❬s♣✱★✶✻❪ ✹✵✿ str r✸✱❬s♣✱★✷✹❪ ✶✵✵✿ str r✸✱❬s♣✱★✷✽❪ ✐❢ ✭r✷ = ⊥ ∨ r✸ = ⊥✮ ❧❡ ✿= ⊥ ❡❧s❡ ❧❡ ✿= ✭r✷ = r✸✮ ❧❡ = ⊥ ♦r ❧❡ = tr✉❡ ❧❡ = ⊥ ♦r ❧❡ = ❢❛❧s❡

• ❛♠❡✿ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✈s ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✹ ✴ ✷✷

❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥❦♥♦✇♥ ■♥♣✉t ❉❛t❛

■♥♣✉t ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✿ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✿ D⊥ = D ∪ ❢⊥❣

88 cmps r2,r3 92 ble 24 36 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 96 ldr r3,[sp,#16] 40 str r3,[sp,#24] 100 str r3,[sp,#28]

✽✽✿ ❝♠♣ r✷✱r✸ ✾✷✿ ❜❧❡ ✵①✷✹ ✭✸✷✮ ✸✻✿ ❧❞r r✸✱❬s♣✱★✶✻❪ ✾✻✿ ❧❞r r✸✱❬s♣✱★✶✻❪ ✹✵✿ str r✸✱❬s♣✱★✷✹❪ ✶✵✵✿ str r✸✱❬s♣✱★✷✽❪ ✐❢ ✭r✷ = ⊥ ∨ r✸ = ⊥✮ ❧❡ ✿= ⊥ ❡❧s❡ ❧❡ ✿= ✭r✷ = r✸✮ ❧❡ = ⊥ ♦r ❧❡ = tr✉❡ ❧❡ = ⊥ ♦r ❧❡ = ❢❛❧s❡

• ❛♠❡✿ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✈s ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✹ ✴ ✷✷

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s

❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛✿ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡♥s❡✲t✐♠❡ ❝❧♦❝❦s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❙♣❡❝s ❄ ❉❛t❛ s❤❡❡ts ■♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦r s❦❡t❝❤② ❇❛❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s = ⇒ ✈❡r② ❜❛❞ ❲❈❊❚ r❡s✉❧ts ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❜❡tt❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❄ ❋✐♥❞ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ str❡ss ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ❘❡✂♥❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✺ ✴ ✷✷

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s

❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛✿ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡♥s❡✲t✐♠❡ ❝❧♦❝❦s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❙♣❡❝s ❄ ❉❛t❛ s❤❡❡ts ■♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦r s❦❡t❝❤② ❇❛❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s = ⇒ ✈❡r② ❜❛❞ ❲❈❊❚ r❡s✉❧ts ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❜❡tt❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❄ ❋✐♥❞ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ str❡ss ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ❘❡✂♥❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✺ ✴ ✷✷

❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s

❋♦r♠❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛✿ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡♥s❡✲t✐♠❡ ❝❧♦❝❦s ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❙♣❡❝s ❄ ❉❛t❛ s❤❡❡ts ■♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦r s❦❡t❝❤② ❇❛❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s = ⇒ ✈❡r② ❜❛❞ ❲❈❊❚ r❡s✉❧ts ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❜❡tt❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❄ ❋✐♥❞ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ str❡ss ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ❘❡✂♥❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✺ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ▼♦❞❡❧

fetch_completed! prog_completed? decode! copy(me,me+1) CacheReadEnd[INSTR_CACHE]? CacheReadStart[INSTR_CACHE]! !stall() fetch? n_steps++ t<=CYCLE decode_completed! fetch_completed? !stall() execute! copy(me,me+1) t==CYCLE decode? t=0

t<=DUR_INSTR memory! copy(me,me+1) execute_completed! decode_completed? t==DUR_INSTR execute? t=0,DUR_INSTR=dur()

t<=CYCLE num_word[me]>0 dataAdr[me]=dataAdr[me]+BLK_SIZE num_word[me]==0 CacheWriteEnd[DATA_CACHE]? CacheReadEnd[DATA_CACHE]? !is_ldx() CacheWriteStart[DATA_CACHE]! CD=dataAdr[me], num_word[me]-- is_ldx() CacheReadStart[DATA_CACHE]! CD=dataAdr[me], num_word[me]-- Todo[me-1] && is_mem_transaction() memory? t=0 memory_completed! execute_completed? writeback! copy(me,me+1) t==CYCLE !Todo[me-1] || !is_mem_transaction() memory? t=0

DONE t<=CYCLE memory_completed? t=0 t==CYCLE clean() writeback? t=0

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✻ ✴ ✷✷

P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ➊ ▼❡♠♦r② ❙t❛❣❡

t<=CYCLE num_word[me]>0 dataAdr[me]=dataAdr[me]+BLK_SIZE num_word[me]==0 CacheWriteEnd[DATA_CACHE]? CacheReadEnd[DATA_CACHE]? !is_ldx() CacheWriteStart[DATA_CACHE]! CD=dataAdr[me], num_word[me]-- is_ldx() CacheReadStart[DATA_CACHE]! CD=dataAdr[me], num_word[me]-- Todo[me-1] && is_mem_transaction() memory? t=0 memory_completed! execute_completed? writeback! copy(me,me+1) t==CYCLE !Todo[me-1] || !is_mem_transaction() memory? t=0

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✻ ✴ ✷✷

■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❈❛❝❤❡ ✫ ▼❛✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r②

x<=CACHE_SPEED CacheReadStart[num]? PMT=is_in(m)?0:insert(m) initialize? initCache() x==CACHE_SPEED CacheReadEnd[num]! PMT==0 Hurry! x=0 MainMemEnd? PMT-- PMT>0 MainMemStart! ICcachemiss++ t<=MAINMEMTRANS MainMemEndWB? MainMemStartWB? t==MAINMEMTRANS MainMemEnd! MainMemStart? t=0

x<=6 x==6 MainMemEndWB! nb-- nb>0 MainMemStartWB! x=0

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✼ ✴ ✷✷

❉❛t❛ ❈❛❝❤❡

x<=1 x<=CACHE_SPEED x==1 x>1 x<=1 index(A)!=index(local_m) WriteHit! !write_hit && index(A)==index(local_m) WriteHit! is_in(m) PMT=update(m,1),x=0 !is_in(m) x=0, DatacachemissW++ CacheWriteStart[num]?

• p_write=1,local_m=m

index(local_m)!=index(A) Hurry! k++ x<=1 x>1 !write_hit && index(A)==index(local_m) Hurry! l++ x>1 x<=1 nb<4 Hurry! nb++ CacheReadEnd[num]!

• p_write=0

CacheWriteEnd[num]!

• p_write=0,local_m=-1

is_in(m) PMT=update(m,0),x=0 !is_in(m) PMT=insert(m,0),x=0 CacheReadStart[num]? local_m=m initialize? initCache() x==CACHE_SPEED && !op_write CacheReadEnd[num]!

• p_write=0,local_m=-1

PMT==0 Hurry! x=0 x==CACHE_SPEED && op_write CacheWriteEnd[num]!

• p_write=0,local_m=-1

MainMemEnd? PMT-- PMT>0 MainMemStart! DatacachemissR++ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✽ ✴ ✷✷

❚♦♦❧ ❈❤❛✐♥

Pr♦❣r❛♠ P ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❆✉t✭P′✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s L✭P✮ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❆✉t✭P✬✮ ❥❥ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❲❈❊❚✭❍✱P✮ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❍ ❆✉t✭❍✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ❆✉t♦♠❛t♦♥ ❍❉▲✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❙❧✐❝✐♥❣

❬❚❛r❥❛♥✱ ✶✾✼✾❪ ❚❤♦♠❛s ▲❡♥❣❛✉❡r ❛♥❞ ❘♦❜❡rt ❊♥❞r❡ ❚❛r❥❛♥✳ ❆ ❢❛st ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ✂♥❞✐♥❣ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❛ ✄♦✇❣r❛♣❤✳ ❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠✳ ▲❛♥❣✳ ❙②st✳✱ ✶✭✶✮✿✶✷✶➊✶✹✶✱ ✶✾✼✾✳

❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

❬❯PP❆❆▲❪ ❑✳ ●✳ ▲❛rs❡♥✱ P✳ P❡tt❡rss♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❨✐✳ ❯PP❆❆▲ ✐♥ ❛ ◆✉ts❤❡❧❧✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✭❙❚❚❚✮✱ ✶✭✶✲✷✮✿✶✸✹➊✶✺✷✱ ✶✾✾✼✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✶✾ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✫ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❧♦❝ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❙t❛t❡s ❊①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭❈✮ ▼❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ✭▼✮ ✭❈–▼✮ ▼ ✂ ✶✵✵ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✂❜✲❖✵ ✼✹ ✶✳✼✹s✴✼✹✶✽✶ ✽✵✾✽ ✽✵✻✹ ✵✳✹✷✪ ✹✼✴✶✸✶ ✂❜✲❖✶ ✼✹ ✵✳✻✶s✴✷✷✸✸✷ ✷✺✾✼ ✷✺✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✶✽✴✼✷ ✂❜✲❖✷ ✼✹ ✵✳✸s✴✾✼✶✵ ✶✷✵✾ ✶✶✻✹ ✸✳✽✪ ✷✷✴✼✶ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✵∗ ✻✺ ✶✳✶✺s✴✸✽✵✶✹ ✹✷✻✹ ✹✶✻✹ ✷✳✹✪ ✼✽✴✶✼✸ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✶∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✽s✴✶✹✻✵✵ ✶✼✶✺ ✶✻✽✵ ✷✳✵✪ ✸✵✴✽✾ ❥❛♥♥❡✲❝♦♠♣❧❡①✲❖✷∗ ✻✺ ✵✳✹✻s✴✶✸✵✵✹ ✶✺✺✼ ✶✺✸✻ ✶✳✸✪ ✸✷✴✼✽ ❢❞❝t✲❖✶ ✷✸✽ ✶✳✻✼s✴✻✵✹✶✽ ✹✷✹✺ ✹✵✾✷ ✸✳✼✪ ✶✵✵✴✸✻✸ ❢❞❝t✲❖✷ ✷✸✽ ✸✳✷✹s✴✺✺✷✽✺ ✶✾✷✸✶ ✶✽✾✽✹ ✶✳✸✪ ✶✻✻✴✸✺✹✸ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s③ ✇✐t❤ ▼❯▲✴▼▲❆✴❙▼❯▲▲ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✭✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮ ❢❞❝t✲❖✵ ✷✸✽ ✷✳✹✶s✴✽✺✵✵✼ ❬✶✶✷✹✷✱✶✶✽✵✵❪ ✶✶✹✹✽ ✸✳✵✪ ✷✺✸✴✽✸✶ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✵∗ ✶✻✷ ✺♠✾s✴✶✵✺✸✶✷✸✵ ❬✺✵✷✽✺✵✱✺✷✾✷✺✵❪ ✺✶✶✺✽✹ ✺✷✽✻✽✹ ✵✳✶✪ ✶✺✽✴✸✶✹ ♠❛t♠✉❧t✲❖✷∗ ✶✻✷ ✹✸✳✼✽s✴✶✼✽✵✺✹✽ ❬✶✷✷✵✹✻✱✶✹✽✷✾✾❪ ✶✶✻✽✹✹ ✶✹✵✻✻✹ ✺✳✹✪ ✼✺✴✷✽✽ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✵ ✸✼✹ ✷✳✼✾s✴✶✵✵✼✽✹ ❬✶✷✻✾✾✱✶✷✻✾✾❪ ✶✷✺✽✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✺✾✴✼✾✷ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✶ ✸✼✹ ✶✳✵✷s✴✸✺✺✶✽ ❬✹✽✾✼✱✹✽✾✾❪ ✹✻✻✽ ✼✳✵✪ ✷✺✴✸✷✺ ❥❢❞❝✐♥t✲❖✷ ✸✼✹ ✺✳✸✽s✴✶✼✺✻✻✶ ❬✶✻✼✹✻✱✶✻✾✸✽❪ ✶✻✸✽✵ ✸✳✹✪ ✺✻✴✷✺✶✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲P❛t❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❜s✲❖✵ ✶✼✹ ✹✷✳✻s✴✶✹✷✶✹✼✹ ✶✵✻✽ ✶✵✺✻ ✶✳✶✪ ✼✺✴✶✺✶ ❜s✲❖✶ ✶✼✹ ✷✽s✴✶✷✶✹✻✼✸ ✼✸✽ ✼✷✵ ✷✳✺✪ ✷✽✴✽✷ ❜s✲❖✷ ✶✼✹ ✶✺s✴✻✺✺✽✼✵ ✻✷✽ ✻✵✵ ✹✳✻✪ ✷✽✴✻✺ ❝♥t✲❖✵∗ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✸s✴✼✻✷✸✽ ✾✵✷✽ ✽✽✸✻ ✷✳✶✪ ✾✾✴✷✸✺ ❝♥t✲❖✶∗ ✶✶✺ ✶s✴✷✼✷✼✾ ✹✶✷✸ ✸✾✾✻ ✸✳✶✪ ✹✷✴✶✷✾ ❝♥t✲❖✷∗ ✶✶✺ ✵✳✺s✴✶✶✺✹✵ ✸✵✻✺ ✷✾✷✽ ✹✳✻✪ ✸✾✴✷✻✸ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✵∗ ✾✶ ✶✵♠✸✺s✴✷✹✷✺✵✼✸✼ ✸✶✸✸ ✸✶✵✽ ✵✳✽✪ ✼✾✴✶✼✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✶∗ ✾✶ ✼♠✷s✴✶✶✹✺✺✷✾✸ ✶✺✸✸ ✶✺✵✵ ✷✳✷✪ ✹✵✴✶✶✺ ✐♥s❡rts♦rt✲❖✷∗ ✾✶ ✶✶✳✺s✴✸✽✼✷✾✷ ✶✸✼✶ ✶✸✹✹ ✷✳✵✪ ✹✸✴✶✵✽ ♥s✲❖✵∗ ✹✾✼ ✽✸✳✹s✴✸✵✻✹✸✶✺ ✸✵✾✻✽ ✸✵✼✸✷ ✵✳✽✪ ✶✸✷✴✷✶✺ ♥s✲❖✶∗ ✹✾✼ ✶✶✳✸s✴✸✻✽✼✶✾ ✶✶✼✵✶ ✶✶✺✻✽ ✶✳✶✪ ✻✶✴✶✷✹ ♥s✲❖✷∗ ✹✾✼ ✷✾s✴✶✵✸✵✼✹✻ ✼✸✹✸ ✼✷✸✻ ✶✳✹✪ ✺✻✻✴✽✻✸ ❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✷

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✰ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣

❋♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛❝❤❡s✮

■❞❡♥t✐✂❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❛s ❛ r❡❛❝❤❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦♣❡rt②

❘❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❯PP❆❆▲

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t✐❣❤t♥❡ss ♦❢ r❡s✉❧ts ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ❢r♦♠ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ♦✈❡r✲❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✺✪ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❈❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✶ ✴ ✷✷

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✰ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣

❋♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛❝❤❡s✮

■❞❡♥t✐✂❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❛s ❛ r❡❛❝❤❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦♣❡rt②

❘❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❯PP❆❆▲

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t✐❣❤t♥❡ss ♦❢ r❡s✉❧ts ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ❢r♦♠ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ♦✈❡r✲❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✺✪ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❈❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✶ ✴ ✷✷

❙✉♠♠❛r②

❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❋● ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✰ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣

❋♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛❝❤❡s✮

■❞❡♥t✐✂❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❈❊❚ ❛s ❛ r❡❛❝❤❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r♦♣❡rt②

❘❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❯PP❆❆▲

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t✐❣❤t♥❡ss ♦❢ r❡s✉❧ts ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡s ♦♥ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ❢r♦♠ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ♦✈❡r✲❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✺✪ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❋✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❈❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✶ ✴ ✷✷

❖♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦

◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s Pr♦❝❡ss♦r s♣❡❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❋♦r ❖❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❛rr✐✈❛❧s ◆❡✇ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ P♦✇❡rP❈ ✭♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡✮ r❡✂♥❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ✇✐t♥❡ss tr❛❝❡ t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❘❡✂♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❊●❆❘ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦❡r

t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡

❚♦♦❧ ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✭http://www.irccyn.fr/franck/wcet✮ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ ❯PP❆❆▲ ◗t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✷ ✴ ✷✷

❖♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦

◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s Pr♦❝❡ss♦r s♣❡❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❋♦r ❖❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❛rr✐✈❛❧s ◆❡✇ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ P♦✇❡rP❈ ✭♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡✮ r❡✂♥❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ✇✐t♥❡ss tr❛❝❡ t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❘❡✂♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❊●❆❘ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦❡r

t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡

❚♦♦❧ ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✭http://www.irccyn.fr/franck/wcet✮ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ ❯PP❆❆▲ ◗t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✷ ✴ ✷✷

❖♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦

◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s Pr♦❝❡ss♦r s♣❡❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❋♦r ❖❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❛rr✐✈❛❧s ◆❡✇ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ P♦✇❡rP❈ ✭♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡✮ r❡✂♥❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ✇✐t♥❡ss tr❛❝❡ t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❘❡✂♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❊●❆❘ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦❡r

t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡

❚♦♦❧ ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✭http://www.irccyn.fr/franck/wcet✮ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ ❯PP❆❆▲ ◗t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✷ ✴ ✷✷

❖♥❣♦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦

◆❡✇ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s Pr♦❝❡ss♦r s♣❡❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❋♦r ❖❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥s✬ ❛rr✐✈❛❧s ◆❡✇ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ P♦✇❡rP❈ ✭♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡✮ r❡✂♥❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❛ ✇✐t♥❡ss tr❛❝❡ t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ❘❡✂♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❊●❆❘ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦❡r

t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❈❊❚ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠

r❡❞✉❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡

❚♦♦❧ ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✭http://www.irccyn.fr/franck/wcet✮ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t♦ ❯PP❆❆▲ ◗t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✷ ✴ ✷✷

■s ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❄

▼❊❚❆▼❖❈ ❬▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s ✷✵✵✾✱ ❲❈❊❚✬✷✵✶✵❪ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆❛❧❜♦r❣ ❯♥✐✈✳ ❉❡♥♠❛r❦ ❚✐♠❡❞ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✮ ❆♥♥♦t❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦♦♣ ❜♦✉♥❞s ❱❛❧✉❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❤❛s❡ ▲♦♦♣ ✉♥❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡ ❲❈❊❚ ✉s✐♥❣ ❯PP❆❆▲ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✭❢r♦♠ http://metamoc.dk/✮ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❖✷ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❝❛❝❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✸ ✴ ✷✷

■s ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❄

WCET2010 - LRU ATMEL ARM9 ARM9 ARM9 ARM9 ARM9 ARM9 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 Data-cache

• Instr.-cache
• miss

Value-analysis No No No No Yes Yes Yes OOM 19829472 OOM/error OOM/error 1:44:19 20:12.95 1:46.67 4:44.83 146 3666 964 640 0:03.66 0:01.09 0:01.06 0:01.27 bsort100 7997421 3425868 408715 OOM OOM/error 0:29.54 0:57.66 2:06.05 2:02.95 1:50.13 29572 188466 52481 6137 0:02.46 0:02.06 0:02.62 0:04.00 58352 158697 69488 Model invalid, manual mod. 60351 6:29.88 0:06.52 0:09.11 0:04.56+0:22.65 0:27.21 170959 2043591 328310 310722 0:36.71 0:13.42 0:26.32 0:39.83 345499 2093937 687463 431334 0:29.42 0:12.81 0:20.56 4:20.71 7583931 652215 31483 30577 4:56.17 0:04.33 0:08.75 0:12.72 906 11553 1266 683 0:01.43 0:01.05 0:01.02 0:01.35 4806 344234 190692 168827 0:02.43 0:07.10 0:08.26 41:22.70 438 13434 632 599 0:01.04 0:01.09 0:01.08 0:01.52 fir 782494 131508 21364 18763 0:25.90 0:02.02 0:02.73 0:04.53 2872 75078 43888 37814 0:01.26 0:01.20 0:01.31 0:02.44 OOM 57787 1883 1883 2:11:27 0:01.17 0:01.33 0:01.92 54383 294957 133059 111510 0:05.80 0:05.39 0:06.41 16:46.68 525383 5836449 2636715 712869 OOM/error 0:17.02 0:22.16 0:40.72 1:28.47 1:36.94 OOM 2575484 1084016 OOM/error OOM/error 26:47.04 2:55.38 7:33.04 8:27.09 4:25.09 13116 279579 29060 10813 0:01.79 0:02.20 0:03.43 0:07.09 1020957 622904 295997 3:04.11 3:25.56 3:37.70 prime 170806 6477669 470372 469060 0:12.52 1:02.36 1:56.36 2:41.87 ud 58217 1160049 175359 165814 0:11.81 0:07.76 0:14.64 0:23.07 3 errors / 19 benchmarks 0 errors / 21 benchmarks 1 errors / 21 benchmarks 2 errors / 21 benchmarks 2 errors / 21 benchmarks 3 errors / 21 benchmarks 4 errors / 21 benchmarks Optimization miss_writeback miss_writeback miss_writeback Concrete, 64 lines/set, LRU Concrete, 128 lines/set, LRU Concrete, LRU Concrete, 128 lines/set, LRU Concrete, LRU Concrete, LRU Concrete, LRU Concrete, LRU adpcm bs cnt compress crc edn expint fac fdct fibcall insertsort janne_complex jfdctint matmult ndes ns nsichneu Value analysis fails: 0 Value analysis fails: 0 Value analysis fails: 0 Model checking fails: 3 Model checking fails: 1 Model checking fails: 2 Model checking fails: 2 Model checking fails: 3 Model checking fails: 4 Manual modification: 1 Manual modification: 0 Manual modification: 3 Manual modification: 2 Manual modification: 1

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✸ ✴ ✷✷

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❲❡✐s❡r ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪

■ ❂ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ P ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ s❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥✿ s✉❜s❡t ■′ ⊆ ■ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s V✭✐✮ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐ ∈ ■′ 4:str r0,[sp,#4] ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ sp ❙❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ P = s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ♦❢ P s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ ✭✶✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✷✮

◮ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱

r✉♥ ♦❢ P ♦♥ ❞ ̺ = ✭✐✵❀ ✈✵✮ ✭✐✶❀ ✈✶✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐❦❀ ✈❦✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐♥❀ ✈♥✮ r✉♥ ♦❢ P′ ♦♥ ❞ ̺′ = ✭✐′

✵❀ ✈′ ✵✮

✭✐′

✶❀ ✈′ ✶✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

❧❀ ✈′ ❧✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

♠❀ ✈′ ♠✮

◮ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❢♦r ❛ ♣❛✐r ✭✐❀ ✈✮✱ ♣r♦❥✭✐❀ ✈✮ =

• ✧ ✐❢ ✐ ∈ ■′

✭✐❀ ♣r♦❥V✭✐✮✭✈✮✮ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡

◮ ❢♦r s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ♣❛✐rs✿ ♣r♦❥∗✭✧✮ = ✧ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✿❛✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✮✿♣r♦❥✭❛✮

✶

♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ✐❢ P t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡♥ P′ t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s

✷ ♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ♣r♦❥∗✭̺✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭̺′✮

❛ s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✭♥♦ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♦♥❡✮

❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✹ ✴ ✷✷

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❲❡✐s❡r ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪

■ ❂ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ P ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ s❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥✿ s✉❜s❡t ■′ ⊆ ■ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s V✭✐✮ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐ ∈ ■′ 4:str r0,[sp,#4] ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ sp ❙❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ P = s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ♦❢ P s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ ✭✶✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✷✮

◮ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱

r✉♥ ♦❢ P ♦♥ ❞ ̺ = ✭✐✵❀ ✈✵✮ ✭✐✶❀ ✈✶✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐❦❀ ✈❦✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐♥❀ ✈♥✮ r✉♥ ♦❢ P′ ♦♥ ❞ ̺′ = ✭✐′

✵❀ ✈′ ✵✮

✭✐′

✶❀ ✈′ ✶✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

❧❀ ✈′ ❧✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

♠❀ ✈′ ♠✮

◮ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❢♦r ❛ ♣❛✐r ✭✐❀ ✈✮✱ ♣r♦❥✭✐❀ ✈✮ =

• ✧ ✐❢ ✐ ∈ ■′

✭✐❀ ♣r♦❥V✭✐✮✭✈✮✮ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡

◮ ❢♦r s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ♣❛✐rs✿ ♣r♦❥∗✭✧✮ = ✧ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✿❛✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✮✿♣r♦❥✭❛✮

✶

♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ✐❢ P t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡♥ P′ t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s

✷ ♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ♣r♦❥∗✭̺✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭̺′✮

❛ s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✭♥♦ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♦♥❡✮

❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✹ ✴ ✷✷

Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❲❡✐s❡r ❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪

■ ❂ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ P ❙❧✐❝✐♥❣ s❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥✿ s✉❜s❡t ■′ ⊆ ■ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s V✭✐✮ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐ ∈ ■′ 4:str r0,[sp,#4] ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ sp ❙❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ P = s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ♦❢ P s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ ✭✶✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✷✮

◮ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱

r✉♥ ♦❢ P ♦♥ ❞ ̺ = ✭✐✵❀ ✈✵✮ ✭✐✶❀ ✈✶✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐❦❀ ✈❦✮ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐♥❀ ✈♥✮ r✉♥ ♦❢ P′ ♦♥ ❞ ̺′ = ✭✐′

✵❀ ✈′ ✵✮

✭✐′

✶❀ ✈′ ✶✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

❧❀ ✈′ ❧✮

✁ ✁ ✁ ✭✐′

♠❀ ✈′ ♠✮

◮ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❢♦r ❛ ♣❛✐r ✭✐❀ ✈✮✱ ♣r♦❥✭✐❀ ✈✮ =

• ✧ ✐❢ ✐ ∈ ■′

✭✐❀ ♣r♦❥V✭✐✮✭✈✮✮ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡

◮ ❢♦r s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ♣❛✐rs✿ ♣r♦❥∗✭✧✮ = ✧ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✿❛✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭✇✮✿♣r♦❥✭❛✮

✶

♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ✐❢ P t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡♥ P′ t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s

✷ ♦♥ ✐♥♣✉t ❞ ∈ D✱ ♣r♦❥∗✭̺✮ = ♣r♦❥∗✭̺′✮

❛ s✉❜✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ P′ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❢❢❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✭♥♦ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♦♥❡✮

❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡s

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✹ ✴ ✷✷

❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❙❧✐❝❡

❆ss✉♠❡ ❈❋● ♦❢ P ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ 32:ldr r2,[r1,#4]

✭✸✷❀ r1✮

❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❈ 36:beq 34 ❲❤❛t✬s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❄

✶ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② s❧✐❝❡ ❙ = ❈ ✭♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣✮ ✷ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ❞❡✂♥❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✈❛rs ✐♥ ❙

❡✳❣✳✱ 28:add r1,r3,#1

✸ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ✐♥✄✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✄♦✇

❡✳❣✳✱ ➇❤✐❞❞❡♥➈ ❧♦♦♣ ❝♦✉♥t❡rs✱ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s

✹ r❡♣❡❛t ❢r♦♠ ✭✷✮ ✉♥t✐❧ ✂①♣♦✐♥t ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞

❑❡② ❘❡s✉❧t ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✽✹❪ ❆ s❧✐❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✺ ✴ ✷✷

❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❙❧✐❝❡

❆ss✉♠❡ ❈❋● ♦❢ P ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ 32:ldr r2,[r1,#4]

✭✸✷❀ r1✮

❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❈ 36:beq 34 ❲❤❛t✬s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❄

✶ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② s❧✐❝❡ ❙ = ❈ ✭♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣✮ ✷ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ❞❡✂♥❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✈❛rs ✐♥ ❙

❡✳❣✳✱ 28:add r1,r3,#1

✸ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ✐♥✄✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✄♦✇

❡✳❣✳✱ ➇❤✐❞❞❡♥➈ ❧♦♦♣ ❝♦✉♥t❡rs✱ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s

✹ r❡♣❡❛t ❢r♦♠ ✭✷✮ ✉♥t✐❧ ✂①♣♦✐♥t ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞

❑❡② ❘❡s✉❧t ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✽✹❪ ❆ s❧✐❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✺ ✴ ✷✷

❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❈❊❚✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❙❧✐❝❡

❆ss✉♠❡ ❈❋● ♦❢ P ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ❈ 32:ldr r2,[r1,#4]

✭✸✷❀ r1✮

❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❈ 36:beq 34 ❲❤❛t✬s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❧✐❝❡ ❄

✶ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② s❧✐❝❡ ❙ = ❈ ✭♠❡♠♦r② tr❛♥s❢❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣✮ ✷ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ❞❡✂♥❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✈❛rs ✐♥ ❙

❡✳❣✳✱ 28:add r1,r3,#1

✸ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❙ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s t❤❛t ✐♥✄✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✄♦✇

❡✳❣✳✱ ➇❤✐❞❞❡♥➈ ❧♦♦♣ ❝♦✉♥t❡rs✱ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s

✹ r❡♣❡❛t ❢r♦♠ ✭✷✮ ✉♥t✐❧ ✂①♣♦✐♥t ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞

❑❡② ❘❡s✉❧t ❬❲❡✐s❡r ✶✾✽✹❪ ❆ s❧✐❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✺ ✴ ✷✷

▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❆❘▼✾✷✵❚

• #define timerToCPUClockRatio 12

main () { int result; unsigned int start; unsigned int stop; start = timerGetValue(1); result = fib(300); stop = timerGetValue(1); printf("fib(300): %d, time=%lu\n", result, (stop-start)*timerToCPUClockRatio); while (1); }

• ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ t✐♠❡r✿ ✶❂✶✷t❤ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ❝❧♦❝❦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②

♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❡rr♦r ✐s ±✷✹ ❝②❝❧❡s ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✕ ✶✷✵✵ ❝②❝❧❡s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶✪ ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❡rr♦r

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✻ ✴ ✷✷

❈♦♠♣✐❧❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

• 00003214 <fib>:

0003214: e24dd020 sub sp, sp, #32 0003218: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 000321c: e3a03001 mov r3, #1 ..... 0003288: e12fff1e bx lr 0000328c <printbin>: 000328c: e52de004 bx lr 0000332c <timerGetRegisterAddress>: 000332c: e24dd008 sub sp, sp, #8 0003330: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 0003334: e58d1000 str r1, [sp] 0003338: e59d3004 ldr r3, [sp, #4] 000333c: e3530001 cmp r3, #1 0003340: 1a000003 bne 0003354 <timerGetRegisterAddress+0x28> 0003344: e59d3000 ldr r3, [sp] 0003348: e2833602 add r3, r3, #2097152 ; 0x200000 000334c: e2833a02 add r3, r3, #8192 ; 0x2000 0003350: ea000002 b 0003360 <timerGetRegisterAddress+0x34> 0003354: e59d3000 ldr r3, [sp] 0003358: e2833602 add r3, r3, #2097152 ; 0x200000 000335c: e2833a03 add r3, r3, #12288 ; 0x3000 0003360: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 0003364: e28dd008 add sp, sp, #8 0003368: e12fff1e bx lr 0000336c <timerInit>: 000336c: e52de004 bx lr 000033a8 <timerSetPrescaler>: 00033a8: e52de004 bx lr 000033e4 <timerGetValue>: 00033e4: e52de004 push {lr} 00033e8: e24dd014 sub sp, sp, #20 00033ec: e58d0004 str r0, [sp, #4] 00033f0: e59d0004 ldr r0, [sp, #4] 00033f4: e3a01010 mov r1, #16 00033f8: ebffffcb bl 000332c <timerGetRegisterAddress> 00033fc: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 0003400: e58d300c str r3, [sp, #12] 0003404: e59d300c ldr r3, [sp, #12] 0003408: e5933000 ldr r3, [r3] 000340c: e58d3008 str r3, [sp, #8] 0003410: e59d3008 ldr r3, [sp, #8] 0003414: e1a00003 mov r0, r3 0003418: e28dd014 add sp, sp, #20 000341c: e49df004 pop {pc} 00004ce8 <main>: 0004ce8: e52de004 push {lr} 0004cec: e24dd014 sub sp, sp, #20 0004cf0: e3a00001 mov r0, #1 0004cf4: e3a01002 mov r1, #2 0004cf8: ebfff99b bl 000336c <timerInit> 0004cfc: e3a00001 mov r0, #1 0004d00: e3a01000 mov r1, #0 0004d04: ebfff9a7 bl 00033a8 <timerSetPrescaler> 0004d08: ebfffe64 mov r0, r0 ... 0004d44: ebfff9a6 bl 00033e4 <timerGetValue> 0004d48: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 0004d4c: e58d3004 str r3, [sp, #4] 0004d50: e3a00f4b mov r0, #300 0004d54: ebfff92e bl 0003214 <fib> 0004d58: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 0004d5c: e58d3000 str r3, [sp] 0004d60: e3a00001 mov r0, #1 0004d64: ebfff99e bl 00033e4 <timerGetValue> 0004d68: e1a03000 mov r3, #3 ...

• Listing 3. Binary Search Program

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✼ ✴ ✷✷

❈♦♠♣✐❧❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠

0004d08: ebfffe64 mov r0, r0 ... 0004d44: ebfff9a6 bl 00033e4 <timerGetValue> 0004d48: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 0004d4c: e58d3004 str r3, [sp, #4] 0004d50: e3a00f4b mov r0, #300 0004d54: ebfff92e bl 0003214 <fib> 0004d58: e1a03000 mov r3, r0 0004d5c: e58d3000 str r3, [sp] 0004d60: e3a00001 mov r0, #1 0004d64: ebfff99e bl 00033e4 <timerGetValue> 0004d68: e1a03000 mov r3, #3 ...

• Listing 3. Binary Search Program

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✼ ✴ ✷✷

■♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐♥ ❊①❡❝✉t❡ ❙t❛❣❡

t<=DUR_MAX_INSTR memory! copy(me,me+1) execute_completed! decode_completed? t>=DUR_MIN_INSTR && t<=DUR_MAX_INSTR execute? t=0,DUR_MAX_INSTR=max_dur(), DUR_MIN_INSTR=min_dur()

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✽ ✴ ✷✷

◗t ●❯■

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✷✾ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■

❬✶❪ ❆r♠❛❞❡✉s s②st❡♠s✳ ❬✷❪ ❆❘▼✾❚❉▼■ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❆❘▼ ▲✐♠✐t❡❞✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✸❪ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❇✐♥❛r② ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆❘▼ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ❆❘▼ ▲✐♠✐t❡❞✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✹❪ ❆❜s■♥t ❆♥❣❡✇❛♥❞t❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❦✳ ❛✐❚ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ❆♥❛❧②③❡rs✳

http://www.absint.com/ait/✳

❬✺❪ ❘✳ ❆❧✉r ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❉✐❧❧✳ ❆ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ t✐♠❡❞ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✷✻✭✷✮✿✶✽✸➊✷✸✺✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❬✻❪ ❆❘▼ ▲✐♠✐t❡❞✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ◆♦t❡ ✾✸ ➊ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❆❘▼✉❧❛t♦r✳

http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.dai0093a/DAI0093A_ benchmarking_appsnote.pdf✳

❬✼❪ ❈❧é♠❡♥t ❇❛❧❧❛❜r✐❣❛✱ ❍✉❣✉❡s ❈❛ssé✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ❘♦❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ P❛s❝❛❧ ❙❛✐♥r❛t✳ ❖t❛✇❛✿ ❆♥ ♦♣❡♥ t♦♦❧❜♦① ❢♦r ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ✇❝❡t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ ❙❛♥❣ ▲②✉❧ ▼✐♥✱ ❘♦❜❡rt ●✳ P❡tt✐t ■❱✱ P❡t❡r P✳ P✉s❝❤♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡♦ ❯♥❣❡r❡r✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❙②st❡♠s ✭❙❊❯❙✮ ✲ ✽t❤ ■❋■P ❲● ✶✵✳✷ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✱ ❙❊❯❙ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❲❛✐❞❤♦❢❡♥✴❨❜❜s✱ ❆✉str✐❛✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✸✲✶✺✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✻✸✾✾ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✺➊✹✻✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✵ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■■

❬✽❪

• ❡r❞ ❇❡❤r♠❛♥♥✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❉❛✈✐❞✱ ❑✐♠ ●✉❧❞str❛♥❞ ▲❛rs❡♥✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❍å❦❛♥ss♦♥✱ P❛✉❧ P❡tt❡rss♦♥✱ ❲❛♥❣

❨✐✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛rt✐❥♥ ❍❡♥❞r✐❦s✳ ❯♣♣❛❛❧ ✹✳✵✳ ■♥ ◗❊❙❚✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✺➊✶✷✻✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✾❪

• ✳ ❇❡r♥❛t✱ ❆✳ ❈♦❧✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ▼✳ P❡tt❡rs✳

♣❲❈❊❚ ❛ ❚♦♦❧s❡t ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✸r❞ ■♥t✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❲❈❊❚ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♠✐❝r♦ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❙②st❡♠s✱ P♦rt♦✱ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✶✵❪ ❋r❛♥❝❦ ❈❛ss❡③✳ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ❢♦r P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡❞ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs ✇✐t❤ ❈❛❝❤❡s✳ ■♥ ✶✶t❤ ■♥t✳ ❈♦♥❢✳ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♥❝✉rr❡♥❝② t♦ ❙②st❡♠ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✭❆❈❙❉✬✶✶✮✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✳ ❙♦❝✳✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❊❞♠✉♥❞ ▼✳ ❈❧❛r❦❡✱ ❖r♥❛ ●r✉♠❜❡r❣✱ ❙♦♠❡s❤ ❏❤❛✱ ❨✉❛♥ ▲✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧♠✉t ❱❡✐t❤✳ ❈♦✉♥t❡r❡①❛♠♣❧❡✲❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ r❡✂♥❡♠❡♥t ❢♦r s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✳ ❏✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✺✵✭✺✮✿✼✺✷➊✼✾✹✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✶✷❪ ❈♦❞❡s♦✉r❝❡r②✳ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡✳

http://www.codesourcery.com/✳

❬✶✸❪ ❑❡✐t❤ ❉✳ ❈♦♦♣❡r✱ ❚✐♠♦t❤② ❏✳ ❍❛r✈❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ❑❡♥ ❑❡♥♥❡❞②✳ ❆ ❙✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❋❛st ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥❝❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ➊ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✹✿✶➊✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✶ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■■■

❬❲❈❊❚✬✷✵✶✵❪ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❊✳ ❉❛❧s❣❛❛r❞✱ ▼❛❞s ❈❤r✳ ❖❧❡s❡♥✱ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❚♦❢t✱ ❘❡♥é ❘②❞❤♦❢ ❍❛♥s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❑✐♠ ●✉❧❞str❛♥❞ ▲❛rs❡♥✳ ▼❡t❛♠♦❝✿ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❇❥ör♥ ▲✐s♣❡r✱ ❡❞✐t♦r✱ ❲❈❊❚✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✺ ♦❢ ❖❆❙■❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✶✸➊✶✷✸✳ ❙❝❤❧♦ss ❉❛❣st✉❤❧ ✲ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③✲❩❡♥tr✉♠ ❢✉❡r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❦✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s ✷✵✵✾❪ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❊♥❣❡❧❜r❡❞t ❉❛❧s❣❛❛r❞✱ ▼❛❞s ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❖❧❡s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❚♦❢t✳ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s t❤❡s✐s✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❆❛❧❜♦r❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❉❡♥♠❛r❦✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❏❛❦♦❜ ❊♥❣❜❧♦♠✱ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❊r♠❡❞❛❤❧✱ ▼✐❦❛❡❧ ◆♦❧✐♥✱ ❏❛♥ ●✉st❛❢ss♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❛♥s ❍❛♥ss♦♥✳ ❲♦rst✲❝❛s❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✭❙❚❚❚✮✱ ✹✭✹✮✿✹✸✼➊✹✺✺✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✶✺❪ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❋❡r❞✐♥❛♥❞✱ ❘❡✐♥❤♦❧❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❡✐♥❤❛r❞ ❲✐❧❤❡❧♠✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦rst✲❝❛s❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❜② ❛❜str❛❝t ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦❞❡✳ ■♥ ▼❛♥❢r❡❞ ❇r♦②✱ ■♥❣♦❧❢ ❍✳ ❑rü❣❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼❡✐s✐♥❣❡r✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❆❙❲❙❉✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✹✶✹✼ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶➊✶✹✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✶✻❪ ▲♦✉❦❛s ●❡♦r❣✐❛❞✐s✱ ❘♦❜❡rt ❊♥❞r❡ ❚❛r❥❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❋♦♥s❡❝❛ ❋✳ ❲❡r♥❡❝❦✳ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t♦rs ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ❏✳ ●r❛♣❤ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❆♣♣❧✳✱ ✶✵✭✶✮✿✻✾➊✾✹✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✶✼❪ ❏❛♥ ●✉st❛❢ss♦♥✱ ❆❞❛♠ ❇❡tts✱ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❊r♠❡❞❛❤❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❇❥ör♥ ▲✐s♣❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❲❈❊❚ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ➊ ♣❛st✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✸✼➊✶✹✼✱ ❇r✉ss❡❧s✱ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✶✵✳ ❖❈●✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✷ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■❱

❬✶✽❪ ◆✐❦❧❛s ❍♦❧st✐✱ ❏❛♥ ●✉st❛❢ss♦♥✱ ●✉✐❧❧❡♠ ❇❡r♥❛t✱ ❈❧é♠❡♥t ❇❛❧❧❛❜r✐❣❛✱ ❆r♠❡❧❧❡ ❇♦♥❡♥❢❛♥t✱ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❇♦✉r❣❛❞❡✱ ❍✉❣✉❡s ❈❛ssé✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❈♦r❞❡s✱ ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❑❛❞❧❡❝✱ ❘❛✐♠✉♥❞ ❑✐r♥❡r✱ ❏❡♥s ❑♥♦♦♣✱ P❛✉❧ ▲♦❦✉❝✐❡❥❡✇s❦✐✱ ◆✐❝❤♦❧❛s ▼❡rr✐❛♠✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥♥❡ ❉❡ ▼✐❝❤✐❡❧✱ ❆❞r✐❛♥ Pr❛♥t❧✱ ❇❡r♥❤❛r❞ ❘✐❡❞❡r✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❡ ❘♦❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ P❛s❝❛❧ ❙❛✐♥r❛t✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❦✉s ❙❝❤♦r❞❛♥✳ ❲❝❡t ✷✵✵✽ ✲ r❡♣♦rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t♦♦❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✷✵✵✽✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✽t❤ ■♥t❧✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ✭❲❈❊❚✮ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❲❈❊❚✬✵✽✮✱ Pr❛❣✉❡✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✶✾❪ ❇❡♥❡❞✐❦t ❍✉❜❡r ❛♥❞ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❙❝❤♦❡❜❡r❧✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t P❛t❤ ❊♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❇❛s❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✾t❤ ■♥t❧✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ✭❲❈❊❚✮ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❲❈❊❚✬✵✾✮✱ ❉✉❜❧✐♥✱ ■r❡❧❛♥❞✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✾✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❑✳ ●✳ ▲❛rs❡♥✱ P✳ P❡tt❡rss♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❨✐✳ ❯PP❆❆▲ ✐♥ ❛ ◆✉ts❤❡❧❧✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✭❙❚❚❚✮✱ ✶✭✶✲✷✮✿✶✸✹➊✶✺✷✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬❚❛r❥❛♥✱ ✶✾✼✾❪ ❚❤♦♠❛s ▲❡♥❣❛✉❡r ❛♥❞ ❘♦❜❡rt ❊♥❞r❡ ❚❛r❥❛♥✳ ❆ ❢❛st ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ✂♥❞✐♥❣ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❛ ✄♦✇❣r❛♣❤✳ ❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠✳ ▲❛♥❣✳ ❙②st✳✱ ✶✭✶✮✿✶✷✶➊✶✹✶✱ ✶✾✼✾✳ ❬✷✶❪ ❳✐❛♥❢❡♥❣ ▲✐✱ ❨✉♥ ▲✐❛♥❣✱ ❚✉❧✐❦❛ ▼✐tr❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❆❜❤✐❦ ❘♦②❝❤♦✉❞❤✉r②✳ ❈❤r♦♥♦s✿ ❆ ❚✐♠✐♥❣ ❆♥❛❧②③❡r ❢♦r ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✻✾✭✶➊✸✮✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ■ss✉❡ ♦♥ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❚♦♦❧❦✐t✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✸ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❱

❬✷✷❪ ▼✐♥❣s♦♥❣ ▲✈✱ ❲❛♥❣ ❨✐✱ ◆❛♥ ●✉❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ●❡ ❨✉✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❆❜str❛❝t ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚✐♠✐♥❣ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ▼✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ■♥ ✸✶st ■❊❊❊ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❙②st❡♠s ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ✭❘❚❙❙✬✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✸✾➊✸✹✾✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✳ ❙♦❝✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✱ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❯♥✐✈✳❪ ▼ä❧❛r❞❛❧❡♥ ❲❈❊❚ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ●r♦✉♣✳ ❲❈❊❚ Pr♦❥❡❝t ➊ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s✳

http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/projects/wcet/benchmarks.html✳

❬✷✸❪ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ▼❡t③♥❡r✳ ❲❤② ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ✇❝❡t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ ❘❛❥❡❡✈ ❆❧✉r ❛♥❞ ❉♦r♦♥ P❡❧❡❞✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❈❆❱✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✶✶✹ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✸✹➊✸✹✼✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✷✹❪ ❆✳ Pr❛♥t❧✱ ▼✳ ❙❝❤♦r❞❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❑♥♦♦♣✳ ❚✉❇♦✉♥❞ ✲ ❆ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧❧② ◆❡✇ ❚♦♦❧ ❢♦r ❲❈❊❚ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✽t❤ ■♥t❧✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ✭❲❈❊❚✮ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❲❈❊❚✬✵✽✮✱ Pr❛❣✉❡✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✷✺❪ ❘❛♣✐t❛ ❙②st❡♠s ▲t❞✳ ❘❛♣✐t❛ ❙②st❡♠s ❢♦r t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ s②st❡♠s✳

http://www.rapitasystems.com/✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✹ ✴ ✷✷

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❱■

❬✷✻❪ ❇✳ ❘✐❡❞❡r✱ P✳ P✉s❝❤♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ❲❡♥③❡❧✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ t♦ ❉❡r✐✈❡ ▲♦♦♣ ❇♦✉♥❞s ♦❢ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▲♦♦♣s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❆◆❙■✲❈ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❇❛s❡❞ ❲❈❊❚ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻t❤ ■♥t✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❙②st❡♠s ✭❲■❙❊❙✬✵✽✮✱ ❘❡❣❡♥s❜✉r❣✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❬✷✼❪ ❚✐❞♦r✉♠ ▲t❞✳ ❇♦✉♥❞✲❚ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ st❛❝❦ ❛♥❛❧②s❡r✳

http://www.tidorum.fi/bound-t/✳

❬❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✹❪ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠ s❧✐❝✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✳✱ ✶✵✭✹✮✿✸✺✷➊✸✺✼✱ ✶✾✽✹✳ ❬✷✽❪ ❘❡✐♥❤❛r❞ ❲✐❧❤❡❧♠✱ ❏❛❦♦❜ ❊♥❣❜❧♦♠✱ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❊r♠❡❞❛❤❧✱ ◆✐❦❧❛s ❍♦❧st✐✱ ❙t❡♣❤❛♥ ❚❤❡s✐♥❣✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇✳ ❲❤❛❧❧❡②✱ ●✉✐❧❧❡♠ ❇❡r♥❛t✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❋❡r❞✐♥❛♥❞✱ ❘❡✐♥❤♦❧❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥♥✱ ❚✉❧✐❦❛ ▼✐tr❛✱ ❋r❛♥❦ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r✱ ■s❛❜❡❧❧❡ P✉❛✉t✱ P❡t❡r P✳ P✉s❝❤♥❡r✱ ❏❛♥ ❙t❛s❝❤✉❧❛t✱ ❛♥❞ P❡r ❙t❡♥strö♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❲♦rst✲❈❛s❡ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✲❚✐♠❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✲ ❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ❙✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ❚♦♦❧s✳ ❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✳ ❙②st✳✱ ✼✭✸✮✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❆❈❙❉✬✷✵✶✶ ✭◆❡✇❝❛st❧❡✱ ❯❑✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❚✐♠❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲❈❊❚ ✸✺ ✴ ✷✷