Resilient, water- and energy-efficient forage and feed crops for Mediterranean agricultural systems (REFORMA) Paolo Annicchiarico Research Centre for Fodder Crops and Dairy Productions, Lodi, Italy
Ecological services of forage/feed crops and crop-livestock systems - efficient cycling of nutrients, crop residues, sub-products - reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy use (by legume N-fixation and reduced feed transport) - improved soil fertility, structure and water holding capacity (p ennials and legumes ) - lower soil erosion and hydrogeological risk ( perennials ) - greater diversification and biodiversity of farming systems
Economic importance of forage/feed Soybean cake import (.000 t; FAO Stat) crops (particularly legumes) Countries 1995 2008 - Greater feed security - Lower import costs and exposure France, Italy, Spain 7273 9864 +36% to price volatility, for high-protein Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia 409 1080 +64% feed and N fertilizer N-fertilizer annual increase of price (%) (FAO , 2008)
Socio-economic importance of crop-livestock systems in the northern regions Sustain to: - animal product chains with high added value (with economic and social implications) - organic product chains (high feed self-production) - GM-free production chains (legumes)
Socio-economic importance of crop-livestock systems in the southern regions Greater farmers’ e conomic stability, by: - buffering against economic shocks and crop failures (through animal sale) - spreading labour Response to increasing demand for animal products and highly nutritious food
Export – Import balance Annual growth production 1995-2007 (%) for livestock products in 2006 (million $) Country Meat Milk Eggs – 1.9 – 0.5 – 2.4 France 2257 France – 5309 – 0.3 – 0.6 Italy Italy 0.0 Spain 536 Spain 2.5 0.9 3.1 – 869 Algeria Mean 0.2 0.0 0.0 – 42 Morocco Algeria 1.4 2.9 2.1 – 45 Tunisia – 1.2 Morocco 3.5 4.5 FAO Stat Tunisia 2.6 4.6 2.4 Mean 2.5 4.0 1.1 FAO, 2009 Intensive poultry production has increasing importance in Maghreb countries
Protein from livestock Share of total protein (g / person /day) from livestock (%) Country 1995 2005 1995 2005 France 64 60 55 52 Italy 49 52 46 46 Spain 52 54 49 50 Mean 55 55 50 50 Algeria 18 20 22 23 Morocco 12 14 15 16 Tunisia 16 20 19 22 Mean 15 18 19 20 FAO, 2009
Challenges for crop-livestock systems Overgrazing and desertification Source: UNEP, 1997 Overgrazed pasture in Morocco
Increasing drought due to lack of irrigation water and climate change FAO, 2012 Alfalfa grown in an oasis
2020 Temperature difference ( ° C) of 2008-10 vs. 1940-80 (FAO, 2012) 2050 Predicted precipitation change (%) in 2020 and 2050 (Parry, 2005) -50 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 50
Saline soil, and saline irrigation water Algerian soils affected by salinization
Resilient, water- and energy-efficient forage and feed crops for Mediterranean agricultural systems (REFORMA) General objective Strengthening the economic and environmental sustainability of Mediterranean crop-livestock and feed systems, also by enhancing their self-sufficiency for feed proteins and their ability to adapt to and to mitigate climate change This is pursued by developing more resilient and more water- and energy-efficient systems based on genetically-improved forage and feed legumes
Partner institutions 1) CRA-FLC, Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie, Lodi 2) CNR-ISPAAM, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Sassari 3) INRA-URP3F, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Lusignan 4) INRA-UMRLEG, Unité de Recherches en Génétique et Ecophysiologie des Légumineuses à Graines, Dijon 5) INRAA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique d’Algérie, Alger 6) ENSA, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Alger 7) INRA, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique , Centres de Marrakesh and Rabat 8) IRA, Institut des Régions Arides, Médenine 9) The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma
Target legume species for breeding work Ideal species: 1) widely adapted to soil, climatic, management conditions in Mediterranean areas 2) wide flexibility of utilization 3) drought tolerance and water use efficiency (intrinsically and by winter-spring cycle) 4) being already known by farmers 5) not targeted by ICARDA 6) promising on grounds of available germplasm, prior knowledge, genomic resources Lucerne [ Alfalfa ] ( Medicago sativa ) Pea ( Pisum sativum )
Specific objectives Development of new germplasm: - lucerne varieties with tolerance to severe drought, salinity, heat and grazing - pea varieties with drought tolerance, for grain and forage production Development of innovative selection methods for lucerne and pea: - cost-efficient marker-assisted selection (MAS) procedures - ecologically-based breeding strategies Development of innovative lucerne- and pea-based forage crops (taking account of legume plant types, associated grass or cereal species, drought stress level of the site, acceptability by farmers, forage quality, target utilization)
Research Work Packages (WP) WP 3: Assessment and optimization of innovative Genetic improvement of legume-based crops forage and feed legumes WP 1: Ecological breeding strategies and variety Resilient and productive selection Ruminant feeding lucerne-grass and pea-cereal (cattle, sheep, etc.) forage crops WP 2: Genomics and definition of marker-assisted selection Poultry and Resilient and productive procedures monogastric feeding pea grain crops High energy and water efficiency of crops; mitigation of climate change; limitation of overgrazing; diversification and flexibility of farming systems; improved feeding quality; greater feed security
Participation to WP and relationships of Partners Lucerne phenotyping (WP 1): Lucerne selection (WP 1): CRA-FLC, INRA-MOR, INRAA, CRA-FLC, INRA-MOR, INRAA, ENSA, IRA, INRA-URP3F ENSA, IRA, Lucerne genotyping (WP 1): Novel strategies for lucerne SNRF, INRA-URP3F, breeding (WP 1 e WP 2): CRA-FLC CRA-FLC, SNRF, INRA-URP3F Pea phenotyping (WP 1): Pea selection (WP 1): CRA-FLC, INRA-MOR, ENSA CRA-FLC, INRA-MOR, ENSA Novel strategies for pea Pea genotyping (WP 1): breeding (WP 1 e WP 2): INRA-UMRLEG CRA-FLC, INRA-UMRLEG Future genetically- Agronomic and feeding optimization of lucerne- and improved lucerne and pea-based crops (WP 3): CNR-ISPAAM, INRA-MOR, pea varieties INRAA, INRA-URP3F More productive, efficient and resilient forage and feed crops
Target livestock systems for the improved forage and feed crops Lucerne-grass Pea-cereal Pea grain crops forage crops forage crops
Lucerne Selection, and definition of marker-assisted and ecological breeding strategies, for: - tolerance to severe drought (CRA-FLC; INRAA; ENSA; INRA-MOR; Noble F.) (1) - tolerance to saline soil and irrigation water (IRA; Noble F.; CRA-FLC) (1) - adaptation to moisture-favourable conditions (CRA-FLC; Noble F.) (1) - tolerance to continuous grazing (CRA-FLC; INRA-URP3F) * (2) - adaptation to mixed cropping with grasses (INRA-URP3F) ** (3) - forage quality as high leaf-to-stem ratio (CRA-FLC; Noble F.) *** (1) * Phenotyping funded by the Italian project RGV-FAO ** Phenotyping and part of the genotyping funded by the French project EXPOLEG *** Phenotyping partly funded by the Italian project QUAL&MEDICA (1) 154 parents from a widely-based mapping population developed from elite germplasm, evaluated according to their half-sib progenies. Genotyping-by-Sequencing, or SNP + SSR markers. Genomic selection, besides marker – trait association study (2) 110 cloned genotypes for each of two F1 mapping populations . SSR and SNP or DArT markers. Validation on genotypes of other two phenotyped mapping populations (3) Genotypes of three connected mapping populations. SSR and SNP or DArT markers
Lucerne Genetic variation for, and modelling of, response to high temperatures (INRA-URP3F) Pea Selection, and definition of marker-assisted and ecological breeding strategies, for tolerance to severe drought (CRA-FLC; ENSA; INRA-MOR; INRA-UMRLEG) * * Preparation of plant material and genotyping partly funded by the Italian project ESPLORA (1) Three connected sets of 90 recombinant inbred lines each, from three elite parents. About 1000 SNP markers (1) Three sets of 30 lines issued from stratified mass selection applied from F2 to F4 under controlled severe drought in managed environments. Bulk segregant analysis of selected vs. non-selected material . About 1000 SNP markers Genotype adaptive responses Emphasis on Adaptive traits marker-yield Molecular markers to assist selection association Individual genes
Strata of block 1 for the first cross (in blue); 15 strata for each of 2 blocks; 10 plants per stratum Artificial environment used for stratified mass selection of pea, from emergence (left) to harvest (below) of the plants Gene- Water Mean Selected ration Sep-May yield fraction (mm) (t/ha) F 2 250 2.08 30% F 3 200 1.41 20% F 4 180 1.58 10% file di piante di bordo eliminate
Recommend
More recommend
