Plant and Insect Interactions Within Agriculture Drew Needham - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Plant and Insect Interactions

Within Agriculture

Drew Needham

Outline

• There is going to be a focus on plant-insect

relationships in specifically agriculture

• Background
• Beneficial Ecosystem Services by Insects
• Detrimental Ecosystem Services by Insects
• Conclusion and Closing Remarks
• Time for Questions

Background Why is this important?

• Some perspective
• There are over 900,000 species of insects

known (80% of known species)

• 200 Million Insects/ human, 300 lbs of

insects/ 1 lb of human

• 75% of crops rely on insect vectors for

pollination, and insect pollination services are valued at $200 Billion worldwide each year (Natural Environment Research Council)

Beneficial Ecosystem Services

• Insects provide many beneficial

services that directly and indirectly affect crops and other plants

• Many of the plant-insect relationships

are mutualisms

• Mutualism: Where both parties in the

relationship benefit from the other

• Services provided:
• Pollination
• Nutrient cycling
• Dung burial
• Natural control of plant pests

(Zhang et al., 2007)

Pollination

• The three main orders of insect

pollinators are hymenoptera (bees and ants), lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), and diptera (true flies)

• Some species are generalist

pollinators, and others can be very specific

• Usually a mutualistic

relationship

Pollination

• One of the most common and

famous pollinator is the honey bee (family Apoidae)

• Generalist pollinator
• Some plants must have honey

bees (apples, sweet clover, squash, etc), while other plants are generalists (eggplant, soybean, pepper, etc) (UIUC)

Pollination

• The yucca-yucca moth

relationship is an obligate mutualism for both parties

• The yucca can only be

pollinated by the yucca moth

• The yucca moth oviposits

exclusively in yucca plants, larvae feed on seeds (Pellmyr et al., 1996)

• Coevolution

Nutrient Cycling

• Nutrient cycling
• Many insects help to initially

breakdown dead organic material

• Flies and carrion beetles often

feed on carcasses

• Caddis larvae and caterpillars
• ften feed on plant material
• Helps to release stored

nutrients back into the soil for future plant use

Dung Burial and Removal

• Animal waste has many stored

nutrients needed for plant growth

• Dung beetles (Family scarabaeidea)

remove waste and store it underground

• The stored dung not only provides

nutrients to plants, but also improves the soil structure (Zhang et al., 2007)

• Added bonus for farms with both

livestock and crops

Natural Pest Management

• There are a plethora of insects that

are detrimental on plants, and fortunately, just as many insects that detrimental on the pests

• The Colorado Potato Beetle is the

classic example of an agricultural pest controlled by beneficial insects, like Lebia grandis, a ground beetle of the family Carabidae (Hooks, 2013)

Detrimental Ecosystem Services

• Insects are responsible for

BILLIONS of dollars of lost profits each year due to loss of yield and costs associated with pest management

• Insects can be detrimental in a

variety of ways, but there are three main areas:

• Herbivory
• Competition for water
• Disease transmission

Herbivory

• Herbivory is feeding on plants
• The most common means by

which insects tend to be pests

• Have direct and indirect

negative impact on yield

• The corn earworm, Helicoverpa

zea, is caterpillar that alone incurs $2 Billion dollars in costs each year (Lopez et al., 1999)

Competition for Water

• Insects and plants both require

water for survival

• The presence of insects,

especially in large number, will decrease water availability

• Can be especially damaging in

drought conditions, and costly if additional irrigation is required (Zhang et al., 2007)

Insects as Disease Vectors

• Many different Insects act as

vectors for numerous plant diseases

• Whiteflies, hemipterans of the

genus Bemisia, are notorious crop pests due to the many different plant diseases they transmit

• Whitefly-born diseases include,

lettuce infectious yellows virus, asystasia golden mosaic virus, and African cassava mosaic virus (Brown et al., 1995)

Conclusion and Closing Remarks

• Insects play a major role in agriculture due to their

close relationships with plants

• There are numerous beneficial services provided by

insects in agriculture, many of which are mutualistic

• Insects also cause many problems for plants via a

variety of mechanisms

• Many of these plant-insect relationships are very

delicate and have coevolved over time

• Due to our dependence on agriculture as well as the

services insects provide, humans need to be sure to maintain balance through proper management practices

Questions?

Thank you Ladybugs and Gentlemantids