Pepper cultivation on a substrate consisting of soil, natural - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Pepper cultivation on a substrate consisting of soil, natural zeolite and

• live mill waste sludge-Changes in soil

properties

• S. Kosmidis1, M. K. Doula2, A. Assimakopoulou1, Ch. Kolovos2,
• Y. Troyanos2, A. Papadopoulos2, P. Kostopoulos3

1TEI of Peloponnese, Department of Agricultural Technology 2Benaki Phytopathological Institute 3Agricultural University of Athens,

Naxos, June 2018

Olive Mill Waste

Characteristics:

• Seasonal production (from

November to February)

• High water content
• High organic load
• High content in

polyphenols

• High electrical conductivity
• High content of nutrients

(potassium, iron)

• High oil content

Management of olive mill wastes:

• Disposal in evaporation ponds
• Disposal on soils and on water recipients
• Treatment in special installations

(production of soil improvers, use in the irrigation of the treated liquid part)

• Treatment and retrieval of phenols

OMW : Uncontrolled disposal on soils LIFE PROSODOL

• pH
• Electrical Conductivity
• Organic Matter
• Total Nitrogen
• Available Phosphorus
• Exchangeable Potassium
• Polyphenols
• Available iron

Olive wastes on soil Electrical Conductivity up to 10 mS/cm Exchangeable Potassium up to 20 cmol/kg Available Phosphorus up to 440 ppm Available Iron up to 380 ppm Total Nitrogen up to 20 mg/g Polyphenols up to 600 ppm

12 weeks greenhouse experiment

Naxos, June 2018

Solid Olive Mill Waste 3 doses 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%

The pepper seedlings were planted in 9 different soil/solid olive mill waste/zeolite mixtures. Εach kind of mixture was placed in 4 pots. The experimental design was based on a split‐plot pattern. Plants were irrigated every other day by adding 1000ml of water, while leachates, were collected and analyzed weekly. Peppers and pot soils were harvested and collected respectively, for further research and conclusions.

3 doses of zeolite (clinoptilolite) 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% Pepper plants in 36 pots

0% ZEOLITE 2.5% ZEOLITE 5.0% ZEOLITE Z0AP0 Z1AP0 Z2AP0 Z0AP1 Z1AP1 Z2AP1 Z0AP2 Z1AP2 Z2AP2

Table 1: OMW properties

12 weeks greenhouse experiment

Parameters Value Organic Matter, % 97 Electrical Conductivity, mS/cm 2,6 pH 4,10 Polyphenols, % 0,32 Nitrogen, % 0,51 Potassium, % 1,1 Calcium, % 0,11 Magnesium, % 0,05 Sodium, % 0,04 Phosphorus, % 0,05 Iron, mg/kg 41 Copper, mg/kg 12 Zinc, mg/kg 4,3

1 2 3 4 5 6 Z0AP0 Z0AP1 Z0AP2 Z1AP0 Z1AP1 Z1AP2 Z2AP0 Z2AP1 Z2AP2

Number of crops harvested

• By increasing waste dose, the number of crops were increased. The highest

waste dose resulted in the highest number of crops

• Zeolite seems to affect the number of crops
• For no waste case, increased zeolite percentage seems to increase crops

number, but…..

• Zeolite and waste effect : Delays in crops growth The first crops were

harvested with two weeks delay

5.0% OMW

20 40 60 80 100 Z0AP0 Z0AP1 Z0AP2 Z1AP0 Z1AP1 Z1AP2 Z2AP0 Z2AP1 Z2AP2

Επίδραση των μεταχειρίσεων στο νωπό (FWT) και ξηρό βάρος (DWT) των καρπών

FWT DWT

Crops Fresh (FWT) and Dry Weight (DWT)

Substrate Organic Matter

Treatments

OM, %

But if only the increased waste amount increases yield, is zeolite necessary?

With 0% zeolite: increased leaching as waste dose increases As zeolite dose is increasing, leaching is inhibited, therefore

1.

Prevent leaching of nutrients

2.

Keep nutrients in soil

WEEKS WEEKS Potassium in leachates

Treatments

K, cmol/kg

Treatments

K, cmol/kg

Exchangeable Potassium in the substrate

…but this results to higher substrate EC

Treatments

EC, mS/cm

Substrate Electrical Conductivity

Although effects of waste and zeolite doses can be seen, in general the EC

• f the leachates are considered low ….

..and also in comparison with what is happening when fertilizers are added

• n soils!!!

WEEKS WEEKS Electrical Conductivity, mS/cm

Treatments

B, mg/kg

Boron in Substrates

Treatments

Fe, mg/kg

Avalable Fe in Substrates

WEEKS WEEKS

High Na concentrations released mainly during the first 3 weeks, which then reduced. It is due to zeolite, and increases as zeolite dose Increases. However, ESP remains < 6 (no salinity risk) …but it affects production (e.g. Delays, less crops)

(Na0.2K0.6Mg0.7Ca2.0Al6.2Si29.8O72 .19.6H2O

Treatments

Na, cmol/kg

Sodium in Substrates

• Organic matter of OMW increases the number of crops harvested and also the fresh and dry

weight of the crops

• Zeolite prevent leaching of potassium and keep K in the substrate
• The EC of the substrate increases but t s not considered riksy for the 2.5% of zeolite and waste
• It is necessary to foresee a period of 2‐3 weeks to wash Na from the substrate
• Compared to fertilization, the substrate used produced leachates with significant lower Electrical

conductivity

• Because of the high Na content, the increased EC of soil and substrate, the delays in crop growth ,

the case of Z1AP1 or Z1AP2 (?) seem to be more appropriate, but measurements in crops are still in progress……

Thank you for your attention

• Dr. Maria K. Doula

Benaki Phytopathological Institute Greece