Pedestrian, cyclist and road and rail safety in high winds - PDF document

07/03/20 Pedestrian, cyclist and road and rail safety in high winds Pedestrians in high winds 1

07/03/20 Bridgewater Place, Leeds Video Clip removed “I'm concerned having heard all the evidence there may be an offence of corporate manslaughter by one or more of the organisa=ons. I'm obliged to adjourn this inquest pending further inquiries by the Crown Prosecu=on Service” “I am recommending that Leeds City Council closed the road where Dr Slaney died when wind speeds reached 20 m/s - about 45mph”. Melanie Williamson, Wakefield Coroner 2014, 2015 2

07/03/20 Comfort and safety criteria Lawson (2001) LDCC Sitting 5.60m/s , 1% (5) Pedestrian sitting 4m/s, 5% Entrance doors 5.6m/s, 6% (6) Pedestrian standing 5.6m/s, 6% (6) Pedestrian standing 6m/s, 5% 8.25m/s, 4% (8) Pedestrian walking 8m/s, 5% Pedestrian walk through 10.95m/s, 2% (9) P e o p l e a r o u n d buildings Roads and car parks 10.95, 6% (10) Business walking 10m/s, 5% Distress 14.1m/s, 0.01% Distress 15m/s, 0.025% Adequacy of safety criteria? Full scale measurements 3

07/03/20 Video Clip removed Sensor Anemometer Wind velocity (m/s) Horizontal and ver.cal accelera.ons (g) 20 1.2 1 15 0.8 0.6 10 0.4 0.2 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.4 Distance along route (m) -0.6 Typical results Gait cycle 4me (s) Stride length (m) 2 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance along route (m) Distance along route (m) Stride speed (m/s) Swing width (m) 2.5 0.2 2 0.1 1.5 0 1 0.5 -0.1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.2 Distance along route (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance along route (m) 4

07/03/20 1.2 Wind velocity (m/s) 1 20 0.8 15 0.6 0.4 10 0.2 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.4 Distance along route (m) -0.6 Gait cycle 4me (s) Stride length (m) 2 2.5 Typical results 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance along route (m) Distance along route (m) Stride speed (m/s) Swing width (m) 2.5 0.2 2 0.1 1.5 0 1 -0.1 0.5 0 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance along route (m) Distance along route (m) 140 Swing width % Accelera9on % Instability % 100.0 120 100 80.0 Number of gusts 80 % of gusts 60.0 60 40.0 40 20.0 20 0 0.0 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to12 12 to 14 14 to 16 16 to 18 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to12 12 to 14 14 to 16 16 to 18 Gust speed m/s Gust speed (m/s) Typical results 5

07/03/20 PracLcal operaLon Lawson (2001) LDCC Sitting 5.60m/s , 1% (5) Pedestrian sitting 4m/s, 5% Entrance doors 5.6m/s, 6% (6) Pedestrian standing 5.6m/s, 6% (6) Pedestrian standing 6m/s, 5% 8.25m/s, 4% (8) Pedestrian walking 8m/s, 5% Pedestrian walk through 10.95m/s, 2% (9) P e o p l e a r o u n d buildings Roads and car parks 10.95, 6% (10) Business walking 10m/s, 5% Distress 14.1m/s, 0.01% Distress 15m/s, 0.025% Cyclists in high winds 6

07/03/20 Side force coefficient the cyclist’s required power output. Average Wind angle Wind speed (m/s) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 Time (sec) Angle of inclina1on (degrees) 1.5 1 0.5 Calculated 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 inclinaLon for -0.5 -1 50kg cyclist -1.5 Time (sec) 7

07/03/20 Road vehicles in high winds Video Clip removed Skye Bridge wind restricLons Wind Speed is 35mph – 50mph: Sign advices “Caution High Winds” Wind Speed is 50mph – 75mph: Sign advices “Skye Bridge Closed to High Sided Vehicles” Wind Speed exceeds 75mph: Sign advices “Skye Bridge Closed” 8

07/03/20 Start / Finish lay-by 9

07/03/20 Rolling moment coefficient Wind angle Unloaded large van 70 Wind speedfor overturning (m/s) 60 50 40 50mph 30 30mph 10mph 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Wind direc5on (degrees) Gust exceedances 10

07/03/20 Second Severn Severn Orwell Cleddau Humber DarTord Queensferry Forth Road Erskine Tay Road Upper Forth Kessock Skye 11

07/03/20 PracLcal operaLon PracLcal operaLon 12

07/03/20 Rail vehicles in high winds 13

07/03/20 Video Clip removed 0.3 Side force coefficient per unit length Side force coefficient 0.2 Wind tunnel TRAIN rig 0.1 CFD 0 0 20 40 60 Yaw angle (degrees) Wind angle 60 50 Accident wind speed m/s 40 30 ICE3 Paradot Fit 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 Train speed km/h 14