PBIO 375 Quiz Section Goals of Quiz Section Website Quiz - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PBIO 375 Quiz Section Goals of Quiz Section Website Quiz - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PBIO 375 Quiz Section Goals of Quiz Section Website Quiz Section Tests Quiz Section Tests 30 points each: 15 two-point questions dont need a purple answer sheet fill-in questions spelling counts (-0.5 for

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PBIO 375 Quiz Section

  • Goals of Quiz Section
  • Website
  • Quiz Section Tests
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Quiz Section Tests

  • 30 points each: 15 two-point questions
  • don’t need a purple answer sheet
  • fill-in questions
  • spelling counts (-0.5 for spelling errors)
  • will occur at the beginning of your section on

the scheduled day

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EPITHELIA

  • form the linings of hollow organs or cover surface of body (skin)
  • act as barriers
  • apical vs. basolateral
  • bound to underlying tissue by basement membrane (basal lamina)
  • classified by number of layers and cell shape
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Apical vs. Basolateral

  • n course website
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Basement Membrane

Wheater, Fig. 9.3a

basal surface of epidermis showing basement membrane (BM)

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epidermis dermis hypodermis

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keratin layer

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Epidermis: Summary

  • epithelium type: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
  • protective
  • cells proliferate at basal surface
  • at apical surface cells fill with keratin and die
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Endothelium: Summary

  • epithelium type: simple squamous epithelium
  • forms the lining of all blood vessels
  • capillaries consist of just endothelium
  • the blood-brain barrier is formed in part by tight

junctions between endothelial cells in brain capillaries

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Silverthorn, Fig. 9.5b (p. 279)

Blood-Brain Barrier

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Airway Epithelium

Silverthorn, Fig. 17.5a and 17.5b (p. 539)

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Airway Epithelium: Summary

  • epithelium type: pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
  • goblet cells in epithelium secrete mucus
  • submucosal glands secrete mucus
  • cilia move mucus to pharynx
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Tissue Layers in the Small Intestine

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Wheater 14.25a

electron micrograph showing columnar epithelium in the small intestine

Wheater 14.25b

high magnification electron micrograph showing microvilli (brush border)

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Small Intestine Epithelium: Summary

  • epithelium type: simple columnar epithelium
  • folding of epithelium into villi and crypts increases

surface area for absorption

  • apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli
  • goblet cells in epithelium secrete mucus
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Silverthorn, Fig.19.1e (pp. 591)

The Nephron is the Functional Unit of the Kidney

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Wheater Fig. 16.17a

EM of the proximal tubule with microvilli (Mv) and mitochondria (M)

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Proximal Tubule in Kidney: Summary

  • epithelium type: simple cuboidal epithelium
  • apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli
  • cells stain darkly due to presence of many

mitochondria

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Protein-Mediated Transport Across Membranes

  • Fig. 5.5 (p. 132)

Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 8th edition

OPTIONAL READING: SECTIONS 5.4 (pp. 136-146) AND 5.6 (pp. 149-151)

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Silverthorn, Fig. 5.11 (p. 140)

Ion Channels Consist of a Water-Filled Pore through the Membrane

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Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose

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Insulin increases the number of glucose transporters

  • n the cell membrane
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Active Transport

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Silverthorn, Figure 5.1d, p. 123

The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase creates a Na+ gradient

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The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase creates a Na+ gradient

Two ways to show a Na+ gradient:

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Secondary Active Transport

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Carrier Proteins Can Become Saturated

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Structure of MDR1, an ABC transporter

Figure 1B in Aller et al. (2009) Science 323: 1718-22 This is a stereo figure. To see in 3-dimensions, keep your head level, then cross your eyes slowly so that the two images come together in a single fused image in the center. Focus on the central image, which will be 3-D, and ignore the flat images to either side.

ABC Transporters

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CFTR is an atypical ABC protein that works as a Cl- channel

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simple epithelium

Epithelial Transport

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Absorption of Glucose (Small Intestine; also Reabsorption in Kidney)

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Secretion of Fluid (Small Intestine and Airway Epithelium)

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Clinical Example: Cystic Fibrosis

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The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Silverthorn, Fig.19.1e (pp. 591)

Clinical Example: Polyuria in Diabetes Mellitus

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Glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney

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Carrier Proteins Can Become Saturated

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Saturation of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidney tubules leads to polyuria

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Clinical Example: SGLT2 Inhibitors

  • SGLT2 is sodium-glucose cotransporter specific to proximal tubule
  • SGLT2 inhibitors are oral drugs
  • beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes; progression of

chronic kidney disease