8/21/2019 New Insights into health of dairy calves during the pre- weaning period Vinicius Machado, DVM, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Dairy Health and Management Department of Veterinary Sciences 1 OUTLINE Introduction Common health issues • BRD and diarrhea • Metagenomic studies On going research at TTU 2 1
8/21/2019 INTRODUCTION Hulbert and Moisa, J Dairy Sci , 2016 3 GROWTH DURING PRE-WEANING PERIOD HAS LONG TERM IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE 1st Lactation 2nd 3d 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Difference in milk per kg of preweaned ADG Soberon et al. (2012) 4 2
8/21/2019 FEEDING CALVES Restricted Ad libitum Curtis et al. Veterinary Record , 2018 5 COMMON HOUSING SYSTEMS Individual pens Group pens Goals: • Deep, clean and dry bedding • Good ventilation / air quality 6 3
8/21/2019 INDIVIDUAL HOUSING Pros: • Isolated animals • Decreased disease / pathogens transmission • Easy to monitor milk consumption and health Cons: • Feeding is labor intensive (ad libitum systems often not practical) • Cleaning is hard and labor intensive • Welfare / socialization / public perception 7 GROUP HOUSING Pros: • Easy to clean • Easy to adopt ad libitum feeding systems • Socialization and public perception Cons: • Transmission of pathogens • Difficult to monitor intake • Difficult to detect sick animals 8 4
8/21/2019 DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS – DIFFERENT CHALLENGES Group pens Individual pens Higher incidences of disease Lower incidences of disease Higher feed intakes Difficult to feed 9 COMMON HEALTH ISSUES Diarrhea – Scours Bovine respiratory disease • Pneumonia – Otitis 70 60 50 40 % nasopharynx is 30 connected to the 20 middle ear via 10 the Eustachian 0 tube Calf mortality NAHMS-USDA 2007 10 5
8/21/2019 MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES 11 METAGENOMICS – SCOURS Oikonomou et. al, PLOS ONE, 2013 12 6
8/21/2019 METAGENOMICS – SCOURS Discriminant analysis of fecal microbiomes by week of life Discriminant analysis of fecal microbiomes for the first week of calf life and for calves that suffered or not from diarrhea Oikonomou et. al, PLOS ONE, 2013 13 METAGENOMICS – SCOURS Adjusted means of body weight by week of life as well as adjusted means of diarrhea incidence for different Faecalibacterium spp. terciles Oikonomou et. al, PLOS ONE, 2013 14 7
8/21/2019 Oral Administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii N = 296 N = 258 Foditsch et. al, PLOS ONE, 2015 15 Oral Administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Overall mortality Mortality due to severe diarrhea Foditsch et. al, PLOS ONE, 2015 16 8
8/21/2019 Oral Administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 0.85 P = 0.01 0.8 0.75 ADG (kg) 0.7 0.65 0.6 Control FPTRT Foditsch et. al, PLOS ONE, 2015 17 METAGENOMICS – BRD • 174 calves • Nasal swabs collected at 3, 14, 28, and 35 days of life • 16s rRNA gene sequencing Lima et. al, Scientific Reports, 2016 18 9
8/21/2019 METAGENOMICS – BRD Lima et. al, Scientific Reports, 2016 19 METAPHYLAXIS – BRD CTR = untreated • M1 = one tildipirosin injection administered at 10 days of life • M2 = two tildipirosin injections at 10 days and 35 days of life • Teixeira et. al, The Vet J, 2016 20 10
8/21/2019 TRADITIONAL CALF RAISING MANAGEMENT 21 TRANSPORTATION CHALLENGES – HIGH RISK FOR BRD 22 11
8/21/2019 MANAGEMENT OF HIGH RISK CALVES Total n of animals enrolled = Active ingredient is mycobacterium cell 1,360 wall fraction (MCWF) of Mycobacterium phlei , a non-pathogenic, soil-borne bacterium 23 Disease treatment events were lower than the national average Item Enrolled (%) Treated (%) Dead (%) Calves 1,360 155 (11.3) 16 (1.2) CON 458 60 (13.1) 6 (1.3) BTIS 449 44 (9.8) 5 (1.1) ATIS 453 51 (11.4) 5 (1.1) CON: control; BTIS: before transport; ATIS: after transport Courtesy of Luciano Caixeta 24 12
8/21/2019 No difference in hazard of treatment within first month of life ATIS CON BTIS Group Adjusted 95% CI P - Hazard value ratio CON - - Ref. BTIS 0.74 0.50 – 1.09 0.14 ATIS 0.84 0.57 – 1.2 0.35 CON: control; BTIS: before transport; ATIS: after transport Courtesy of Luciano Caixeta 25 BTIS reduced hazard of treatment for pneumonia but not for scours within first month of life Pneumonia Scours HR 95% CI P - HR 95% CI P - Group value value - - - - CON Ref. Ref. BTIS 0.54 0.31 – 0.94 0.02 1.04 0.58 – 1.88 0.87 ATIS 0.88 0.55 – 1.42 0.60 0.75 0.40 – 1.42 0.38 CON: control; BTIS: before transport; ATIS: after transport Courtesy of Luciano Caixeta 26 13
8/21/2019 SERUM BIOMARKERS OF STRESS AND INFLAMMATION AFTER TRASNPORTATION OF NEWBORN CALVES • 168 calves Control (untreated) group • • Biomarkers measured Haptoglobin • Cortisol • L- lactate • 27 Correlation between biomarkers • Haptoglobin 67.9 μg/ml • • Cortisol 17.36 ng/ml • • L-lactate 6.5 mM • 28 14
8/21/2019 Association between biomarkers and BRD 18 P = 0.07 16 P = 0.22 14 BRD Incidence (%) 12 P = 0.74 10 low 8 high 6 4 2 0 Hp Cortisol L-lactate 29 Association between Hp and BRD P = 0.04 30 15
8/21/2019 Association between biomarkers and weight gain 0.52 P < 0.01 P = 0.14 P = 0.18 0.5 Average Daily Gain (kg/d) 0.48 0.46 low high 0.44 0.42 0.4 Hp Cortisol L-lactate 31 PHYSIOLOGIC VS PATHOLOGIC LEVELS OF HAPTOGLOBIN 32 16
8/21/2019 LEVELS OF HAPTOGLOBIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION 90000 80 P = 0.01 80000 P = 0.04 70 70000 Mean Fluorescence L-selectin 60 60000 50 50000 P = 0.06 40 40000 30 30000 20 20000 10 10000 0 0 % Oxidative burst % Phagocytosis low Hp high Hp 33 CONTINUING CALF RESEARCH 34 17
8/21/2019 Vinicius Machado vinicius.machado@ttu.edu 35 18
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