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MEMBE BER O OF ENERGOPRO ROJEKT G T GROUP HIDROINENJRING HIDROINENJRING ENERGY ENTEL DESIGN and CONSULTING INDUSTRIJA INFRASTRUCTURE ARHITEKTURA ARCHITECTURE VISOKOGRADNJA NISKOGRADNJA INDUSTRIE ENGINEERING and CONSTRUCTION


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MEMBE BER O OF ENERGOPRO ROJEKT G T GROUP

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DESIGN and CONSULTING ENGINEERING and CONSTRUCTION

ENTEL INDUSTRIJA ARHITEKTURA VISOKOGRADNJA NISKOGRADNJA OPREMA ENERGODATA

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRIE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

HIDROINŽENJRING HIDROINŽENJRING

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Hydropower plants Pumped storage plants Pumping stations Water transfers Underground structures Tunnels Reservoirs Dams HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

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Solid waste Potable water and wastewater treatment Sewerage systems Water supply Watercourse training Flood control Dewatering Irrigation INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

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DESIGNS

Master plans Pre-feasibility studies and basic designs Feasibility studies and preliminary designs As-built designs Maintenance and operation manuals Tender documents Final and detail designs Execution drawings

CONSULTING SERVICES

Expertise Control, review and approval

  • f technical documents

Technical assistance Project and contact management Procurement Supervision

INVESTIGATION WORKS

Analysis and processing of information

Water resources Land utilisation Geology & geotechnics Satellite images

Geographic information system (GIS) Commissioning Collection of input data

Topography Hydrology Meteorology Geology & geotechnics Seismic Pedology

Post contact services

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Dams and hydropower structures Water management structures and systems Infrastructure facilities and systems Regional development studies

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TEKEZE DAM AND HYDROPOWER PLANT

ETHIOPIA

Client Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Addis Ababa Project status In operation since 2009 Services

(JV with Mongomery Watson Harza, Chicago, USA)

  • Review of tender documents
  • Evaluation of tenders
  • Execution drawings
  • Detailed execution drawings
  • Supervision during construction
  • Quality management

The dam and hydropower plant are located on the Tekeze River, around 950 km north of Addis Ababa. Main structures:

► Concrete arch dam with the height of 185 m ► Two parallel diversion tunnels in the length of 2 x 450 m ► Steel lined headrace tunnel for the hydropower plant ► Underground power plant housing 4 Francis turbines with the installed capacity of

4 x 75 MW

► Four tailrace tunnels ► Switchyard (230 kV) with OHTLs in the length of 102 km

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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MACEDONIA

KOZJAK DAM AND HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client Elektrostopanstvo na Makedonija, Skopje Project status In operation since 2004 Services

  • Technical control of the Final

Design

  • Control and harmonisation of

technical documents

  • Expert supervision during

construction and trial operation

The dam and hydropower plant are located in the Treska River canyon, at the distance of 40 km from Skopje. Apart from electric power generation, water from the reservoir with the storage capacity of 550 million m3 is used for water supply to industry and irrigation. Main structures:

► Embankment dam with a clay core, with the height of 126 m and crest length of 305 m ► Bottom outlet (tunnel with the length of 665 m and diameter of 3.75 – 4.70 m) ► Power plant housing 2 Francis turbines with the installed capacity of 2 x 40 MW

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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MACEDONIA

SVETA PETKA DAM AND HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client ELEM Macedonian Power Plants, Skopje / RIKO, Ljubljana Project status Under construction Services

  • Preliminary Design updating
  • Final Design
  • Detail Design
  • Technical coordination between civil

works contractors, designers and equipment manufacturers

  • Control and harmonisation of

technical documents during work execution

  • Supervision over construction

The hydropower plant is located on the Treska River, between already constructed HPP Kozjak and HPP Matka. Due to economical water utilisation this is a multi-purpose development project where electric power generation is primary. The power plant is to generate 66 GWh of electric power per year. The main structures are:

Concrete arch dam with the height of 69 m

Reservoir with the storage capacity of 9,100,000 m3 and the length of 11 km

Power plant housing 2 Francis turbines with the installed capacity of 2 x 22.5 MW

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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PERU

PROJECT ALTO PIURA

STAGE I - CONSTRUCTION OF TRONERA SUR DAM AND TRANSANDINO TUNNEL Client: PEIHAP (Special Irrigation and Hydropower Project Alto Piura) Project status: in progress (2010-2014) Service:

(Consortium CSAP: consortium leader Energoprojekt- Hidroinženjering with Typsa-Spain and Lahmeyer Agua y Energia, Peru)

  • Review and verification of the

detail design

  • Hydraulic model tests
  • Supervision over construction

Transfer of the Huancabamba river waters to the Pacific watershed (335 Hm3/year) for future utilization for the irrigation of 50,000 ha and for a hydropower plant with the capacity of 300 MW Main structures of Stage I:

► Tronera Sur dam ► Transandino tunnel in the length of 13.5 km

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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MONTENEGRO

REHABILITATION OF PIVA HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client Electric Power Industry of Montenegro AD, Nikšić Project status In progress Services

(JV with COLENCO, Switzerland)

  • Verification of the existing documents
  • Preparation of studies and Preliminary Design
  • Preparation of tender documents
  • Assistance to the Employer in tender and

contracting procedure

  • Supervision over execution of investigation works
  • Control and approval of documents supplied by

equipment manufacturers

  • Acceptance of equipment, supervision over

erection and trial operation

  • Consulting services

The objective of the project is to reconstruct and modernise equipment and civil structures of the hydropower plant with the planned effects

  • f increased operation availability and safety of the power plant

as well as of possible unit uprating. Main structures:

Concrete arch dam with the height of 220 m

Power plant housing 3 Francis turbines with the installed capacity of 3 x 120 MW

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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SERBIA

REHABILITATION OF BAJINA BASTA HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client Electric Power Industry of Serbia, Beograd Project status In progress Services

(JV with FICHTNER, Germany)

  • Verification of the existing documents
  • Preparation of studies and Preliminary Design
  • Preparation of tender documents
  • Assistance to the Employer in tender and

contracting procedure

  • Control and approval of documents supplied by

equipment manufacturers

  • Acceptance of equipment, supervision over

erection and trial operation

  • Consulting services

Reconstruction and modernisation of electromechanical equipment

  • f the hydropower plant with the planned effects of increased operation

availability and safety of the power plant as well as unit uprating. Main characteristics:

4 Turbines Frances (vertical)

Unit rated power 4 x 95 MW

Average annual energy production 1670 GWh

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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SERBIA

REHABILITATION OF DJERDAP 1 HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client Electric Power Industry of Serbia, Beograd Project status In progress Services

  • Verification of the existing documents
  • Preparation of studies and designs
  • Preparation of tender documents
  • Assistance to the Client in tender and

contracting procedure

  • Control and approval of documents

supplied by equipment manufacturers

  • Consulting services

Reconstruction and modernisation of electromechanical equipment

  • f the hydropower plant with the planned effects of increased operation

availability and safety of the power plant as well as unit uprating. Main characteristics:

Above ground Power plant

Installed power plant discharge 5479 m3/s

Capacity: 6 x 190 MW

Average yearly production: 5750 GWh

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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PERU

REHABILITATION OF MACHUPICCHU HYDROPOWER PLANT

Client Empresa de Generación Eléctrica Machupicchu S.A. - EGEMSA Project status In progress (2009 - 2013) Services

(wtih Lahmeyer Agua y Energia S.A Peru)

  • Control and approval of

documents supplied by equipment manufacturer

  • Supervision over work

execution and trial operation

The rehabilitation covered civil structures and electrical and mechanical equipment of the hydropower plant. Main structures:

► Water intake with the capacity of 68 m3/s ► Power plant housing a Francis turbine

with the installed capacity of 101.4 MW

DAMS AND HYDROPOWER STRUCTURES

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ALGERIA

CHIFFA DIVERSION AND TUNNEL

Client National Agency for Dams and Transfers (ANBT), Algeria Project status In operation since 2007 Services

  • Control and approval of execution

plans

  • Technical assistance
  • Supervision during construction

The purpose of Chiffa diversion structures is to provide additional intake and transfer of water for the needs

  • f Bou-Roumi irrigation project.

The average annual water transfer amounts to 52 million m3. Main structures:

► Diversion dam with concrete spillway in the length of 80 m ► Embankment dam with a clay core, with the length of 50 m and height of 17 m ► Water intake with a conveyance canal and 2 sand traps with the capacity of 2 x 5 m3/s ► Diversion tunnel with the length of 12.48 km and diameter of clear opening 2.5 m

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

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MONTENEGRO

THE ĆEHOTINA RIVER DIVERSION STRUCTURES

Client Pljevlja Coal Mine AD, Pljevlja Project status In operation since 2009 Services

  • Investigation works
  • Final Designs
  • Supervision during

construction

The purpose of these structures is to provide for exploitation additional 55 million tons

  • f coal in the open pit mine for the needs
  • f “Pljevlja” thermal power plant by diverting

the Ćehotina river. Main structures:

“Durutovići” concrete arch dam with the height of 26 m

Water intake and “Rudine” diversion tunnel with the length of 373 m and diameter of 6.3 m

Canal between “Rudine” tunnel and “Velika Pliješ” tunnel with the length of 3000 m and discharge of 134 m3/s

“Velika Pliješ” tunnel with the length of 715 m and diameter of 5.7 m

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

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PERU

OLMOS PROJECT LIMON DAM AND TRANS-ANDEAN TUNNEL

Client PEOT – Proyecto Especial Olmos Tinajones – Peru Project status Under construction Services

  • Final Design of the dam
  • Supervision during construction
  • f the dam and tunnel

(with COYNE ET BELLIER – France and LAHMEYER A&E - Peru)

The Olmos Project structures are used for training and transfer of water resources of the Huancabamba River in the Amazon basin in Lambayeque region for the purpose

  • f their utilisation for electric power generation

and irrigation. Main structures:

Embankment dam with a clay screen (CFRD) with the height of 43 m (first phase) and crest length of 332 m

Trans-Andean tunnel in the length of 19.3 km and diameter of 4.8 m

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

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ALGERIA

OURKISS DAM PROJECT

Client National Agency for Dams and Transfers (ANBT), Algeria Project status Under construction Services

  • Detail Design
  • Supervision during

construction

The purpose of the dam is water supply to the towns of Oum el Bouaghi and Ain Beida. In summer water will be pumped through a pipeline to the irrigation of Chemora area (17000 ha). Main structures:

Embankment dam with a clay core with the height of 40 m and crest length of 407 m

Spillway structure (lateral concrete spillway in the length of 35 m, chute in the length of 190 m and flip bucket)

Diversion gallery with the length of 170 m and section 6.1 m x 5.5 m

Water intake tower with the inside diameter of 7.0 m and height of 36 m

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

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JORDAN

KUFRANJA DAM PROJECT

Client Jordan valley Authority, Amman Project status Under construction Services

  • Updating Feasibility study and

Preliminary design

  • Programming of investigation

works and supervision of investigation

  • Preparation of Final Design

and Tender Documents

  • Project management and

construction supervision

The purpose of the dam is to accumulate water (reservoir capacity of 7 MCM) from Wadi Kufranja for irrigation of the cultivated areas in Jordan Valley.

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

Main structures:

Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) with the height of 80 m and crest length of 280 m

Overflow edge spillway in the length of 64 m, discharge of 860 m3/s

Diversion tunnel with the length of 366 m

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ALGERIA

EL TARF HYDRO-MELIORATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Client National Bureau for irrigation and Dewatering (ONID), Algeria Project status Under construction Services

  • Studies
  • Preliminary Designs
  • Final Designs
  • Tender documents
  • Control of execution plans and supervision

during construction of flood control system

“El Tarf” water management system covers 16000 ha

  • f agricultural land in the far northeast of Algeria.

Main structures:

“Bou Namoussa” dam with the height of 75 m and reservoir with the storage capacity of 71 mil. m3

Water transfers in the total length of 40.7 km

Water intake on the Kebir River and pumping station with the capacity of (2 x 2.5 m3/s)

Irrigation system (9553 ha) with 4 pumping stations and 5 tanks

Dewatering system (6000 ha of pipe drainage and 85 km of open canal network)

Flood control embankments (total length of 70 km), watercourse training and wind protection belts

WATER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM

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CYPRUS

NICOSIA SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Client Sewerage Board of Nicosia Project status In operation since 2009 Services

(JV with SOGREAH – France and V&M Co Cyprus)

  • Basic solution
  • Preliminary design
  • Tender documents
  • Detail design
  • Supervision over

construction

The system of collection, transport and treatment of wastewater

  • riginating from the city of Nicosia (300,000 inhabitants) covering

the area of 145 km2. Main structures:

Sewerage network in the total length of 400 km

Main sewers in the length of 40 km

8 pumping stations

“Anthoupolis” wastewater treatment plant (3480 m3/h)

“Vathia Gonia” wastewater treatment plant (2318 m3/h)

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS

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CYPRUS

REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SOUTH CYPRUS - (PHASE II)

Client Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Project status In operation since 2002 Services

  • Additional investigation works
  • Final designs
  • Tender documents
  • Assistance to the Employer in

selecting the contractors and equipment suppliers

  • Detail designs
  • Supervision during construction
  • Coordination and administration
  • Testing and trial operation

This is the most important development project initiated by the Government of Cyprus for the purpose of meeting the demands for water supply to population, tourist industry and agriculture in the southern part of the island. Main structures :

Diversion tunnel in the length of 14.8 km, diameter 2.5 m

Tersephanou – Nicosia arterial pipeline in the length of 37 km, capacity 3240 m3/h

“Limassol” water treatment plant (3330 m3/h) and “Tersephanou” water treatment plant (3750 m3/h)

Irrigation system for the area of 3909 ha

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS

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Main activities :

Restoration of unhindered navigation

Rehabilitation and improvement of inland waterway network

Port development plan

Removal of unexploded ordnances at 4 locations on the Sava river and 9 locations on the Danube river SERBIA

MASTER PLAN FOR INLAND WATER TRANSPORT IN SERBIA

Client European Agency for Reconstruction Project status Completed in 2007 Services

(JV with Witteveen Bos, DHI, DTNAMAR, MSR, Port & Martime)

  • Master Plan
  • Feasibility Study
  • Environmental impact

assessment

  • Preliminary Design and

tender documents for the removal of unexploded

  • rdnances

The Master Plan defined the network of waterways covering the Danube, Sava and Tisa rivers and the Danube-Tisa-Danube hydro-system. The Development Plan until 2025 envisages increase of river transport in Serbia four times i.e. the river transport is planned to make 30%

  • f the total transport.

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS

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ALGERIA

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES MAP OF NORTHERN ALGERIA

Client National Agency for Hydraulic Resources (ANRH), Algeria Project status Completed in 2009 Services

  • Preparation of compilation

geological map

  • Preparation of hydrogeological map
  • Preparation of groundwater

resources maps

  • Preparation and implementation of GIS

The project involved quantification of groundwater resources per identified geological unit for the purpose

  • f enabling good planning and management of groundwater in the area of 300,000 km2.

Main activities:

Detailed analysis of data obtained by geological and hydrogeological investigations performed so far

Geological interpretation of satellite images with the emphasis on geologically uninvestigated areas

Preparation of a compilation and homogeneous geological map of the project area (41 maps)

Hydrogeological classification of geological contents and preparation of hydrogeological maps (41 maps)

Hydrological-hydrogeological calculation of all groundwater balance elements 170 hydrogeological units with the groundwater potential of 2136.31 milion m3 per year were implemented and the results were presented on 9 groundwater maps with the scale of 1:500,000. The project was implemented in the form of a geographic information system, including creation of a voluminous database.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

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ALGERIA

GENERAL STUDY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM IRRIGATION PERIMETERS

Client National Agency for Implementation and Management

  • f Hydraulic Infrastructure for

Irrigation and Dewatering (AGID), Algeria Project status Completed in 2003 Services

  • Investigation works
  • Preparation of studies

The Study covered the area of around 230,000 km2 in the north of Algeria between the Mediterranean Sea and the Saharan part of the country. Main activities:

Application of remote sensing method (satellite sensing) for the identification of land utilisation manner

Determination of hydrogeological potentials per homogeneous zone

Identification of small and hill reservoirs

Identification and cartography of forests

Identification of zones favourable for further development of small and medium perimeters for irrigation and construction of new hill reservoirs All data were presented in the form of information layers, which gave the character of a geographic information system to the entire project.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

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Utilization of river hydropower potential Multipurpose water scheme

HPP DABAR HPP NEVESINJE HPP DUBROVNIK PS ČAPLJINA HPP TREBINJE 1 RESERVOIR BILEĆA HPP BILEĆA

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BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Republic of Srpska

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL ON UPPER DRINA AND SUTJESKA RIVER

Client Electricity Authority of Serbia Project status Completed 2008. Services

  • Hydrological Report,
  • Geological Report,
  • Hydrogeological Report,
  • Water Management Report,
  • Pre-Feasibility Study,
  • Basic Design

Conceptual solution and prefeasibility study related to utilization of Upper Drina and Sutjeska hydropower potential - four hydropower facilities: three dam cascades on Drina (Buk Bijela, Foca and Paunci) and reservoir– derivational the Sutjeska HPP on the river bearing the same name.

Name of HPP Buk Bijela Foca Paunci Sutjeska Type of dam Concrete Gravity Concrete Gravity Concrete Gravity Earthfill Type of plant Adjusted to dam Adjusted to dam Adjusted to dam Derivation Installed discharge 450 m3/s 450 m3/s 450 m3/s 50 m3/s Capacity 114.6 MW 51.7 MW 36,64 МW 35 МW Average yearly production 272 GWh 116 GWh 154 GWh 90 GWh

UTILIZATION OF RIVER HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

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SERBIA / BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Republic of Srpska

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL ON LOWER DRINA RIVER

Client Electricity Authority of Republic of Srpska Project status In progress. Services

  • Hydrological Report,
  • Geological Report,
  • Hydrogeological Report,
  • Water Management Report,
  • Pre-Feasibility Study,
  • Basic Design

Conceptual solution and prefeasibility study related to utilization of Lower Drina river hydropower potential - four cascade hydropower facilities: “Kozluk” HPP, “Drina I” HPP, “Drina II” HPP and “Drina III” HPP

Hydropower Plant Mean Annual Discharge (m3/s) Head (m) Installed Capacity (MW) Average Power Generation (GWh/year) Kozluk 412 14 93.4 396.5 Drina I 413.2 14 93.4 396.5 Drina II 427 14 93.4 396.5 Drina III 436 14 93.4 396.5

UTILIZATION OF RIVER HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

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BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Republic of Srpska

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF PART UPPER VRBAS RIVER

Client HES Vrbas, Banja Luka Project status Completed 2006 Services

  • Hydrological Report,
  • Geological/Hydrogeological Report,
  • Topographic Survey
  • Updating of Feasibility Study

and Final Design

Hydropower utilization of part the Vrbas river basin from Banja Luka town to HPP Bocac.

Name of HPP Krupa Banja Luka - niska Dam Concrete Gravity (29 m) Concrete Gravity (36 m) Type of plant Adjusted to dam Adjusted to dam Installed discharge 240 m3/s 150 m3/s Capacity 3 x 16 MW 2 x 18,6 MW Average yearly production 140 GWh 187 GWh

UTILIZATION OF RIVER HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

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SERBIA

“BRODAREVO 1” AND BRODAREVO 2” HYDROPOWER PLANTS ON LIM RIVER

Client Renewable Energy Venture(REV), Beograd Project status In progress Services

  • Basic Design with

Prefeasibility Study (completed 2010.)

  • Geological investigation

works

  • Preliminary Design with

Feasibility Study

  • Tender Documents
  • Final design for the river

diversion structures

Determination of the spatial, environmental, social, financial, market and economic feasibility of the construction of hydropower system at the stretch of the Lim river, from dam site section Lučice to the border between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.

HPP “Brodarevo 1” “Brodarevo 2” Section Junakovina Lučice NWL [m asl] 519.00 488.00 QINS [m3/s] 150.00 150.00 NINS [MW] 26 32.4 EYEAR [GWh/year] 102.33 130.51

UTILIZATION OF RIVER HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

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BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Republic of Srpska

WATER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME THE ”GORNJI HORIZONTI”

Client Electricity Authority of Republic of Srpska Project status Completed 2009. Services

  • Hydrological Report,
  • Geological Report,
  • Hydrogeological Report,
  • Water Management Report,
  • Pre-Feasibility Study,
  • Basic Design

Concept of the system “Gornji Horizonti on the Trebišnjica River” complies demands for the exploitation of hydropower sources and solution of complex water management issues in this region. System consists of Rilje Dam and Nevesinje HPP and Pošćenje Dam and Dabar HPP

Name of HPP Nevesinje Dabar Type of dam Concrete Gravity (79.5 m) Concrete Gravity (40 m) Type of plant Adjusted to dam Adjusted to dam Installed discharge 55 m3/s 55 m3/s Capacity 2 x 24.5 MW 3 x 54.8 MW Average yearly production 270 GWh 100.6 GWh

MULTIPURPOSE WATER SCHEME

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BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Republic of Srpska

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL ON RIVER VRBAS

Client STATKRAFT Western Balkans d.o.o. Beograd Project status Completed 2009. Services

  • Data collection & analysis
  • Pre-Feasibility Study

(Technical Solutions)

  • Environmental Impact

Preparation of the Pre-Feasibility Study for the four diversion HPPs on the river Vrbas from Banja Luka to the confluence (69,35 km long, available fall out of 62,0 m). Each hydro power plant evaluated individually on its economical viability for three alternative flow-capacities.

Technical Data Trn HPP Laktasi HPP Kosjerevo HPP Razboj HPP Average year discharge 116.32 cms 121.65 cms 125.29 cms 126.65 cms Installed discharge 160.0 cms Turbine 2 Vertical, Kaplan Power plant capacity 24.01 MW 16.18 MW 13.3 MW 16.87 MW Net head 17.45 m 11.76 m 12.34 m 12.26 m Average yearly production 139.90 GWh 95.2 GWh 102.0 GWh 102.1 GWh

MULTIPURPOSE WATER SCHEME

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Water Generation & Transmission, Sewage Treatment Systems Environmental Protection Oil & Gas Processing and Transport Telecommunication Networks and Systems Power Transmission Lines and Substations Thermal Power Plants Power Control Centers and SCADA Systems Engineering Design and Consultancy Services related to Projects in the fields of Energy, Water, Telecommunications and Environment

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Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and Contracting Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution MEP Installations and Industrial Solutions

High & low voltage transmission and distribution lines Rural distribution and transmission networks Medium and small generation plants Distribution Substations Transformer Stations Potable and waste water treatments Food processing Chemical industry Pharmaceutical industry Cigarette industry Textile industry Timber industry

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SLIDE 35

Civil Engineering and Construction Sewage and industrial hydraulic Underground structures Land reclamation Hydroelectric structures Roads Dams