United Nations/Iran workshop on Dust storm & Drought Monitoring Organized by The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs/ UN-SPIDER and Iranian Space Agency Tehran, Iran, 05-09 November 2016 Challenges and Policy about drought risk management in Iran Mehdi shafaghati Forest, Range and watershed management organization
Introduction: • Drought among the risks that occur in other countries can have devastating effects and imminent on the environment. One of the basic characteristics of each region's drought and climatic regimes may also be seen. • Drought phenomenon which is usually not preventable, but its consequences can be reduced with a comprehensive and scientific management perspective and manage. • One of the problems associated with drought, drought risk management. • Drought risk management refers to a systematic process of using administrative executive, organizational strategies and policies for protection and prevention and planning to mitigate the effects of land management and the environment and, ultimately, reduce side effects
• Rainfall variability of the climate issues is in Iran that its harmful effects in all areas of economic, social and even political security to be reflected. Among the issues arising from fluctuations in precipitation, drought, both in terms of severity and frequency of occurrence and in terms of spatial extent and amount of damage it brings, is more important. • A fundamental challenge in sustainable agricultural systems and optimal utilization of resources in this regard water as one of the most important factors of production in the agricultural sector, key mapping the factors limiting production. • Lack of water resources is one of the most important factor in resource constraints to agricultural development, increase agricultural productivity and food security and achieve sustainable development.
Iran: • Iran, with an area of 1648195 square kilometer and has an average rainfall of 250 mm climate is arid and semiarid. • This area has experienced several droughts during the past few years that drought is evident even in areas of high water and different parts of the country, particularly agriculture and natural resources is threatened. • The cost of economic, social, environmental and losses that can be attributed to the drought as a natural disaster unexpectedly is increasing.
The distribution of rainfall in the country 5
Drought: • The drought is the normal state of the climate that in addition to lack of rainfall, poor distribution of seasonal rainfall will exacerbate the harmful effects of drought so that the poor distribution of seasonal risks, including features that threatens agriculture and crops. • Uncontrolled and variable climatic factors are interrelated and accurate understanding of them and each with a different type of connection can be very effective in crops programmed.
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Programs and strategies to cope with drought Administrative procedures and to deal with the phenomenon of drought in the country that include: 1. Watershed Management: Watershed management is the comprehensive and all discrimination in the exploitation of water resources, soil and vegetation in the framework of sustainable development is one of the modern methods of harnessing soil and water conservation and runoff flood control and that makes the penetration of water underground.
• Watershed projects in the country is generally appropriate in order to achieve the following objectives: Fast and cost-effective managed flood with large losses caused by flood • Way Appropriate To Nutrition Fast Table Of Water underground And Interest • Productivity Optimized From Precipitation sky To provide a great platform for employment in various areas of environmental • Optimize the environment by reducing waste and desert areas of forest, • pasture and agriculture Inhibit the production centers in the field of natural sand dunes • • Providing comprehensive, coordinated and comprehensive effort to tackle the effects of climate
2. The implementation of the integrated management of water resources • One of the long-term goals of strategic management of the country, the balance between water demand and available water resources at the lowest cost possible. • To meet the needs of the increasing water demand in the country, the development of new water resources remains optimal utilization of water resources, wastewater reuse, desalination, brackish and increase the capacity of existing resources, consider water-saving strategies in the various economic and efficient development of new management methods can be named.
3- Underground Dam • The natural limitations of the water available in arid regions water resources below the surface of the water surface that is less subject to fluctuations than before highlights drought. • Use of underground dams and artificial reservoirs renewable way is by creating a table, in addition to small hydropower resources, enabling the extraction of groundwater resources, thereby enabling the possibility operation and optimal management of these resources construction
4. Reduce urban water demand In general, demand management, reducing the pressure in the municipal water network, water distribution system in the city, correction homes plumbing systems, the use of components and systems for reducing water consumption, water pricing and cost savings to municipal water training methods suitable for reducing water demand and consumption, which should be through legal means, technical, financial and public education awareness program and actively and consistently pursued .
5- Water Management ritualization Surface water and underground water resources are used. Limited water resources has led to saltwater and brackish water as well as wastewater treatment as well as water sources should be considered. Other sources of water, especially in water-scarce countries must be taken into account virtual water (Virtual Water) is. Virtual water is the water that lies not just real but virtual product and the amount of water that is needed for production
The risk of drought: There are several ways to deal with the risk that some of the most important for drought risk management include: - Risks - Risk-adjusted - Risk transfer
Drought risk management strategies: Education and awareness on drought risk management: • One of the ways to minimize risk, increase farmers' awareness of the scope and range of risk and familiarity with the ways of dealing with it. • In this regard learning as an effective lever that can increase human understanding with respect to various phenomena, is especially important. • Risk management training for agricultural producers provides a practical learning and their ability and their families in order to improve the management of agricultural risks. .
Crop insurance for drought risk management • Insurance is one of the ways of wisdom and in fact the most important method of risk transfer to third parties that it is ready to accept. Insurance financial mechanism aimed at reducing the amount of damage through the integration of a large number of unknown factors to divide and distribute the financial burden damage. • Crop insurance, effective tools to create policies and combines optimum sowing cultivation area of agricultural development, the development of new methods of crop and livestock farming, prevent irregular migration of villagers to cities and finally reaching the goals of the development of the agricultural sector is.
The use of indigenous knowledge on drought risk management • Another important strategies of risk management that looks very simple and easy to use experience for your benefit farmers. Agricultural beneficiaries have experimented over the years a beacon of light to guide decision-makers and planners to formulate agricultural development plans in the face of danger risk. • Our predecessors in dealing with issues of water scarcity and droughts, creativity and innovation applied to many fields such as invent a history that goes back three thousand years ago. • In the years that farmers facing drought forced to adopt methods such as the use of nylon cover rivers, planting of dry land farms, reducing the acreage of irrigated crops, construction of water storage ponds, the use of plastic mulch in vegetables, use of animal manure in farms and gardens, planting trees and drought-resistant plants, small watershed projects and planting low plants are expected to water.
Agricultural subsidy programs in drought risk management • Providing subsidies and methods in different countries vary in relation to the goods . methods basic subsidies are: Direct payments to farmers and landowners receive. Support that is associated with the storage and government purchases. Such as agricultural subsidies for crop insurance, disaster response, credit, marketing and irrigation water are provided. Subsidies granted in respect of exports. • In addition, the governments of rich countries to research and development in agriculture, improving agricultural and rural infrastructure and create some help
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