Mark Elder, IGES January 31, 2011 1. What is governance? 2. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Mark Elder, IGES January 31, 2011 1. What is governance? 2. Governance and climate change 3. Why is it difficult to reach a climate change agreement? 4. Broader thinking about governance 5. National level governance 6. Case study: The
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* UNEP, “Environmental Governance,” http: / / www.unep.org/ pdf/ brochures/ EnvironmentalGovernance.pdf
* * Adil Najam,Mihaela Papa and Nadaa Taiyab, Global Environmental Governance: A Reform Agenda, IISD 2006. http: / / www.iisd.org/ pdf/ 2006/ geg.pdf
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Governance -- also makes decisions Includes government “Governance” emphasizes actors other than government
Sometimes non-governmental actors can create a decision making mechanism (often voluntary) separate from (or in cooperation with) government Sometimes “wishful thinking” – hope to avoid governments
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International: “means between nations” Global “government” does not exist United Nations, Environmental Agreements,
No military, police force No power of taxation No power of sanctions
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GENERALLY WEAKENING
(Multinational corporations & NGOs)
power to local governments)
implementation
THEY STILL DETERMINE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
laws and regulations
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How ever,
Some people say global
Definitions: responsibility,
Main idea: someone should act on
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Accountable to whom?
Governments of countries (and their
Do countries’ citizens want their
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Main inter-governmental framework
Other climate frameworks, e.g. Asia Pacific
accounting for ½ global population, economy, energy
Other general frameworks
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Non-governmental actors also make agreements, frameworks, voluntary initiatives (mostly voluntary, membership-based)
subscribe to
Initiative)
negotiations
governments
stalled.
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Benefits are far in the future
Fear of costs
Worry about effects on economic and trade
goods/ services become more costly than others. For example, energy may become more expensive.)
May still be doubts about climate change science Who will pay?
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In their view, the problem was caused by
Economic development and poverty reduction is
Even other environmental problems are a higher
Worried about losing trade competitiveness if
Developed countries should make largest
Developed countries should pay for mitigation
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Developing countries must contribute to mitigation
everyone in the world (but developed country citizens do not want to give up their own)
Will not/ cannot pay even modest costs for developing countries
China: world’s 2nd largest economy, largest foreign exchange reserves
Worried about trade competitiveness/ unemployment. Developing countries already have a cost advantage.
May be using objections of developing countries to avoid doing something themselves (e.g. avoid an agreement)
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Slow decision making Many countries block or weaken
International agreements are often too
Lack of coordination; no one in charge
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Governance has
Coordination is
(Both within &
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(consultation), through formal mechanisms
decisions
represent people’s views (or don’t have information)
NGOs?
information doesn’t mean they will use it
choose leaders.
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representatives, etc.
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How do countries make decisions?
Who makes decisions?
What can countries make decisions
Energy, transport, agriculture, waste, etc.
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Fragmentation of decision making; several ministries involved
Affairs, Transport, Construction, Agriculture)
Bureaucratic sectionalism, jurisdictional conflict
Government capacity, human & financial resources
Who influences the policy?
Corruption?
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integrated into policies in other issue areas
important constraint, even if a country decides to increase priority to climate change actions
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In the US, a climate change agreement is
Implementation requires passing a law According to the constitution, a treaty
Laws require approval of President, House
Senate approval usually requires 60/ 100
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Democrats have a 53/ 47 majority;
Republicans are opposed to any
Some conservative Democrats are
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Do not believe that climate change exists, or that it is caused by humans
Ideology (anti-government, anti-envioronment)
Claim it would “kill jobs”
Political strength of oil, coal, other industries
Not very interested in energy efficiency or renewable energy
Believe that many voters are climate skeptics & don’t want to spend money
Complains that we have a “bureaucracy that now tells us which light bulbs to buy” Representative Michelle Bachman, (R) Minnesota, Tea Party Caucus
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Main focus: spread doubt about climate change
In US, top cabinet/ department officials are “political appointees” chosen by the President, not professional career officials.
All government documents related to climate change were reviewed. Top officials of all agencies insisted that scientific “uncertainty” should be emphasized in every document.
Some conservative news organizations like Fox News adopted similar policies
As a result, scientific doubts were also reported in mainstream media
Overall, the campaign was highly effective in spreading doubt among the general public about the seriousness of the climate change problem.
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Many businesses support some measures
More efficient to have global standards
Need regulatory stability to make long term
investments
Climate related weather disasters will be costly
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If Congress doesn’t act, then the EPA will act. US Supreme Court ruled that the
Congress & President delegated regulatory
it needs to be cautious
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President Obama is giving up on climate change/
Priority is on economic recovery
harmful (“job killing”)
Democrat majority in the Senate was reduced,
President’s Coordinator for Climate and Energy
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Compliance: Monitoring, public information
Can bring public pressure on governments
Agree to voluntary measures
Not mandatory, no enforcement
Agree to do something in principle
But not committed to specific actions
Monitoring the problem
Evidence for seriousness of the problem
Agenda Setting
Governments recognize there is a problem
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Try to delay action, lose momentum, reduce costs Way of thinking of
Problem may not be serious. Concern about cost of monitoring, methodology Problem is complex. Solutions unclear, difficult, costly. Delay more. Don’t want to be penalized or criticized for not doing enough. Try to delay, avoid costs. Might restrict funds for monitoring & public information. Public might not watch closely.
Basic idea: how to bypass national
Action by Non-state actors, NGOs Multilevel governance Participatory governance
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Stern Report: Costs of action
Energy efficiency is profitable
Renewable energy increases
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China (unilateral measures)
globally competitive auto industry
Walmart
package redesign, etc.)
Other countries, businesses are also already
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renewable energy
Mechanism)
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Level?
By whom?
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