sustainability of maritime transport Regulation - from a reactive - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Environmental sustainability of maritime transport

Regulation - from a reactive approach to early proactivity

• Air pollution (combustion

and tanks)

• Marine pollution

(hydrocarbons and

• thers)
• Waste dumping
• Release of toxins by

paints

• Migration of aquatic
• rganisms
• Shipwrecks and / or

cargo losses

• Noise and collision with

marine mammals

• MARPOL
• AFS
• BWM
• Recycling of ships
• OPRC
• INTERVENTION
• LC

Environmental impacts and Regulation

MARPOL

Torrey Cany nyon

• n 1967

67 Amoco

• co Cadiz

iz 1978 78

Built in 1959 in the United States and later modified (increased from 60K to 120K Dw) Spillage of 117000 m3 (almost the entire cargo) Grounded and holed in 6 tanks The spill reached the shores of the UK and France Built in 1974 Carrying 227K tons Grounded on the coast of Brittany (16 March 1978) Spilled all of the cargo, reaching about 360 Kms of coast

MARPOL Implemention

Implentation:

• 1967 Torrey Canyon
• 1973-1978 Amoco cadiz et al.
• MARPOL ’73 and the Protocol ‘78
• MARPOL enters into force in October 1983
• Portugal joined in July 1987
• Annex I and II – 1983
• Annex III – 1992
• Annex V – 1988
• Annex IV – 2003
• Annex VI – 2005

MARPOL Structure

• Annex I - Regulations for the prevention of oil pollution;
• Annex II - Rules for control of pollution by noxious liquid

substances carried in bulk;

• Annex III - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by

harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, containers, portable tanks, tank trucks and rail tanks;

• Annex IV - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by

sewage from ships;

• Annex V - Regulations for the prevention of pollution by

garbage from ships;

• Annex VI - Regulations for the prevention of air pollution

from ships

Contribution from ship emissions to air quality in Europe (PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1)

Mar Viana , Pieter Hammingh , Augustin Colette , Xavier Querol , Bart Degraeuwe , Ina de Vlieger , John van Aarde... “Impact of maritime transport emissions

• n coastal air quality in Europe”

Atmospheric Environment, Volume 90, 2014, 96 - 105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2014.03.046

Mar Viana , Pieter Hammingh , Augustin Colette , Xavier Querol , Bart Degraeuwe , Ina de Vlieger , John van Aarde... Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe Atmospheric Environment, Volume 90, 2014, 96 - 105

Contribution from ship emissions to air quality in Europe (Nox and SOx )

Sulphur Oxide Emissions

Regulamention SOx 2010 2012 2015 2020 or 2025 IMO – Global (except passenger ships) 4.5% 3.5% 0.5% IMO – ECA – SECA (EU) 1.5% 1.0% (a partir de 01.07.2010) 0.1% European ports 0.1% California (< 24 nm) 1.5% (MGO) 0.5% (MDO) 0.1% Residuals Distillates

• Directive 2012/33/EU.
• From 2020, the limit advances to 0.5% in Europe, regardless of IMO 2018 valuation.

Areas with emission control (Sox Nox and Pt)

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS, 2001(2008(1))

The Problem: lem:

• Algae and

mollusks in the submerged hull

• Use of paints with

biocidal substances

• Some national

solutions are not standardized or certified

Regula ulation ion 782/20 /2003 03 and and 536/200 6/2008:

• Phasing out the use of

biocides

• Rules for removal of

paint already applied

• Compulsive removal

with the possibility of provisional sealing

• Ban on future use of

substances with potential biocide effect

• Hull paint certification

International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments

Ob Object ectiv ives es/impl /implica ications tions

• Reduce / eliminate

the transfer of harmful or pathogenic

• rganisms through

the management and control of ballast water and sediments

• Port infrastructure

needs to receive sediment from the ballast

Aliens ens!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!

BWM Convention

• D1 “ballast water

exchange standard”

• D2 “ballast water

performance standard”

• Need to Certify the

System and document all

• perations

BWM Convention

Implementation difficulties:

• Not entered into

force yet (has the necessary number of ratifications but not the Tonnage)

• D1 not feasible in

SSS – MoS

• High investments in

untreated ballast reception infrastructure

Source: EMSA

International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships

Initial itial recycling ling proce

• cesses

ses:

• Beaching
• Slipway
• Berth
• Dry-dock

Impact pact:

• Maritime pollution
• Spill Control
• Local

contamination

• High cost

“First and foremost, I urge the owners of

the yards to comply with the existing labour and social security legislation, and

• n the Government to monitor its

effective implementation”, he added. Training opportunities need to be improved, and personal protective equipments (PPEs) should be provided to, and used by, all workers in the yards. Medical facilities do not possess sufficient human, technical and financial resources to provide any treatment other than first aid for minor injuries, and there are no schools or formal education facilities for the children of those employed in the yards, 20 per cent of whom are accompanied by their families” Okechukwu Ibeanu

Hong Kong Convention

• Ensure that ship recycling is not a danger to the

security / the human health or the environment

• It addresses the design, construction, operation of

ships and the preparation for the recycling process

• Provides for the existence of hazardous materials
• n board as asbestos, heavy metals, hydrocarbons
• r that deplete the ozone layer
• Mandatory certification of recycling facilities
• Difficulty in defining when to apply Reg. 1013/2006

(waste transportation)

• Ratification according to the criteria of number of

states (15), GT (40%) with 3% GT recycled in the last 10 years

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation

• notification procedures

relating to pollution incidents by hydrocarbons

• measures to be taken

against an incoming report regarding a pollution incident by those products

• national and regional

systems for preparedness and combat of pollution incidents

• involves commercial

aviation

• international cooperation

in the fight against pollution, research and development to improve existing techniques for preventing and combating pollution incidents

• technical cooperation

and promotion of bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the preparation and combat

• f such incidents
• HNS Protocol

OPRC Convention

• Clean Sea Plan
• Atomized and

hierarchical responsibility

• Port authorities in

the first line of response

• There are 4 degrees
• f severity of

accidents

• A higher severity

level also implies an higher decision- making authority level

OPRC Convention

Infor

• rm

m neigh ghbor boring ing states tes from

• m spills

ls that t may affect ect them em

Provid vide e assistanc istance e if requeste ested by the e oth ther r party

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 Contr ntrac acting ting Partie ies s to the e LC and LP 1996 96 Rever erse e list LP 1996 96

• Dredged materials
• Sludge from purifying plants
• Fish and / or materials

resulting from fish processing

• Ships and platforms or other

marine constructions

• Inert inorganic geological

materials

• Organic materials of natural
• rigin
• Objects generated in isolated

instalations (as small islands) without possibility of other forms of disposal

LC Convention and LP Protocol

• Since 2007, it is possible to deposit

CO2 in the seabed.

• It also provides for experiences with

marine fertilizers (iron).

• http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/featur

e/fertilizing-the-ocean-with-iron

International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties 1969

• Possibility of intervention on the high

seas in cases of pollution threatening the coast

• Prior to the United Nations Conventions
• f maritime law

Liner perspective: Maersk Maersk Line’s reduction target is 60% less CO2 emitted per container moved by 2020 (2007 baseline).

Calculate the energy efficiency

• f the ship
• http://www.shippingefficiency.org

MLC 2006 SOLAS STCW MARPOL

Convention Structure

31 Rules and Standards

Title 1 Title 2 Title 3 Title 4 Title 5 Admission requirements Work conditions Accommodation and meals Health and Social Security Implementation

 Minimum age  Medical certificate  Training and qualification  Recruitment and placement  Employment contract  Wages  Hours of work and rest  Holiday  Repatriation  Capacity  Compensation for sinking  Careers  Accommodati

• n and leisure

 Food and table service  Medical care  Liability of shipowners  Protection of health, safety and accident prevention.  Access to

• nshore

facilities  Social Security  Country of registration responsibility  Recognized organizations  Inspection and enforcement  Procedure for onboard complaints  Responsibility of the Port State  Handling complaints on land  State of residence responsibility

MLC 2006- Content

• Articles
• Rules
• Code (rules and guidelines)
• Articles and Rules set out the

fundamental rights and principles and the basic obligations of Members which have ratified the Convention

• The Code indicates how to apply the

Rules

Fundamental principles of MLC2006

• freedom of association and the

effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;

• the elimination of all forms of forced or

compulsory labor;

• the effective abolition of child labor;
• the elimination of discrimination

regarding employment and occupation.

Operationalization of the MLC

Each Contracting State shall intervene in the implementation and verification on three levels:

• As country of registration
• As the port State
• As the State of residence

MLC 2006

• Brings together and updates 68

Regulatory instruments (37 Conventions and 31 Recommendations)

• Previous conventions were too

detailed which hindered their implementation

• The level of ratifications was

relatively low

MLC 2006

• Introduces the concept of fair

competition conditions (level playing field)

• Eliminates the possibility of

"flagging out" for a more favorable flag

MLC 2006 - Stakeholders

MLC 2006

Member States Competent Authority Port State Control Country of Registration Ship / Maritime Recognized Organization Shipowner State of Residence

MLC 2006

• Access to a free system

for finding employment

• n board.
• Certification of

recruitment agencies.

• Contract reduced to

writing

• Mandatory paid leave
• Access to a complaints

system (whistleblowing)

• Regulatory Needs - State
• Certification Needs -

State or recognized

• rganization

Initiatives for sustainability

SSI – 3 3 Chal allen lenges es:

Navigating a time

• f economic

change. Increasing scrutiny and increased expectations. The future of energy and climate change

• New routes / markets
• Anticipating and

phasing regulation

• Participate in closed

circles.

• Performance as

collateral

• Collaboration with
• ther players in the

logistics chain

Innovations for sustainability

Electric ctric propu pulsi lsion

• n ferry

ry Tugboa boat - hybrid rid

Innovations for sustainability

Reduction duction of the e fricional icional resistance sistance Ship without hout ballast last

• Bulk carrier without

ballast

Innovations for sustainability

Soft t sail Soft t sail

Innovations for sustainability