Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources FOSSIL FUEL: - oil - - PDF document

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Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources FOSSIL FUEL: - oil - - PDF document

Mar 02, 2024 196 likes •321 views

Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources FOSSIL FUEL: - oil Burnable material of organic matter - natural gas (by-product) that was formed a long time ago. - coal music: Baka Beyond from Senegal ENERGY CONSUMPTION: NON-RENEWABLE

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

  • oil
  • natural gas (by-product)
  • coal

FOSSIL FUEL: Burnable material of organic matter that was formed a long time ago. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE: takes a long time to form with resp. to human life-time ENERGY CONSUMPTION: 85% comes from fossil fuels 53% from oil and gas Last discussion sessions: today/tomorrow pick up HWs! unclaimed HW6 will be destroyed Friday

music: Baka Beyond from Senegal

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Easter Island: Human Impact or Natural Climate Change?

  • one of most remote islands on planet
  • subtropical rainforest climate
  • first settled by Polynesians in 400AD
  • used trees for boats, houses, fire
  • population thrived and increased
  • building moais (trees for transport)

Moais

  • lush forest with palm trees
  • 800AD first signs of decline

Pollen Analysis

  • porpoises,fish

Waste Disposal Piles

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

  • one of most remote islands on planet
  • (sub)tropical rainforest climate
  • first settled by Polynesians in 400AD
  • used trees for boats, houses, fire
  • population thrived and increased
  • building moais (trees for transport)
  • 10,000 by 1400AD

Moais

  • lush forest with palm trees
  • 800AD first signs of decline
  • last tree gone by 1400AD

Pollen Analysis

  • porpoises, fish
  • shellfish, snails, bird eggs

Waste Disposal Piles

Easter Island: Human Impact or Natural Climate Change?

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

  • one of most remote islands on planet
  • (sub)tropical rainforest climate
  • first settled by Polynesians in 400AD
  • used trees for boats, houses, fire
  • population thrived and increased
  • building moais (trees for transport)
  • 10,000 by 1400AD
  • crop failures (yam, banana)

Moais

  • lush forest with palm trees
  • 800AD first signs of decline
  • last tree gone by 1400AD
  • soil erosion; rats ate seeds

Pollen Analysis

  • porpoises,fish
  • shellfish, snails, bird eggs
  • rats, insects

Waste Disposal Piles

Easter Island: Human Impact or Natural Climate Change?

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

  • one of most remote islands on planet
  • (sub)tropical rainforest climate
  • first settled by Polynesians in 400AD
  • used trees for boats, houses, fire
  • population thrived and increased
  • building moais (trees for transport)
  • 10,000 by 1400AD
  • crop failures (yam, banana)
  • 1722: 2000 people lived caves, warfare

Moais

  • lush forest with palm trees
  • 800AD first signs of decline
  • last tree gone by 1400AD
  • soil erosion; rats ate seeds
  • desolation

Pollen Analysis

  • porpoises,fish
  • shellfish, snails, bird eggs
  • rats, insects
  • cannibalism

Waste Disposal Piles

Easter Island: Human Impact or Natural Climate Change?

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

metallic non-metallic

Mineral Resources

  • building stone (e.g. sandstone)
  • gravel and sand
  • gypsum for drywalls
  • phosphate and others for fertilizer
  • salt

Native metal: naturally occurring metal Metal ores: metal in a rock or chemical compound

e.g. copper, gold, silver e.g. iron, aluminium

  • deposits through long, special processes
  • extraction expensive, complicated, toxic

mineral resources are non-renewable

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

The Dependence on Importing Minerals

strategic metals: Manganese (95%); Cobalt (95%); Chromium (100%); Platinum (95%)

  • ther raw materials 100% import: arsenic trioxide, bauxite, bismuth, graphite,

strontium, thallium, thorium, gemstones (99%)

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Lifetimes (in Years) of Ore Supplies

MINERAL RESOURCES ARE NON-RENEWABLE!

Source: “Earth, Portrait of a Planet” by Marshak -2003 2013 Sverdrup et al.

Silver: worldwide - exhausted by 2240

2018 Mohr et al.

peak production Lead: 2025 Zinc: 2031

“lead supplies will decline slowly post-peak due to recycling”

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Waste of Resources

! Cu wasted in landfills instead

  • f recycled

! increasing price of Cu may lead to more recycling? ! new threat: Cu thieves

Data: World Watch Institute

Two of the most environmentally damaging metals mined

! use Hg to extract Au ! 30% of Au locked away ! only 25% unmined

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

China’s Rare Earth Production

Mining produces toxins and radioactivity Can lead to economical and political turmoil

Rare earths: plentiful in Earth’s crust but not in economically exploitable form

Source: USGS

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Cell Phones/Tablets/Laptops: Why should we REUSE?

  • contain rare ore called coltan from central Africa
  • increased mining destroys gorilla habitats
  • sadly, wildlife reserves suffer most

(illegal mining)

  • contain hazardous chemicals,

e.g. arsenic, antimony, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc

  • Eco-Cell recycles/reuses cell phones

(just drop at S.D. Zoo entrance and Birch Aquarium at Scripps; Home Depot) coltan: columbite-tantalite

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Recycling

Fraction of recycled metals:

  • Au (45%)
  • Pt (45%)
  • Al (45%)
  • Pb (73%)
  • Cu (60%)
  • Fe (56%)
  • recycled material increased
  • primary metals have not

decreased!!

  • >WE MUST RECYCLE MORE!

e-waste VERY problematic!! more recent numbers difficult to come by! U.S.

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Metal Recycling – U.S.

recycling is NOT increasing!

Source: A. Mateus, Univ. Lisbon, Portugal

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

! glass and Al relatively easy to recycle ! recycling uses less energy than mining BIRCH AQUARIUM (2011 vanished since then):

  • every 2 months, Americans throw away enough aluminum to build our

entire commercial air fleet

  • average American generates 4.4 pounds of waste per day;

100,000 pounds by age 65

  • over the next 10 years, Americans will throw away 26 Mio tons of

recyclable waste (Al, glass, office paper, newspapers)

  • >WE MUST RECYCLE MORE!
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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Recycling – Benefits (2015)

Material Energy saving Air Pollution savings Aluminium 95% 95% Cardboard 24% Glass 5-30% 20% Paper 40% 73% Plastics 70% Steel 60%

source: wikipedia

paper recycling no longer lucrative USGS 2003: Al recovered from scrap has decreased from 2000

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

! CRV California Redemption Value Recycling Center by VONS, Regents Rd … a looong time ago….

Robert, Terry and Mack some recycling has ugly side-effects: e.g. commercial out-of-state recyclers exploit high CA CRV

folks working here are paid below-minimum wage Switzerland has NO CRV on glass/plastic!! They STILL bring bottles back!

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

10/25/18 local recycling becomes less profitable

  • > decline

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

U.S. recycles less!!

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

! sorting recyclable material (labor/machine costs)

vs trash can at German train station

! trash separation

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Light Bulbs

! more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs ! contain mercury; cannot go to dump ! city slow to take them back ! Home Depot? – not anymore!

Photo: Dennis Brown, wikipedia Photo: Christian Taube, wikipedia

incandescent fluorescent and CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamp)

Photo: wikipedia Photo: wikipedia

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

Light Bulbs

LEDs!

  • currently expensive
  • but last longer!

Photo: wikipedia

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

! 84% of petroleum is used to make fuel ! petroleum is a non-renewable resource ! plastics are not biodegradable ! plastics are hard to recycle ! only small fraction (3.5%) is recycled

Plastics – Made from Petroleum!

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SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

! plastics are hard to recycle ! only small fraction (3.5%) is recycled ! complex composition/coding confusing

THE BAD NEWS: Plastic is Made from Petroleum

* more flammable than cotton * added fire retardant toxic? + more available than cotton + softer + doesn’t cling when sweating CLOTHING – all plastic Nylon Polyester Acrylic microfiber

SIO15-18 Lecture 26: Anthropogenic Changes: Resources

  • global energy demand doubled in last 30 years
  • hydrocarbons now account for > 50% world’s energy production
  • fossil fuels account for nearly 85%
  • cheap oil reserves exhausted within 50 years (US: 20 years)
  • “cleaner” gas reserves probably within 100 years (US: 35 yrs)
  • coal reserves probably within 300 years (US: 300 yrs)

burning fossil fuels

  • pollutes environment
  • accelerates greenhouse effects

burning coal

  • causes acid rain
  • releases mercury

fossil fuels are non-renewable

NUCLEAR POWER:

  • long-term storage of used fuel rods

(half-life of some material 25,000 yrs)

  • accidents/earthquakes
  • Pu production and civil security

Fossil Fuels - Summary

RENEWABLE ENERGIES:

  • hydroelectric
  • geothermal
  • wind
  • solar