Individuals as Source of Social Order Marx The Problem How do - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Individuals as Source of Social Order Marx The Problem How do - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 15, 2023 215 likes •570 views

Individuals as Source of Social Order Marx The Problem How do humans achieve predictability (COORDINATION) overcome urge to self-serve (COOPERATION) In other words: what mechanisms lead to coordination and

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Individuals as Source of Social Order

Marx

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The Problem

  • How do humans…

– …achieve predictability (COORDINATION) – …overcome urge to self-serve (COOPERATION)

  • In other words: “what mechanisms lead to

coordination and cooperation?”

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Ants Do It

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Slime Molds Do It

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Wolves Do It

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How Do They Cooperate and Coordinate?

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Communication

  • Requires common understanding and belief

– About things – About others – About concepts – About symbols

  • With shared meanings we can interpret

actions as meaningful, communicate intent, settle on abstract agreements, empathize

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Shared Social Meanings

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But Where Do Those Come From?

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Time Line

Karl Marx 1818-1873 George Herber Mead 1863–1931 Ludwick Fleck 1896 – 1961 Émile Durkheim 1858-1917 Dov Cohen contemporary Joe Vandello contemporary 1850 1900 1950

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Karl Marx and Social Theory

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Karl Marx’s Birthplace Trier, Germany

1818- 1873

Karl Marx’s Grave Highgate Cemetery London, England

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Engels’ “Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx”

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fkdsNwQrwRY/T2KcIlZVSuI/AAAAAAAAIo8/C6cI8DEiAv8/s1600/Engels.jpg

“On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep -- but for ever.” “Just as Darwin discovered the law of development or organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first

  • f all eat, drink, have shelter and

clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; “that therefore the production of the immediate material means, and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch, form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.

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Biography cont’d

  • Father was successful lawyer
  • Grew up as assimilated Jew, baptized

Protestant

  • Classical Gymnasium
  • Studied law at Bonn and Berlin
  • 1841 (age 23) Ph.D. on Pre-Socratic Greek

philosophers

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Biography cont’d

  • Radical activities at university kept him from

becoming a professor

  • Started career as journalist/editor
  • Chased out of Germany 1843, then out of

France and Belgium. Ends up settling in London

  • Meets Engels 1844. They work together for

rest of their lives.

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Influences

  • German Philosophy
  • English Economics
  • French History

Aron (1968, 178):

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What does Marx take from Hegel?

  • Unity of succession of societies
  • Stages of humankind
  • Idea that “history hangs together”
  • Connection of consciousness and history

– that there is a “spirit of the times”

  • Dialectical thinking
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How does Marx depart from Hegel?

  • troubled by Hegel’s approach as “all ideas”

– how do we find it in PRACTICE?

  • For Hegel

– THOUGHT as subject, EXISTENCE as predicate.

  • Feuerbach offered alternative:

– HUMAN as subject and THOUGHT as predicate

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The Dialectic

Thesis Antithesis Synthesis (Thesis) Antithesis Synthesis (Thesis) Antithesis Synthesis

Figure 2. After http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/marx.html

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Hegel’s Dialectic vs. Marx’s

  • Marx’s is about battles between classes

Feudal Lords Serfs & Peasants City Life Guilds Entrepreneurs Proletariat Classless Society

Figure 3. After http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/marx.html

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Hegel vs. Marx Idealism v. Materialism

  • Idealism: ideas/concepts first, actual material

conditions of the world follow

  • Materialism: real conditions of real people

come first, ideas/concepts come later.

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Marx

  • What is Marx trying to explain?
  • Shared meaning: consciousness/ideology
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Marx: Cause

  • Humans differ from animals

– they produce their means of life

  • What individuals are derives from

– what they produce – how they produce it

  • The production of ideas and concepts flows

from man’s material activity and commerce

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THUS Marx: Cause

  • Cause: The mode of production

– What we produce and how we produce it

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Marx: Causal Relation

  • Mode of Production  Ideology
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Ideology

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Marx: Mechanisms/Assumptions

  • People are malleable

– Not innately “good” or “evil” – Rather, we change depending on our material world

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Marx: Draw the theory

Mode of Production Ideology

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Marx: How do we know if the theory has merit?

  • Look at the empirical world
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Empirical implications

  • Ideals of sharing should be more pronounced in

societies dominated by big game hunters than in those dominated by gatherers of salmon and berries

  • Groups that participate in the global economy ought

to see things differently than those that engage primarily in subsistence agriculture (see work by the Norms and

Preferences Network)