Impact of Meteorological Impact of Meteorological A Anomalies on - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

Impact of Meteorological Impact of Meteorological A li F t A li F t Anomalies on Forest Anomalies on Forest Productivity in East Asia Productivity in East Asia Productivity in East Asia Productivity in East Asia

Nobuko Saigusa

National Institute for Environmental Studies (AsiaFlux Tsukuba Office) Tsukuba, Japan

SLIDE 2

a regional network in FLUXNET

Contents

a regional network in FLUXNET for monitoring CO2, H2O, and energy exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere

• 1. Potential of integrative use of AsiaFlux
• bservation network
• 2. Impact of meteorological anomalies on

p g gross primary productivity in East Asia

SLIDE 3

AsiaFlux: a regional network in FLUXNET

http://www asiaflux net/

O i ti

http://www.asiaflux.net/

Organization

 Chair: J Kim (Korea)  Vise chairs: A Miyata (Japan)

Sit i A i

 Vise-chairs: A Miyata (Japan) Y Guirui (China)  No. of registered sites: 77  National (regional) networks:

Sites in Asia

 National (regional) networks:

ChinaFlux, JapanFlux, KoFlux, TaiwanFlux, ThaiFlux, (India),… ( )

Activities

 Workshop Training course  Workshop, Training course  Educational materials  Web site, Mailing list

Sites in Japan

Web site, Mailing list  Database  Newsletter (4 issues/year)

p Sites in SE Asia

SLIDE 4

AsiaFlux Database

http://www asiaflux net http://www.asiaflux.net /datapolicy.html  Started in 2007  23 sites, 89 site-year data

Location of sites

SLIDE 5

JapanFlux: a national network in AsiaFlux

JapanFlux, JaLTER, JAXA & JAMSTEC select several common sites to share data and technical skills for advanced multi scale long term and consistent advanced multi-scale, long-term, and consistent ecosystem observations on the ground and from space.

(Oct. 2008)

Japan Aerospace Exploration Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japan Long-Term Ecological Research

Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM)

SLIDE 6

Long-term monitoring of energy, water vapor, CO2 fluxes by

2000

光の強さ

1 )

2000

光の強さ

1 )

p

2

y micrometeorological method

Diurnal variation

PPFD (li ht)

500 1000 1500

5 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 5 8

光の強さ

( μmol m-2 s-

昼 夜 昼 夜 昼

岐阜県の 森林の例

500 1000 1500

5 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 5 8

光の強さ

( μmol m-2 s-

昼 夜 昼 夜 昼

岐阜県の 森林の例

40 60

m-2 d-1)

1994-2003年の平均

光の強さ 岐阜県

40 60

m-2 d-1)

1994-2003年の平均

光の強さ 岐阜県

Seasonal variation

10-year average (1994-2003) PPFD PPFD (light)

• 500

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

20 40 60

二酸化炭素吸収量

吸収

l m-2 s-1 ) (

昼 夜 昼 夜 昼

• 500

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

20 40 60

二酸化炭素吸収量

吸収

l m-2 s-1 ) (

昼 夜 昼 夜 昼

6

)

20

PA R (mol m

二酸化炭素吸収量 岐阜県 森林の

6

)

20

PA R (mol m

二酸化炭素吸収量 岐阜県 森林の

CO2 uptake CO2 uptake uptake

• 20

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

2002年7月6日 7月7日 7月8日 放出

( μmo

• 20

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

2002年7月6日 7月7日 7月8日 放出

( μmo

2 2 4

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

N EP ( gC m

• 2 d
• 1

酸化炭素吸収量

吸収 放出

2 2 4

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

N EP ( gC m

• 2 d
• 1

酸化炭素吸収量

吸収 放出

I t l i ti

CO2 uptake

6 7 8 Jul. 2002

release uptake release

• 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 月 放出

• 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 月 放出

1000

gC m-2)

Gross primary production E

Inter-annual variation

(Month)

budget

yr-1)

500

間炭素収支 (g

Ecosystem respiration Net ecosystem O f

Annual C-b

(gC m-2 y

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

年間

Net ecosystem production (net C-uptake)

(Year) Saigusa, et al. (2002, 2005) Agric For Meteorol

Birch-Oak forest (Takayama)

SLIDE 7

Ground-based ecological research

Japan Long-Term Ecological Research

Tree census

g

Ecological Research

C t t

Spatial distribution of dominant tress in 1 ha plot Vertical profile of L f A

Canopy structure

Sakai et al.

in 1-ha plot Leaf Area

(Takayama)

Sakai et al. (2005) Ecol Res

( y )

Leaf- & canopy-scale photosynthesis

Spatial distribution of Gross Primary Production

Canopy trees Forest floor

Leaf- & canopy-scale photosynthesis

Muraoka & Koizumi (2005) Agric For Meteorol Sakai et al. (2005) Ecol Res Muraoka et al. (2010) J Plant Res

SLIDE 8

Verification of net C-uptake by comparison between micromet- & biometric-methods

Year-to-year change in C-budget components

Micromet Biometric

g p

net C-uptake

10

1 )

1999 2002

Seasonal pattern of net C-uptake

5

(gC m-2 d-1

2002

Birch-Oak forest (Takayama)

5

NEP (

Micromet-method

• 5

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of Year

Ohtsuka, Saigusa, Koizumi (2009) Global Change Biol

SLIDE 9

Long-term monitoring of phenology and spectral reflectance p gy p

Advanced lid ti f validation for satellite remote sensing

Phenological Eyes Network (PEN)

http://pen.agbi.tsukuba.ac.jp

se s g

Enhanced Vegetation Index observed by spectral radiometers

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Day of year Nagai et al. (2010) Agric For Meteorol

SLIDE 10

Monitoring of C-budget after artificial and natural disturbances at three larch forests

Teshio

Clear-cut & plantation in 2003

(Hokkaido Univ., NIES, Hokkaido Electric P C I ) Power Co., Inc.)

Tomakomai M t l h 2000 2004 Mature larch 2000～2004

Hokkaido Hokkaido F ji Fuji

Global Environmental Global Environmental Monitoring (NIES) Monitoring (NIES)

Fuji-Hokuroku Mature larch 2006～

SLIDE 11

Monitoring of C-budget after artificial and natural disturbances at three larch forests

Teshio

Clear-cut & plantation in 2003

(Hokkaido Univ., NIES, Hokkaido Electric P C I ) Power Co., Inc.)

Tomakomai Typhoon

• Sep. 2004

Hokkaido

Tomakomai

Hokkaido F ji Fuji

Global Environmental Global Environmental Monitoring (NIES) Monitoring (NIES)

Fuji-Hokuroku Mature larch 2006～

SLIDE 12

Monitoring of C-budget after artificial and natural disturbances at three larch forests

Naturally regrowing Teshio

Clear-cut & plantation in 2003

(Hokkaido Univ., NIES, Hokkaido Electric P C I ) Power Co., Inc.)

T k i 2005

Hokkaido

Tomakomai 2005～

Hokkaido F ji

Fuji-Hokuroku Mature larch 2006～

Fuji

Global Environmental Global Environmental Monitoring (NIES) Monitoring (NIES)

SLIDE 13

Monitoring of C-budget after artificial and natural disturbances at three larch forests

20 20

Fuji-Hokuroku Tomakomai

up

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

5 10 15

m

• 2d-1

GPP RE NEP

5 10 15 20

m

• 2 d-1

GPP RE NEP

ptake

Hirata et al. (2007) Agic For Meteorol

Mature larch forest

15

• 10
• 5

gC m

• 10
• 5

gC m

• rele

larch forest

15 20

GPP RE

• 15

2000/1 2001/1 2002/1 2003/1 2004/1

• 15

Teshio

2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

ease GPP (total photo

Takagi et al. (2009) Global Change Biol

5 10 15

gC m

• 2 d-1

RE NEP

photo- synthesis) NEP (net C-uptake)

Global Change Biol

• 15
• 10
• 5

g

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

RE (total respiration)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mature mixed forest Young larch forest

Clear-cut Plantation

SLIDE 14

Networking terrestrial observations Monitoring ecosystem changes

Energy, water, CO2 budget

FLUXNET

Long Term Ecological Research

ILTER

Aerosol, Cloud, Radiation SKYNET

Monitoring ecosystem changes

FLUXNET ILTER

SKYNET

AsiaFlux s a u

http://atmos.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp/

PEN 国際長期生態学研究 東アジア太平洋 East Asia Pacific

ILTER-EAP

PEN Sites

TFS Terrestrial Environment Takayama 高山 MODIS 8

• day composite

Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Tomakomai 苫小牧* (NIES) Sugadaira 菅平 (Univ. Tsukuba) Grassland

PEN Sites

TFS Terrestrial Environment Takayama 高山 MODIS 8

• day composite

Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Tomakomai 苫小牧* (NIES) Sugadaira 菅平 (Univ. Tsukuba) Grassland

Phenological Eyes Network

JapanFlux

東アジア太平洋

ILTER-EAP JaLTER

Monitoring sites 1000 (MOE, Japan)

• ILTER EAP

TGF MSE Research Center (Univ. of Tsukuba) Grassland Mase 真瀬 (NIAES) Rice Paddy Field FJH SGD KEW RHN y 高 (Gifu Univ. & AIST) Deciduous Broadleaf Forest TKY

JAPAN

Kiryu 桐生 (Kyoto Univ.) Research Institute for Humanity and Nature * Urban Fuji Hokuroku 富士北麓 (NIES) TGF MSE Research Center (Univ. of Tsukuba) Grassland Mase 真瀬 (NIAES) Rice Paddy Field FJH SGD KEW RHN y 高 (Gifu Univ. & AIST) Deciduous Broadleaf Forest TKY

JAPAN

Kiryu 桐生 (Kyoto Univ.) Research Institute for Humanity and Nature * Urban Fuji Hokuroku 富士北麓 (NIES) Most of the PEN sites are located at the AsiaFlux sites. AsiaFlux is a monitoring network of carbon, water and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. * TFS and RHN stopped operation in September, 2004 and February 2006, respectively. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Most of the PEN sites are located at the AsiaFlux sites. AsiaFlux is a monitoring network of carbon, water and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. * TFS and RHN stopped operation in September, 2004 and February 2006, respectively. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Deciduous Needleleaf Forest

http://pen.agbi.tsukuba.ac.jp/

SLIDE 15

Contents

• 1. Potential of integrative use of AsiaFlux

b ti t k

• bservation network

2 I f l i l li

• 2. Impact of meteorological anomalies on

gross primary productivity in East Asia g y y

SLIDE 16

M thl GPP

M thl GPP (T t l Ph t th i )

Static pattern: C-budget in Asian forests

Monthly GPP

Unit ( tC ha-1 month-1 )

Sub arctic – temperate deciduous coniferous

Monthly GPP (Total Photosynthesis)

forest Temperate deciduous broadleav ed/ mixed forest

80oE

forest Tropical evergreen broadleav ed forest Temperate evergreen coniferous forest

80oE

Monthly NEP (Net C Uptake) Comparison between Micromet & Biometric NEP

2 3 4 5

a-1 y-1)

2 3 4 5

NEPM-NEPB

C uptake

• 1

1 2

NEP (tC ha

• 1

1 2

Annual net Saigusa, et al. (2008) Agric For Meteorol. Hirata et al. (2008) Agric For Meteorol.

TUR TMK TKY FJY SKR PSO

• 2

M B M B M B M B M B M B

• 2

Sub-arctic Temperate Tropical A

SLIDE 17

Static pattern: C-budget in Asian forests

30 40 ha-1 年-1) 30 40

• 1 年-1)

year-1) ar-1)

RE (total respiration) GPP (total photo- synthesis)

20 総生産量 (tC h 20 呼吸量 (tC ha-

P (tC ha-1 y (tC ha-1 ye

( p ) synthesis)

tropical

10 10 20 30 10 光合成総 10 10 20 30 10 生態系呼

GP RE

temperate boreal

6 8 ear-1) (c)

• 10

10 20 30 年平均気温 (°C)

• 10

10 20 30 年平均気温 (°C)

Annual air temp (oC) Annual air temp (oC) )

2 4 6 量 (tC ha-1 ye (c) 落葉針葉樹林（カラマツ） 落葉広葉樹林

Deciduous coniferous (Larch) forest Deciduous broadleaved forest ha-1 year-1)

uptake

• 6
• 4
• 2

酸化炭素吸収 針広混合林 常緑針葉樹林 熱帯林 熱帯泥炭林 熱帯林（火災跡）

Mixed forest Evergreen coniferous forest Tropical forest Tropical peat swamp forest (drained) Tropical forest (regenerated) NEP (tC

NEP ( t C t k ) release

• 10

10 20 30

• 8

年平均気温 (°C) 二酸 熱帯林（火災跡）

Tropical forest (regenerated) Annual air temp (oC)

Hirata et al. (2008) Agric. For. Met.

(net C-uptake)

SLIDE 18

To gain understandings in dynamic ecosystem responses to large scale meteorological phenomena responses to large-scale meteorological phenomena to enable prediction of future climate feedback Impact of meteorological anomalies in the 2003 summer was examined on C-budget in East Asia

http://www.carboeastasia.org/

SLIDE 19

Data:

１．CO2 flux observed at 6 AsiaFlux forest sites

• Larch forest (Mongolia, China, Japan) - Pine forest (China)
• Mixed forest (China Japan)
• Birch-Oak forest (Japan)

Mixed forest (China, Japan) Birch Oak forest (Japan)

２．Spatial distribution of PPFD estimated by satellite images

• MODIS (Terra & Aqua), SeaWiFS (Sea star)

( q ), ( )

• 2001-2006, 1-day average, 25km resolution (Frouin & Murakami, 2007)
• Calibrated by Buoys & AsiaFlux sites

３ Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis) ３．Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis) calibrated by AsiaFlux datasets

• Support Vector Machine (Yang et al., 2007)

pp ( g , )

• 2001-2006, 8-day average, 8km resolution
• Input & test data: AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux

SLIDE 20

Data:

１．CO2 flux observed at 6 AsiaFlux forest sites

• Larch forest (Mongolia, China, Japan) - Pine forest (China)
• Mixed forest (China Japan)
• Birch-Oak forest (Japan)

Study sites (forests)

Mixed forest (China, Japan) Birch Oak forest (Japan)

２．Spatial distribution of PAR estimated by satellite images

• MODIS (Terra & Aqua), SeaWiFS (Sea star)

( q ), ( )

• 2001-2006, 1-day average, 25km resolution (Frouin & Murakami, 2007)
• Calibrated by Buoys & AsiaFlux sites

３ Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis) ３．Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis) calibrated by AsiaFlux datasets

• Support Vector Machine (Yang et al., 2007)

pp ( g , )

• 2001-2006, 8-day average, 8km resolution
• Input & test data: AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux

SLIDE 21

Validation of satellite-PPFD by AsiaFlux ground data

Data:

Daily PPFD (light)

１．CO2 flux observed at 6 AsiaFlux forest sites

• Larch forest (Mongolia, China, Japan) - Pine forest (China)
• Mixed forest (China Japan)
• Birch-Oak forest (Japan)

Mixed forest (China, Japan) Birch Oak forest (Japan)

２．Spatial distribution of PAR estimated by satellite images

• MODIS (Terra & Aqua), SeaWiFS (Sea star)

( q ), ( )

• 2001-2006, 1-day average, 25km resolution (Frouin & Murakami, 2007)
• Calibrated by Buoys & AsiaFlux sites

３ Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis)

Satellite

３．Spatial distribution of modeled GPP (total photosynthesis) calibrated by AsiaFlux datasets

• Support Vector Machine (Yang et al., 2007)

Monthly PPFD S

pp ( g , )

• 2001-2006, 8-day average, 8km resolution
• Input & test data: AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux

Monthly PPFD Ground Satellite PPFD(JAXA/EORC) http://kuroshio.eorc.jaxa.jp/JASMES/

SLIDE 22

GPP RE NEP

Inter-comparison among Terrestrial Ecosystem Models and Calibration using AsiaFlux Data

GPP RE NEP

Photosynthesis Respiration Net C Uptake

(monthly)

Red pine forest Birch-oak forest f Mixed forest Larch forest

Ichii et al. (2010) Biogeoscience

SLIDE 23

Spatial distribution of the anomalies in the 2003 summer

July-August 2003

F F

July-August 2003

F F

in the 2003 summer

PPFD (light) anomaly GPP (total photosynthesis) anomaly

Anomaly

A A D D E E F F

Russia Russia Sea of Sea of Okhotsk Okhotsk

Anomaly y g

A A D D E E F F

in PPFD (m

B B

Mongolia Mongolia China China Japan Japan Okhotsk Okhotsk

y in GPP (gC

B B

mol m -2 day

C C

Malaysia Malaysia Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean

C m -2 day -1

C C

• 1)

(base period 2001-2006)

Indonesia Indonesia Indian Ocean Indian Ocean 1 )

(base period 2001-2006) (base period 2001 2006) (base period 2001 2006)

• MODIS (Terra & Aqua), SeaWiFS (Sea star)
• 2001-2006, 1-day average, 25km resolution

(Frouin & Murakami, 2007) Calibrated by Buoys & AsiaFlux sites

• Support Vector Machine (Yang et al., 2007)
• 2001-2006, 8-day average, 8km resolution
• Input & test data: AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux

Saigusa et al. (2010) Biogeosciences

• Calibrated by Buoys & AsiaFlux sites

SLIDE 24

Summary

• 1. Networking interdisciplinary ground
• bservations has a great potential for
• bservations has a great potential for

predicting future ecosystem responses. 2 Monitoring of disturbance and recovery

• 2. Monitoring of disturbance and recovery

is vitally important for long-term ecosystem research ecosystem research.

• 3. Integrative use of network observations

g enables us to track dynamic variations

• f continental-scale ecosystem

f ti functions.