Air ir pollu llution from soli lid fuel l combustion - im - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Air ir pollu llution from soli lid fuel l combustion - im - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Air ir pollu llution from soli lid fuel l combustion - im implic lications for Atmospheric chemis istry ry Stuart Piketh North-West University MOSS Summer School 28 Nov-3Dec 2016 World faces significant challenges in terms of

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Air ir pollu llution from soli lid fuel l combustion - im implic lications for Atmospheric chemis istry ry

Stuart Piketh North-West University MOSS Summer School 28 Nov-3Dec 2016

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  • World faces significant challenges in terms of

impacts of air pollution on human health – this is particularly true of emissions from solid fuel combustion

  • Particulate Matter (PM) is accepted as posing the

highest health risk to exposed populations (Silva et al., 2013)

  • South Africa in turn has similar challenges and has

the added problem that many industrial sources are currently unable to meet the Minimum emission standards – enter Emissions Offsets

~3 billion people

GLOBALLY rely on solid

fuel combustion as a primary

energy source = increased exposure to

elevated PM concentrations daily

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Mortality lin linked to outdoor air pollution in in 2010 annually

Lelieveld et al., 2015 2010 - 2050

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Why all the fuss about air pollution?

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Hersey et al., 2015

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Different cartographic views

  • f the world

Poverty

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  • S.A. is an important role player in emissions from coal fired

power stations (13 coal fired power stations – typically 3600 MW delivering 95 % of energy requirement (some nuclear, renewabe and hydro)

  • Regionally
  • Internationally
  • RSA emissions of total PM, NO2 and SO2 are higher than 15

European countries included in the study for comparison purposes (Von Blottnitz, 2006)

  • SA is the 7th biggest emitter of carbon emissions from coal-

fired plants globally (International Energy Agency, 2012 after International Energy Agency, 2010). (26th biggest economy)

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9

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  • SA is

is a majo jor role le pla layer r in in coal l fir fired power r statio ion emiss issio ions on a glo lobal l and regio ional l sc scale le

  • Largest power generator in Africa (based on 2011 data):

Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Sudan and South Sudan Tunisia

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014. International Energy Statistics. http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=7, accessed 22/04/2014. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC.

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Impacts of Combustion on Air Quality

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Emissions are a f function of f input fu fuel and combustion conditions

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A comparison of average ash contents (%), calorific values (MJ/kg) and sulphur contents (%) of fuel coals from the major coal consumers in the world, namely China, US, India, Russia, Germany and South Africa (in descending order of coal consumption (Mtpa)).

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Minimum Emissions Standards - Comparison

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`

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Back to basics

Monitoring Station

5 10 15 20 25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mass Fraction (%) 5 10 15 20 25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mass Fraction (%)

Monthly mass fraction distributions of particulate sulphate relative to total sulphur at Elandsfontein between September 2004 and August 2005

Igbafe, 2007

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time of day /h ug m-3 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time of day /h ug m-3 Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Diurnal variations of mean particulate sulphate concentrations at Elandsfontein for the various seasons observed over southern Africa

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Regio ional l sc scale le ass ssessment of f deposit itio ion usin sing an in inferentia ial l model l for r both th wet t and dry ry deposit itio ion

Total Dep 4.45 kg.ha-1.yr-1 Josipovic et al, 2009

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Carbon monoxide also emitted

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Background: Mercury Sources

Anthropogenic

Hg contribution (Mg.year-1)

Natural

Hg contribution (Mg.year-1)

Fossil fuel combustion 810

Oceans 2682

Artisanal gold mining 400

Biomass burning 675

Non-ferrous metal production 310

Desert 546

Cement Production 236

Vegetation 448

Waste Incineration 187

Forest 342

Caustic Soda production 163

Hg evasion 200

Mercury Production 50

Agriculture 128

Pig iron & Steel production 43

Lakes 96

Coal bed fires 32

Geothermal Activity and Volcanoes 90

Vinyl Chloride Monomer production 24

(Lindqvist & Rodhe, 1985; Ebinghaus et al. 1999; Pacyna et al. 2006; Pironne et al. 2010)

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Methodology

  • Dabrowski et al. 2008; Leaner et al. 2009; Masekoameng et al. 2010 :
  • ME = C(mass) x C(Hg) x 10-6 (1-ERF) where:
  • C(mass) = Amount of coal burned per annum (tonne y-1)
  • C(Hg) = Hg concentration in combusted coal (mg.kg-1)
  • ERF = Emission Reduction Factor (Depends on control device)
  • Fabric Filters (FFs) : 0.5
  • Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) : 0.1
  • Recommended emission reduction factors (UNEP, 2005 & 2011)
  • Too conservative and not representative of the removal capability (Roos, 2011)
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Methodology

  • This Study utilised the bottom-up approach (Zysk et al, 2011):
  • ME=FC*C*(1-ƞ) where:
  • ME= Mercury emission (kg)
  • FC= Fuel consumption (M.tonne y-1)
  • C= Concentration Hg in fuel (mg tonne -1)
  • Ƞ= Hg removal efficiency (%)
  • Bituminous coal-fired plants + emission control device = Higher removal

efficiencies (ICR, 1999)

  • EPA (2010):
  • FFs : 0.89
  • ESPs : 0.36
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Methodology

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Results - Currently fitted vs idealised FFs replacement

  • f ESPs

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Hg emission (Mg y-1) Power Station Current

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Size in um

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Kwadela Township - Pil ilot project for Offset in interv rventions

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Experimental design

4 Sampling Campaigns Winter 2013

  • Jul. – Sept.

Summer 2014

  • Feb. - May

Winter 2014

  • Jul. – Sept.

Summer 2015

  • Feb. – Apr.

AMBIEN IENT Mobile Monitoring

Station Meteorological parameters MetOne BAM 1020 (PM10) MetOne E-BAM (PM2.5)

Indoor & Person sonal al

Monitoring

(10mm Dorr-Oliver Cyclone)

1.7 L.min-1(±5%)

Temperatu erature

Monitoring iButtons ns

(Kitchen, Living room, Bedroom, External, Stove)

1.6 m

STRU TRUCT CTUR URED ED INTERV TERVIEW IEWER ER- QUEST UESTION IONNAIR NAIRES ES

(21% Settlement)

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Ambient concentrations of f PM on cold days – Kwadela

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In Indoor concentrations of f PM

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Addressing the spatia ial ext xtent of the problem

  • f healt

lth im impacts associated wit ith domestic burnin ing

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So Source Apportionment – Kwadela

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Oth ther sources of f PM do need consideration

Unpaved roads Vehicles Burning of Waste Veld fires

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Particulate matter concentrations in in Kwazamakuhle and Hendrina

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Summary of emissions for Power stations, industry and domestic burning

Source SO2 (tpa) PM10 (tpa) Power stations 1,433,524 (81.5%) 52,407

(53.22)

Other source (industry, BB, Vehicles,Dust 319,735

(18.2)

43,873

(44.6)

Domestic burning 3,958

(0.2)

2,186

(2.2)

Total 1,757,217 98,466 Parenthese gives % of Total Scorgie and Thomas, 2006

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Impacts on non-accidental mortality current emissions (%)

Source Pollutants Non-accidental Mortality Respiratory Hospital Admissions Power Stations 3 0.6 Industrial 34 35 Vehicles 9 11 Domestic burning 50 50 SO2 28 5 NOx 3 4 PM10 69 90 Scorgie and Thomas, 2006

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68 8, 9 June 2015

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Ground Data

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Monthly Trends

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Monthly Trends

Township sites are 51 and 78% higher on average than urban/suburban and industrial sites, respectively

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Diurnal Trends

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Diurnal Trends

Maxima at township sites are a factor of 2-3x higher than for urban/suburban residential and industrial sites

Summer Fall Winter Spring

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Air quality in South Africa

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Im Impacts of f reducing Ambient concentrations

Lindeque et al, 2015

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Thank you