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Can fi fibr bre-ric rich h pl plants s se serve e the joint nt role e of f reme medi diati ation on of f de degr grade ded d mi mine e land d and d fuellin fu lling g of f a mu multi-pr produ oduct ct value ue ch

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SLIDE 1

Can fi fibr bre-ric rich h pl plants s se serve e the joint nt role e of f reme medi diati ation

  • n of

f de degr grade ded d mi mine e land d and d fu fuellin lling g of f a mu multi-pr produ

  • duct

ct value ue ch chain? ?

Towar wards ds Resilien silient Futur tures es Communi munity ty of Pra racti ctice ce Proje

  • ject

____________________________________

CoP workshop 2019

2019/05/28 1

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SLIDE 2

Prof f Sue Harriso ison Project leader Shilpa pa Rumje jeet et Engineer & researcher Mike e Solomo mon Mining engineer & expert

.

Bernell nelle Verste ster Researcher Xihluke uke Mabasa asa MPhil candidate

Pr Proje ject t tea eam

CoP workshop 2019

2019/05/28 2

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SLIDE 3

2019/05/28 3

Ba Backgr kgrou

  • und

nd to st stud udy

  • Over

er 5900 0 abandoned

  • ned mines

s in SA SA

  • Over

er 300 000 mine e job loses s since ce 1987 in SA SA

  • 27,5%

% unemploym ployment ent rate te in SA SA

  • Loss

s of biodiver iversity sity

CoP workshop 2019

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SLIDE 4

5/28/2019 4

CoP workshop 2019

  • Land

d remediatio ediation

  • Benefic

ficial ial use of metals als

  • Gener

eratin ating g new econom

  • mic

ic outputs ts

Crea eating ting a ne new ec w econo nomy my.. ..

Phyto-mining and multi-product fibrous economy

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SLIDE 5

2019/05/28 5

Ph Phyto toremedia emediation tion

CoP workshop 2019

Phyto todegrada degradati tion

  • n

Phyto tost stabili abilisa sation tion Phyto toex extra traction ction Phyto tovo vola latisa tisation tion

Pollutants are degraded or mineralised by specific enzyme activity Pollutants are immobilised by the soil Pollutants are accumulated in harvestable parts of the plant Pollutants are released into volatile form through plant Metal ions

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SLIDE 6

2019/05/28 6

Fibre By By-product

  • ducts

Long Fibre Short Fibre Woody tissue Chemicals Energy

fabric cordage piping

  • ils

bio-char thermoplastic bio- composites pharmaceuticals shives

De Devel elopi ping ng a fi fibr brous us ec econo nomy my

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SLIDE 7
  • Degra

raded ed mine e land nd

  • Su

Surroun

  • unding

ding areas eas are e densely sely populat lated ed

  • Water

er pollu lutio tion n and scar arcity ity

  • Pote

tenti ntial al arable ble land d in te terms rms of pH, H, rainfall infall and climatic limatic condit ditio ions ns

Exa xample mple si sites es for case se st stud udies ies

CoP workshop 2019

2019/05/28 7

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SLIDE 8

Exa xample mple si sites es - Cha haracte racteristi ristics cs

Potent ential ial Sites es Metals als Found Soil T exture Soil pH Rain (mm pa) T emp (℃) Carlet etonvil

  • nville

le, , Gauteng eng Au – Pb, As, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Co Co & U Shall llow

  • w - rocky

ky 5.6 5.6 – 6.4 6.4 100 – 200 200 7 7 – 33 33 Witbank, ank, Mpumal malanga anga Coal - Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Si, S, N Sandy dy-clay lay loams ms 5.5 5.5 – 7.2 100 - 300 300 7 7 - 31 31 Rustenbur enburg Pt Pt – Pd Pd, Rh, Ni, Au, Ir Ir, Cu Loamy my topsoil il

  • n rocks

ks 5.5 5.5 – 6.4 6.4 100 - 200 200 10 – 30 30 Amandel delbult bult Pt Pt – Pd Pd, Rh, Ni, Au, Ir Ir, Cu Clay-ric ich 6.8 6.8 – 6.9 6.9 100 - 300 300 7 7 - 32 32

2019/05/28 8

CoP workshop 2019

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SLIDE 9

2019/05/28 9

Fibre plants ts Bast st

  • Flax
  • Hemp
  • Jute
  • Kenaf

Leaf

  • Sisal
  • Palm

Seed

  • Cotton
  • Kapok

Fruit it

  • Coconut

Wood

  • Pinewood
  • Baobab

Grass ss

  • Bamboo

Fib ibrous us pl plants nts gr grown wn in in SA

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SLIDE 10

2019/05/28 10

Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion

Name Pref efer erred ed soil type Pref efer erred ed annual al rainfal nfall (mm/yr yr) T emp. . toler erance ance pH toleranc ance Annual al/per /perenn ennial ial Bambusa sa balcoo

  • oa

Clay, loamy my 400 - 4500 9 9 – 35 35 °C 4.5 – 7.5 Perenni ennial al Baobab bab Clay, sandy < 1500 Cannot

  • t toler

erate ate cold climate mate 7 Perenni ennial al Coconu nut Coarse e sand, d, clay 1500 0 - 2500 2500 13 – 35 35 °C 5.5 5.5 - 7 Perenni ennial al Cotton

  • n

Sandy dy loam 500 500 - 1250 21 – 37 °C 5.5 5.5 – 7.5 Annual al Flax Loamy my 450 - 750 10 – 27 °C 5 5 - 7 Annual al Hemp Clay, silt loam 500 500 -700 00 19 – 28 28°C 6 6 – 6.5 6.5 Annual al Jute Silt, sandy y loamy my, , clay ay 1000 0 - 2500 2500 24 - 37 °C 4.8 – 5.8 5.8 Annual al Kapok Loamy my soil 750 - 3000 3000 17 - 38 38 °C 5 5 – 6.5 6.5 Perenni ennial al Kenaf af All soil types es 240 - 490 15 - 27 °C 4.3 – 8.2 8.2 Annual al Pinew ewoo

  • od

Sandy dy soil 850 850 – 950 950 > 13 5 5 - 6 Perenni ennial al Sisal All except ept clay 500 500 - 1500 10 – 32 32 °C 4 4 - 6 Perenni ennial al

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SLIDE 11

2019/05/28 11

Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion

Name Dry biomass mass (tons/ s/ha ha) Harvest vest time Fibre e yield ld (tons/ s/ha ha) Pref efer erred ed annual al rainfall nfall (mm/yr yr) Potent ential ial product ucts Bambusa sa balcoo

  • oa

20 20 – 40 5- 6 y years 12 - 18 18 400 - 4500 Paper per products, ucts, furnit niture, e, bioener nergy gy etc.. .. Flax 3 3 – 5 100 days 1 1 - 2 450 - 750 Pulp, p, chemical mical product ucts s from oilsee eeds ds, , compos posit ite e product ucts, s, energy y product ucts Hemp 10 - 20 20 120 days 2.2 2.2 – 8.1 500 500 -700 00 Kenaf af 14.8 – 24.7 90 90 – 125 days 5 5 - 7 240 - 490 Sisal 13 - 17 17 2 2 – 4 4 years 1 1 - 4 500 500 - 1500

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SLIDE 12

Name Pref efer erred ed bioaccu ccumul mulati ation

  • n site

Metal al selec ectivi ivity Metal al uptake ake/ab /absorpt sorption/co

  • n/conc

ncent entrati ation Bambusa sa balcoo

  • ola

la Roots, s, shoots Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe Pb: 36; Zn: 43 (mg/kg kg of b biomass ass) Flax Roots, s, capsule ule Pb, Cd, Zn Pb: 311; ; Cd: 13.1; ; Zn: 490 (mg/kg kg soil) Hemp Roots, s, shoots, , leaves, ves, stems ms Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu Ni: 123; Cd: 151; Cu: 1530 (mg/kg kg leaves) ves) Kenaf af Roots, s, shoots, , leaves ves and seed capsu sule le Pb, Cd, Zn Pb: 42.2 (mg/kg kg soil) Sisal Leaves aves Cd, Zn, Cu Cd: 1850 0 ; C Cu: 1340 (mg/kg kg sisal l fibre) e)

2019/05/28 12

Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion

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SLIDE 13

2019/05/28 13

Plant ant Rainfa fall l (mm/year /year) pH prefer erence ence T emp prefer erence ence (℃) Harvest vest time Metals als selec ected ed Major metals als locatio ation Dry biomass ass (tons/ s/ha ha) Metal al uptake ake (mg/kg kg dry weight) ht) in leaves ves Berkhey heya coddii ii 35 35 -250 50 4.2 -7.4 4.3 – 21.7 4 m months hs Ni, Cd, C Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Au Au*, , Pd Pd, , Pt, , etc Leaves aves 22 22 Ni: 13979; ; Cu: 33; Fe: 3771; 1; Senecio ecio coro ronatus natus 35 35 - 250 250 4.2 – 7.2 9 9 - 32 32 5 m months hs Ni plus Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P and Zn Zn Leaves aves, , roots 10 10 Ni: 12000; 0; Ca: 26000 00; K: 870 8700; 0; Mg: 15000; 0; Cynodon

  • don

dactylo ylon (grass ss) 50 50 -500 00 2.0 2.0 – 8.5 8.5 6 6 - 28 28 5 5 – 6 6 months hs Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Co Co Leaves aves, , roots s and stems ms 5 5 - 15 15 Mn: 232; Zn: 40; Cu: 48;

Role le of hy hype per-accumulato accumulators

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SLIDE 14

2019/05/28 14

Enha nhancing ncing rem emed edia iatio tion n and nd pr produ duct t formati rmation

  • Combining

ining the use of hyper er-accumulat accumulator

  • rs

s and fibrous us plants ts → offer er more e possibili ibilities ties over r long term rm

  • Fibr

brous us plants nts grown n on heavily vily contaminat aminated ed soils ls show a reduction uction in growth th, , perfor formance ance and yield eld

  • Remediatio

diation n can be done quicker icker and more effic iciently iently using g hyperaccumulator eraccumulators

  • Offer

ers s flexibilit xibility y in choosing sing products ucts (f (fibre e vs vs seed d products ucts vs vs metals) ls)

  • Process

cessing ing will ll be easier ier

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SLIDE 15

2019/05/28 15

Scenari enario An Analysi lysis

  • Using

ng Ber erkhe kheya ya coddii ii and hemp on 10 h ha of land nd of contaminated taminated land d to extract ract Nickel ckel and produce uce fibres es and/or

  • r hemp seeds

1) 1) Value ue of Ni extrac acted ed from Ber erkheya heya coddii ii vs Hemp

Dry bioma mass ss of Berk rkhey heya coddii for 10 ha (tonnes nnes) 220 220 Amount t of Ni extract racted ed for 10 ha ( 1 % w w: w) (kg) g) 2200 2200 Price ce of Ni (R/kg) kg) 184 Poten tentia tial l revenu enue e from

  • m Ni (R)

404 800 Amount t of Ni extract racted ed from

  • m

Hemp (kg/h /ha) a) 0.285 0.285 - 2.03* 2.03* Amount t of Ni extract racted ed for 10 ha (kg) g) 2.85 2.85 - 20 20 Price ce of Ni (R/kg) kg) 184 Poten tentia tial l revenu enue e from

  • m Ni (R)

524 - 3680 3680

* Considering the shoot harvest only or the entire plant harvest respectively

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SLIDE 16

2019/05/28 16

Scenari enario An Analysi lysis

2) V ) Value lue from Hemp fibre e price ice ($ ($ 260/ton) /ton) and Se Seed price ice ($ ($ 1.38/kg /kg)

Prod

  • duction

ction syst stem Low w prod

  • ductivi

ctivity ty Medium ium low productiv ductivity ity Fibr bre e yield d (ton/ n/ha) ha) Seed yield d (kg/ha) /ha) Fibr bre e yield d (ton/ n/ha) ha) Seed yield d (kg/ha) /ha)

Fibre e only 4.6 5.8 5.8 Dual l system em 2.2 2.2 236 236 2.8 2.8 295 295 Seed d only 272 340

Prod

  • duction

ction syste stem Medium ium high prod

  • ductivi

ctivity ty High h prod

  • ductivi

ctivity ty Fibr bre e yield d (ton/ha) n/ha) Seed yield d (kg/h /ha) a) Fibr bre e yield d (ton/ha) n/ha) Seed yield d (kg/h /ha) a)

Fibre e only 6.9 6.9 8.1 8.1 Dual l syste tem 3.3 3.3 353 353 3.9 3.9 413 Seed d only 408 476 Hemp p system em only Berkhey heya coddii ii and Hemp syste tem

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SLIDE 17

2019/05/28 17

Scena enario rio An Analysi lysis

Product duction ion system em Low product uctivi ivity Medium um low product uctivi ivity Medium um high product uctivi ivity High productivit uctivity Fibre e only R 17 171 028 R 2 215 644 R 2 256 542 R 3 301 158 Dual l system em R 1 128 368 R 1 162 319 R 1 192 355 R 2 226 503 Seed d only R 5 53 676 R 6 67 095 R 8 80 515 R 9 93 933 Hemp p system em only Berkhey heya coddii ii and Hemp system em

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SLIDE 18

Fut utur ure e wo work – Exp xper erim imenta ental l

2019/05/28 18

Randomly collect metal contaminated soil from potential sites Soil Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) treatment to determine metal concentrations in soils Plant germinated seeds in pots Monitoring plant growth; control soil comparison Analysis of concentrations of metals in soils and plants after harvest

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SLIDE 19

Futur ure wo work - Bi Bioref efiner inery y conce ncept pt

Harvest vested ed Lead d product ucts By By-product

  • ducts

s e.g. residual dual biomass ass, , wastew ewate ater Biopr product ducts Energy gy product ucts Fit Fit-for

  • r-purp

purpose

  • se water

er Fuell lling ing a m multi-prod

  • duc

uct value ue chain in by maximisin mising g resou

  • urce

e effici cienc ency y Plants ants Plants ants process essing ing Cultivat ivation ion Bioref efiner inery

2019/05/28 19

CoP meeting 2019

Fibre e processin essing Fibres es Metal al proce cess ssing ing By By-produ

  • duct

cts s e.g. residu dual al biomass ass, , wastew ewate ater Metals als

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SLIDE 20

CONTACT US

www.CeBER.uct.ac.za Chemical Engineering Building, UCT CeBER@uct.ac.za

2019/05/28 20