FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD? Jenna Hardwick, Mussarat - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD? Jenna Hardwick, Mussarat - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 03, 2023 43 likes •477 views

TO WHAT EXTENT IS DEPENDENCY A CAUSE FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD? Jenna Hardwick, Mussarat Tariq, Peter Drew, Sagal Haji & Linh Nguyen INTRODUCTION History of the world is of region against region. Europe against Asia.

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Jenna Hardwick, Mussarat Tariq, Peter Drew, Sagal Haji & Linh Nguyen

‘TO WHAT EXTENT IS DEPENDENCY A CAUSE FOR UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD?’

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INTRODUCTION

  • History of the world is of region against region. Europe against

Asia.

  • Whilst Africa remained dangerous to explore for outsiders due to

disease.

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MAP OF THE SILK ROAD AND INDIAN OCEAN TRADE SYSTEM

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MODERNISATION

  • The transition from a traditional society to a modern society;

industrially, politically and economically.

  • Rostow’s 5 stages of development
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ZAMBIA

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BOTSWANA

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Regional Overview

Sub-Saharan Africa’s real GDP growth picked up to 4.7 percent in 2013 supported by robust domestic demand, notably investment growth. Strengthening external demand is expected to support growth

  • ver the forecast horizon, with

regional GDP growth projected to improve to 5.3 percent in 2014, rising to 5.5 percent in

  • 2016. However, a protracted

decline in commodity prices, tighter global financing conditions, and domestic risks including political unrest, and weather shocks could weaken growth prospects.

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THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AFRICA

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CORE, PERIPHERY AND THE GLOBAL NORTH

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CORE, PERIPHERY AND THE GLOBAL NORTH

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BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY

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BOTSWANA CASE STUDY

What will be discussed:

  • Political factors
  • Social factors
  • Economic factors
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BACKGROUND

  • Botswana is a landlocked country situated in Southern Africa,

with a population of about 2 million people.

  • Botswana is counted among the top economic performers in the

world for the record it has achieved in the forty years.(1)

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ECONOMY

  • At independence in 1966, the country was one of the poorest in the world

with a GDP per capita income of about USD 100.

  • By the early 1990s, however Botswana had attained middle income status

with a GDP per capita income of about USD 6000

  • Growth rate of 4% (1)
  • With a Gini coefficient of 0.61, Botswana portrays a relatively unequal

distribution of wealth. (4)

  • The incidence of poverty is also high, with 18.4% of the population living

below the poverty line.

  • Other challenges includes high unemployment rate of 17.8%
  • Human Development Index (HDI) ranking and score mainly due to the high

HIV/AIDS prevalence of 23.4% that drags down life expectancy.

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IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

  • 65% of exports are diamonds
  • Main export and importer is the UK (65%)
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SOCIAL FACTORS

  • Once had the world’s highest rate of HIV/Aids infection, has one
  • f Africa’s most-advanced treatment programmes. Anti-retroviral

drugs are readily available. (2)

  • Education expenditure is among the highest in the world, around

8% of GDP

  • Poverty rates declining from over 50% at independence to just

above 19% today

  • Unemployment has remained persistent at nearly 20%. (3)
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POLITICS

  • Botswana, one of Africa’s most stable countries.
  • It is relatively free of corruption and has a good human rights record. (2)
  • Free and fair elections held regularly and the constitution provides for

fundamental right and freedoms.

  • The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has been in power since the first

elections were held in 1965. (3)

  • The country was a haven for refugees and anti-apartheid activists from

South Africa in the 1970s/80s.

  • More recently, the country has seen an influx of illegal immigrants

seeking respite from the economic crisis in neighboring Zimbabwe. (2)

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Botswana had a Bechuanaland protectorate from UK in 1885 Before Independence, they made NDPs, to prepare for independence Controlled exports focusing on asbestos Stopped importing goods and saved 30 months worth After Independence was considered one of the poorest countries in the

  • world. Then discovered

diamond. Increased government revenue, 30% of money went to education Better facilities, and education standard, free primary education Increase of literacy rate, increase of skills and qualifications Encouraged people to pursue secondary and tertiary jobs, modernised the country = better healthcare etc

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ZAMBIA CASE STUDY

  • The Republic of Zambia

In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of the world’s fastest economically reformed countries

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POLITICAL SITUATION

  • A system of multiparty democracy with a distinct separation of

powers between the 3 arms of Government: legislature (Parliament), executive (Cabinet) and judiciary (Courts of Law).

  • Reputation of stability, efficiency and transparency
  • Strong anti-corruption measures have been instituted
  • Conducts free and fair elections every five years
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ECONOMIC SITUATION

At the end of 2011:

  • Borrowings rose to 27% of the country’s $19.2 billion economy

2012:

  • Unemployment rate: 13.1%

2013:

  • GDP: US$22.38 billion
  • GDP real growth rate: 6%

2014:

  • GDP per capita: US$ 1,655 (2014 estimate)
  • Copper is the main export product – over 70%
  • Top export destinations: China (48%) & South Africa (10%)
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ECONOMIC SITUATION (CONT.)

  • At independence in 1964, Zambia was “one of the richest and most

urbanized of the newly independent developing countries in Africa”

  • Poorly served with physical & social infrastructure
  • Had virtually no manufacturing capacity & very limited managerial

resources

  • Population below poverty line: 60.5% (2010)
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SOCIAL SITUATION

  • Education:

Although Zambia made commendable progress in increasing access and gender parity, more than a quarter million children are out of school - 47% do not complete the primary cycle

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SOCIAL SITUATION (CONT.)

  • Healthcare:
  • Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2012): 6.5
  • Inequitable access to basic health services between provinces,

and between urban and rural areas.

  • Drugs, equipment and qualified personnel shortages
  • 36% of rural population has access to improved drinking water

sources

  • Life expectancy is among the lowest in the world
  • Death rate is one of the highest
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Lack of government money/in too much debt Little government spending Poor facilities Hinder education – lack of motivation for people to acquire education Lack of skills  less well- paid jobs Little contribution back to government revenue Foreign borrowing to pay debt Low salaries – skilled people refuse to work

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THEORISTS ON DEPENDENCY IN AFRICA

  • Walter Rodney (1972) – colonialism not merely exploitation,

political influence

  • Ndirangu Mwaura (2000) – colonizers influence on ruling elitist

governments ‘New Colonialism’

  • Kevin Chillington (1989) – artificial borders
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THEORISTS ON DEPENDENCY IN AFRICA CONT.

  • Samir Amin (1972) – multi staged theory
  • Simon Johnson and James Robinson (2001) – positive influence
  • f colonialism, inspired developed on Botswana
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CRITICISMS…

  • Dependency and modernisation theory presume all developing

countries have the same characteristics:

  • Botswana – very little violence, experienced economic growth.
  • Zambia – corruption, foreign exploitation
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CRITICISM…

  • Dependency and colonialism:
  • Walter Rodney – western countries take advantage of third

world countries for their own personal growth

  • Zambia and Botswana are both resource rich countries,

however only Botswana are experiencing the benefits

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CRITICISMS…

  • Dependency is exaggerated:
  • Anthony Brewer – dependency no longer exists
  • Recent economic developments…
  • China, India and South-East Asian countries, rising
  • USA, since 1970s very slow decline
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CRITICISM…

  • Dependency theorists are too pessimistic according to Cristobal Kay:
  • Capitalism can result in non-western countries development
  • Its not in the interest of fully developed countries to let third world

countries develop to the same extent

  • Therefore, Zambia and Botswana may never reach full development
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CRITICISMS…

  • Dependency theory does not consider internal causes for

underdevelopment:

  • Ignores domestic factors such as political, social, cultural
  • Corruption - Rich get richer, poor stay poor
  • Dependency has been established between centre and

periphery, resulting in inequalities

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CRITICISMS…

  • What does dependency offer developing world?
  • Dependency theory is unreliable for maintaining development
  • Difficult to escape dependency as it would involve the country

separating from the global economy.

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CONCLUSION

  • Dependency theory underplays internal causes
  • The rise of China and India not just the West
  • Internal causes: Political, Social, Cultural and Environmental
  • Zambia – fractured society and economy
  • Botswana – oldest democracy and still going strong
  • Therefore dependency theory in our opinion is not universal!
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Hopper, Paul (2012), Understanding Development, Polity Press, Cambridge, p123
  • www.ausmcm.com/wiki/?p=75
  • Hopper, Paul (2012), Understanding Development, Polity Press, Cambridge, p178
  • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376
  • Hopper, Paul (2012), Understanding Development, Polity Press, Cambridge, p37-8
  • Matunhu, J. (2011) A critique of modernization and dependency theories in Africa: Critical assessment. African

Journal of History and Culture. 3 (5), 65-72

  • Alemazung, J.A. (2010) Post-Colonial Colonialism: An Analysis of International Factors and Actors Marring African

Socio-Economic and Political Development. The Journal of Pan African Studies. 3 (10), p62-84

  • Indexmundi. Botswana vs. Zambia. Retrieved from

http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/botswana.zambia

  • Education in Zambia. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 November, 2014 from Wiki:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Zambia#Lower_education

  • International Insulin Foundation. Zambia’s Health System. Retrieved from

http://www.access2insulin.org/zambias-health-system.html

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • UNICEF. (2003). Zambia. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/zambia_1391.html
  • Zambia Economic Indicators. Zambia Unemployment rate. Retrieved from

http://theglobaleconomy.com

  • Observatory of Economic Complexity. Trade in Zambia. Retrieved from

http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/zmb/

  • BBC News Africa. (2014). Zambia Profile. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-

14112449

  • Hobbes, M. (2013). Why is Zambia so poor? Pacific Standard – The Science of Society. Retrieved

from http://www.psmag.com/navigation/business-economics/zambia-poor-poverty-globalization- mining-corruption-66080/

  • The World Bank. Zambia: Poverty Assessment. Retrieved from

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20204 786~menuPK:435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html

  • Mwewa, C. (2012). Unjustified Poverty in Africa: The Case of Zambia. The African Executive.

Retrieved from http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=6930