Environmental Issues of a Third Runway at HKIA Presented by Ir. Dr - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Forum on Hong Kong International Airport - Master Plan 2030

Environmental Issues of a Third Runway at HKIA

Presented by Ir. Dr HF Chan on 13th August 2011

Proposed Third Runway

Existing Airport

Third Runway

Proposed Third Runway

Major Environmental Issues

• Air Quality
• Noise
• Hydrodynamics
• Water Quality
• Marine Ecology
• Chinese White Dolphin
• Fisheries
• Waste Management

Minor Environmental Issues

• Visual and Landscaping
• Marine Archaeology

Air Quality Issues

Background

• There are a number of major housing

estates around the existing HKIA, e.g. 逸 東邨, 東薈城, 東堤灣畔, etc.

• An Air Quality Monitoring Station has been

set up at Tung Chung to monitor the air quality after the opening of HKIA and data collection started from 1999.

Location of ASRs

Existing/ Planned Commercial/GIC

• HKIA Tower
• AsiaWorld-Expo
• Hotel
• Terminals
• Catering services

buildings

• Airline Towers

Existing/ Planned Residential

• Sha Lo Wan
• Tung Chung Town

Formation of Ozone at Ground Level

• In the presence of sunlight, ozone is generated from

NO2 NO + O O + O2 O3

• Ozone is depleted by combination with NO, but the

rate is reduced by presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (e.g. aviation fuel) in air NO + O3 NO2 + O2

• Nitrogen dioxide is also formed from reaction of NO

with Oxygen, and this produces another source for

• zone in the presence of sunlight

NO + O2 NO2

Construction Phase

• Increase levels of air-borne dust arising

from construction plant, vehicles and barges

• Increase levels of air particles, e.g. black

smoke, from powered mechanical equipment

• Possibly odour emissions from

connection/disconnection of sewers

Operation Phase

• Airport emissions from aircraft engines,

auxiliary power units (APU), on-board generators (when gas turbines off), e.g. NOx, RSP, VOC and photochemical

• xidants
• Air emissions from ground support

equipment, vehicles, government flying services, aviation fuel tanks, aircraft testing and maintenance.

Maximum Annual NO2 Concentration at 1.5m

• ARUP. 2010. Air Quality Review for Hong Kong International Airport.

Maximum Annual RSP Concentration at 1.5m

Noise Issues

Background

• There are major housing estates around

the existing HKIA, e.g. 逸東邨, 東薈城, 東 堤灣畔, etc.

• In addition, there are major residentail

developments below the flight paths, e.g. Ma Wan

Location of NSRs

T h i r d R u n w a y

Tai Lam Chung

Construction Phase

• Construction noise from use of powered

mechanical equipment

• Cumulative noise impact from concurrent

activities, e.g. HKZNMB, HKBCF, Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link Road

Operation Phase

• Aircraft noise during take-off and landing. In

2004, 200 people were living under NEF25

• Operation noise from ground-based plant and

equipment, e.g. APU, ground support equipment, e.g. trucks, tractors, loaders, ground-testing noise

• Operation noise from fixed equipment, e.g.

ventilation noise at airport, hotel and offices.

Noise Contour

(Comparison of Alternative R 620,000 ATM to 1998 HKIA Design Capacity)

Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030

Northern Lantau (e.g. Sha Lo Wan, Tung Chung) Gold Coast Tai Lam Chung Ma Wan NSR

Hydrodynamics

Background

• The affected area is in the region of
• utflow of fresh water from Pearl River and

inflow of saline water from the South China Sea

• The tidal current is mainly northwest to

southeast and southwest

Construction Phase

• Erosion of seabed
• Change of tidal flow as the reclamation

progresses

Operation Phase

• Increase current speed in some region and

decrease in others

• Reduce tidal flow as a result of reclamation and

the reduction in channel width and subsequently change tidal flushing capacity of the affected region, and this in turn affects water quality due to inadequate dispersion of pollutants from the various discharge points

• Change in tidal flow pattern and hence may

affect the salinity, nutrient distribution in water and feeding & breeding of some marine species

Current

Current Distribution in Northwestern Waters at Mid-Ebb

Source: Mott MacDonald 2008

Current Distribution in Northwestern Waters at Mid-Flood

Source: Mott MacDonald 2008

Water Quality Issues

Background

• The water quality is dominated by outflow

from Pearl River withh high loading of sediment

• Turbidity and nutrient levl are relatively

high

• The proposed extension may encroach on

contaminated mud pits

Location of Contaminated Mud Pit (CMP)

Construction Phase

• Dredging and filling for the reclamation, causing

increase in SS and subsequent effects on marine ecology, aquatic lives and their habitats in non-CMP areas

• Release of previously bound organic and

inorganic constituents e.g. heavy metals, PAHs. PCB and nutrients into the water column during dredging and disposal of marine mud

• Release of the same contaminants due to

leakage and spillage as a result of poor handling and overflow from barges during dredging and transport

Construction Phase (2)

• Potential release of sediment fines and

contaminants and possibly escape of cement slurry during ground treatment with Deep Cement Mix at CMP

• Increase in SS and other land-based pollutants

due to surface run-off from construction sites

• Disposal or discharge of sewage and packaging

and construction material from workforce; spillage of oil, diesel or solvents by vessels and vehicles involved with construction.

Operation Phase

• Increase run-off from new land surface will

increase pollution of the marine water quality as the run-off is likely to contain pollutants, e.g. oil/grease, fine sediment,

• rganic compounds
• Change of hydrodynamics on water quality

Marine Ecology Issues

Background

• Polychaetes are the dominant benthic infauna in the

affected area. Others include crustacean, sipunculan and echinoderm They are typical of soft bottom seabed fauna in Hong Kong

• Corals are typical sub-tidal hard-bottom assemblages in

eastern waters but limited in density and diversity in western waters because of rapid fluctuation in salinity and SS. No rare species recorded within the northwestern WCZ

• Intertidal habitats include seagrass bed, mangrove,

mudflat and artificial seawall. Serve as nursery and breed grounds for horseshoe crabs and intertidal macrofauna.

• The Mangrove stand at San Tau Beach SSSI is a very

important stand and should be preserved.

Important Habitats

Mott MacDonald. 2009. Hong Kong International Airport Contract P132 – Engineering Feasibility and Environmental Assessment Study for Airport Master Plan 2030 Comparative Environmental Assessment Report

• AECOM. 2009. Agreement No. CE 52/2007 (HY) Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok Link – Investigation EIA Report.

Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park San Tau Beach SSSI Tai Ho Stream SSSI The Brother Islands Artificial Reefs Mangrov e Western Lantau Horseshoe Crabs Nursery Ground Mudflat Seagrass Bed

Third Runway

Distribution of Corals

Mott MacDonald. 2009. Hong Kong International Airport Contract P132 – Engineering Feasibility and Environmental Assessment Study for Airport Master Plan 2030 Comparative Environmental Assessment Report

• AECOM. 2009. Agreement No. CE 52/2007 (HY) Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok Link – Investigation EIA Report.

Artificial Reefs

Third Runway

Artificial Reefs

(within Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau MP)

Chek Lap Kok Artificial Reefs

Corals are found in ARs, the Brother Islands,

• utside Airport Channel

Airport Channel The Brother Islands

Species of Conservation Concern

Mott MacDonald. 2009. Hong Kong International Airport Contract P132 – Engineering Feasibility and Environmental Assessment Study for Airport Master Plan 2030 Comparative Environmental Assessment Report

San Tau Beach SSSI Tai Ho Stream SSSI Mangrove Horseshoe Crabs Breeding & Nursery Ground Mudflat

欖李 欖李 欖李 欖李 Seagrass Bed

Mainly located along Northern Lantau coast

Horseshoe Crab

Third Runway

Construction Phase

• Loss of habitat during reclamation
• Impact of increased SS on marine ecological

sensitive receivers

• Disturbance to existing coral and artificial reefs
• Increase in SS at water sensitive receivers
• Sedimentation rate higher than 0.1 kg/m2 per

day is considered an issue to corals. SS conc of 10 mg/L is an issue to habitat. For fish culture zone, SS should be below 50 mg/L according to

• AFCD. SS not to exceed by 30% according to

WQO.

Operation Phase

• Loss of soft-bottom habitat
• Loss of coral communities
• Loss of feeding grounds for marine lives e.g.

CWD

Chinese White Dolphin

Background

• Dolphin densities are 136-327 individuals/100 km2 in wet season in

WL and 101-213 ind/100 km2 in dry season.

• Dolphin densities are 34-72 individuals/100 km2 in wet season in

NWL and 37-111 ind/100 km2 in dry season.

• Annual abundance estimates of CWD are 33-77 ind in WL, 35-72

ind in NWL and 5-20 ind in NL. Collectively, the abundance estimates are 75-158 ind in 3 primary habitats. There is a downward trend in abundance and encounter rates in the past decade.

• The most heavily utilized habitats by CWD includes Lung Kwu Chau

and off Black Point in NWL around Brothers Island and Yam O in NEL , Tai Peninsula, near Peaked Hill and near Fan Lau in WL and

• SWL. He west coast of Lantau and the waters around Lung Kwu

Chau are the most important dolphin habitats

• Prey species are mainly demersal fish; hence the feeding
• pportunities for CWD would be reduced as a result of loss of

benthic habitats.

Density of Chinese White Dolphin with corrected survey effort per km2 (2006-2010)

• AFCD. 2011. Monitoring of Marine Mammals in Hong Kong Waters (2010-11)

Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park The Brother Islands Southwest Lantau The Third Runway is located at the center of 3 core areas of CWD

X

650Ha Loss of

• Habitat
• Feeding Ground
• Socializing Ground

Heavy Sea Traffic Vessel Collision Disruption of Echolocation

Construction Phase

• Disturbance to CWD feeding grounds
• Disturbance to dolphin calves
• Increase risk of injury to CWD due to collision

with construction vessels and barges

Operation Phase

• Loss of feeding grounds for CWD
• Increase chance of CWD injury due to collision

with marine vessels as a result of reduction of channel width

Fisheries

Background

• The northwestern waters of Chek Lap Kok support

medium value ($2,000-5000/ha) of fisheries production.

• The fisheries production in Ma Wan Fish Culture Zone is

medium-low (100-200 kg/ha) and Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park is medium (200-400 kg/ha). The production value is $2,000-5,000/ha. No. of vessels is 100-400 per year.

• Annual (2007) production of 154,000 tonnes of fisheries

valued at $1,530 M by around 4,000 fishing vessels.

• Fishing vessels are mainly shrimp trawler, hang trawler,

sampan, gill netter and purse seiner with hang trawlers being the dominant.

• Major fish species in NWL water and around Ma Wan

are Croaker (黃花鱼), Shrimp, Scad (離鰭青基), Crabs, Mullet (鱭魚), Anchovy (公魚,鳳尾魚) , Rabbitfish (籃子 魚).

Fishery Resources

• AECOM. 2009. Agreement No. CE 52/2007 (HY) Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok Link – Investigation EIA Report.

Common Commercial Fish: Seabass 花鱸, Ponyfish 油力

Third Runway

Fishery Resources

• AECOM. 2009. Agreement No. CE 52/2007 (HY) Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok Link – Investigation EIA Report.

HK Fish Net. AFCD. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_xpWvOap1JRg/RqapOGuaUqI/AAAAAAAAAFc/jGyBKfuUmOY/s1600-h/HK_mantis_shrimp.jpg

Highest catch among all trawling spots (FS):

• Crabs
• Fish (e.g. Croaker 黃花魚)

Other marine organisms:

• Bivalves (貝類)
• Gastropods (螺類)
• Shrimps (including mantis

shrimp 瀨尿蝦)

• Prawns

Third Runway

Fishery Resources

Port Survey 2006. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department.

Low to Medium Fishery Value: HK$1000-5000/ha (At Third Runway) Low to High Fishery Value: HK$1000-10000/ha (Surrounding Waters)

Food Web

Construction Phase

• Loss of fishing grounds
• Disturbance to fisheries production
• Disturbance to fishing operation
• Loss in fisheries value due to construction

Operation Phase

• Loss of fishing grounds
• Loss of fisheries production
• Impact of MEZ (marine Exclusion Zone)
• n fisheries operation

Waste Management Issues

Construction Phase

• Disposal of marine dredged sediment
• Disposal of additional fill material after the

surcharging

• Disposal of C&D waste
• Disposal of chemical waste and general

refuse

Cumulative Impacts

Thank you