ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Towards integrated marine infrastructure project assessment Annelies Boerema, Katrien Van der Biest, Patrick Meire University of Antwerp Commissioned by:
Master & PhD & post ‐ doc Environmental science ~Ecosystem services ~Environmental economics
Master Business engineering Economy Master & PhD & post ‐ doc Environmental science ~Ecosystem services ~Environmental economics
Master Business engineering Economy Master & PhD & post ‐ doc Environmental science ~Ecosystem services ~Environmental economics Research group Ecosystem management Biology
Master Business engineering Economy Master & PhD & post ‐ doc Environmental science ~Ecosystem services ~Environmental economics Research group Ecosystem management Biology
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects 1 Western Scheldt container terminal, Netherlands Usable land, port capacity
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects 2 Botany Bay expansion, Australia Usable land, port capacity
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects 3 Sand Engine, Netherlands Construction of protective dunes
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects Energy 4 C ‐ power windfarm, production Belgium
Dredging and marine infrastructure projects 5 Flood control area, Belgium Flood prevention
Open water Beach Tidal wetland Bay Quay wall Seagrass Hard substrate
Project approach Demonstrate how the concept of ecosystem services can contribute to more integrated assessment of marine infrastructure project
Ecosystem services “The benefits that humans derive from nature”
Ecosystem services “The benefits that humans derive from nature” Nature Human wellbeing Ecosystems and biodiversity Society ‐ Economy
Ecosystem services “The benefits that humans derive from nature” Nature Human wellbeing Ecosystems and biodiversity Society ‐ Economy Biophysical structure or Function Ecosystem process service Benefit(s) Value for society
ES Food production: fish
ES Food production: fish Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Data: • fish stock per area (ton) • fish productivity per area (ton/y) ‐ amount of fish available: open water, sea floor (crab, shrimp, flatfish, …), hard substrata in the sea, estuary, harbor (oyster, mussel, …) ‐ Important factors: amount of food available for fish to feed on, biomass production, water quality, nursery function and biodiversity
ES Food production: fish Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Benefit to society Data: Data: • fish stock per area (ton) • fish catch (ton/y) • fish productivity per area (ton/y) • fish consumption (ton/y) • nutrition (kCal/ton, kJ/ton) ‐ amount of fish available: open water, sea floor (crab, shrimp, flatfish, …), hard substrata in the sea, estuary, harbor (oyster, mussel, …) ‐ Important factors: amount of food available for fish to feed on, biomass production, water quality, nursery function and biodiversity
ES Water quality regulation
ES Water quality regulation Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Data: • Capacity of habitat types to remove nutrients from the water • kg N (or P) removed/ha/y ‐ Denitrification: biological processes that result in permanent removal of nutrients from an ecosystems ‐ Nutrient cycling: transfer of primary production to higher trophic levels ‐ Nutrient burial: burial through sedimentation of organic material (especially in estuaries)
ES Water quality regulation Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Benefit to society Data: Data: • Capacity of habitat types to • €/kg N (or P) removed: shadow remove nutrients from the water cost avoided cost for society to replace nitrogen removal by technical measures to reach the water • kg N (or P) removed/ha/y quality standard ‐ Denitrification: biological processes that result in ‐ when it prevents leakage of nitrogen to ground ‐ permanent removal of nutrients from an and surface water reserves ecosystems ‐ when it removes excessive nitrogen from water ‐ Nutrient cycling: transfer of primary production to reserves higher trophic levels ‐ Nutrient burial: burial through sedimentation of organic material (especially in estuaries)
ES Recreation
ES Recreation Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Data: • Area with recreation opportunities per habitat type ‐ Accessible areas ‐ Attractive areas
ES Recreation Nature: ecosystems and biodiversity Benefit to society Data: Data: • Area with recreation opportunities • Number of visitors to an area per habitat type • Added value to visit a specific area • Money spent during a visit ‐ Accessible areas ‐ Recreation and tourism ‐ Attractive areas ‐ Health effects
ES assessment P ROJECT Step 1 Habitat changes (before vs after)
ES assessment P ROJECT Step 1 Habitat changes (before vs after) Step 2 ES delivery per habitat type
ES assessment P ROJECT Step 1 Habitat changes (before vs after) Step 2 ES delivery per habitat type Step 3 Local context, underlying processes
ES assessment P ROJECT Step 1 Habitat changes (before vs after) Step 2 ES delivery per habitat type Step 3 Local context, underlying processes Step 4 Qualitative, quantitative and monetary
ES assessment Scope: illustration of the approach
ES assessment Scope: illustration of the approach e.g. to add environmental aspects into a traditional CBA
ES assessment Scope: illustration of the approach e.g. to add environmental aspects into a traditional CBA 5 case studies: ‐ Examples of the approach ‐ Based on available data ‐ Focus is not on the accuracy of data
Case 1: New container terminal Port Botany Expansion, Sydney, Australia • 2011 • 60 hectares of reclaimed terminal land • construction of 1.85 km of shipping wharves with deep water berths
Case 1: New container terminal Port Botany Expansion, Sydney, Australia • 2011 • 60 hectares of reclaimed terminal land • construction of 1.85 km of shipping wharves with deep water berths Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement Foreshore beach development
Case 1: new container terminal Habitat & land use changes (before vs after) Bay: ‐ 60 ha Rock rubble: +2 ha Quay: +1850m Port Botany Expansion Mangrove: ‐ 1 ha &Foreshore beach development &Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement Intertidal sand and mudflats: +8.3 ha Shrub: ‐ 11 ha Saltmarsh: +2 ha Seagrass: +6 ha
Case 1: new container terminal Results ES assessment Qualitative, quantitative and/or monetary assessment Recreation Opportunities for transportation Enhanced with Climate regulation the recreation plan +8,000 TEUs/y port capacity Capacity: ‐ 12,320 €/y ‐ 56 tonC/y Port Botany Expansion Water quality regulation Fish production Capacity: Increase nursery area ‐ 2,223 kgN/y ‐ 82,277 €/y +120 kgP/y &Foreshore beach development &Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement Biodiversity Air quality regualtion Positive impact on shorebirds is expected Capacity: ‐ 18,848 €/y Sedimentation ‐ 312 kgPM 10 /y /erosion regulation Capacity: +3350 m³ /y
Case 1: new container terminal Results ES assessment Qualitative, quantitative and/or monetary assessment Recreation Opportunities for transportation Enhanced with Climate regulation the recreation plan +8,000 TEUs/y port capacity Capacity: ‐ 12,320 €/y ‐ 56 tonC/y Port Botany Expansion Habitat ha C sequestration Mon. value Water quality regulation Fish production (tonC/ha/y) Capacity: Lagoon, bay ‐ 59 0.068 Increase nursery area ‐ 2,223 kgN/y ‐ 82,277 €/y Seagrass +6 1.38 +120 kgP/y &Foreshore beach development Mangroves ‐ 1 0.83 – 3 220 &Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement Intertidal flat +8.3 0.5 ‐ 2.5 Biodiversity €/tonC Marsh +2 0.5 ‐ 2.5 Air quality regualtion Positive impact on Rock rubble +1.9 shorebirds is expected Capacity: Shrubland ‐ 11.1 6.8 ‐ 18,848 €/y Sedimentation ‐ 312 kgPM 10 /y /erosion regulation Capacity: +3350 m³ /y
Case 1: new container terminal Results ES assessment Qualitative, quantitative and/or monetary assessment Recreation Opportunities for transportation Enhanced with Climate regulation the recreation plan +8,000 TEUs/y port capacity Habitat ha Fine dust capture Mon. value Capacity: ‐ 12,320 €/y ‐ 56 tonC/y Lagoon, bay ‐ 59 Port Botany Expansion Seagrass +6 Mangroves ‐ 1 ‐ 44 ‐ 88 kgPM 10 /y Water quality regulation Fish production Intertidal flat +8.3 54 €/kg Capacity: Increase nursery area Marsh +2 36 ‐ 72 kgPM 10 /y ‐ 2,223 kgN/y ‐ 82,277 €/y Rock rubble +1.9 +120 kgP/y &Foreshore beach development Shrubland ‐ 11.1 ‐ 200 ‐ 400 kgPM 10 /y &Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement Biodiversity Air quality regualtion Positive impact on shorebirds is expected Capacity: ‐ 18,848 €/y Sedimentation ‐ 312 kgPM 10 /y /erosion regulation Capacity: +3350 m³ /y
Case 1: new container terminal Full ES assessment Water transportation, port capacity Biodiversity (birds, fish) Port Botany Expansion Recreation &Foreshore beach development &Penrhyn Estuary Habitat enhancement
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