East Asia and Oceania 1 Half of the Earth Google Earth 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

East Asia and Oceania � 1

Half of the Earth Google Earth � 2

Selected Asian Populations Today A 80 60 Latitude 40 Region Amur Basin Central Asia 20 Chukotka-Kamchatka East Asia Korea-Japan Siberia Southeast Asia 0 50 100 150 200 Longitude Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1A 3 �

PCA of Current Asian Populations B 0.10 Chukotka-Kamchatka 0.05 Amur Basin EV2 (1.64%) Korea- Siberia Japan 0.00 East Asia Central Southeast Asia − 0.05 Asia − 0.10 EV1 (2.38%) Modified from Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1B 4 �

Asian Populations: Locations and PCA B 0.10 A Chukotka- 80 Kamchatka Amur Basin 0.05 60 Siberia EV2 (1.64%) Korea- Latitude Japan 40 0.00 East Asia Region Amur Basin Central Asia 20 Chukotka-Kamchatka East Asia Central − 0.05 Korea-Japan Southeast Asia Siberia Asia Southeast Asia 0 50 100 150 200 Longitude − 0.10 EV1 (2.38%) Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1AB 5 �

Two Routes to Asia Google Earth � 6

Topics Southern Route 1. New Guinea and Australia 2. New Denisovan discoveries 3. Yangtze River and Southeast Asia 4. Melanesia and Polynesia 5. Yellow River and Tibet Northern Route 1. Ancient Siberians 2. Paleosiberians 3. Siberians � 7

The Southern Route � 8

Ancient Shorelines of Sahul and Sunda Sunda Sahul O'Connell and Allen - 2015 - The process Figure 2 � 9

The Route to Sahul Google Earth � 10

Aboriginal Australian (X) Projected onto World PCA West Eurasians South Asians Americans East Munda Asians Papuans Aeta Bouganville Africans Based on Rasmussen et al. - 2011 - An Aboriginal z Figure 1B � 11

Denisovan Ancestry (as percentage of New Guinea level) Text Figure 10 � 12

Three New Denisovan Lineages Divergence Introgression Mismatch Name (kya) (kya) 5% D0 150-100 14% D1 300-260 50-15 19% D2 375-335 60-30 Based on Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in .pdf 13 �

New Denisovan Phylogeny Neanderthals Altai E D0 East Asians B D A D1 C Papuans D2 Baining Anatomically Modern Humans Based on Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in .pdf

Denisovan Ancestry—Most Recent Information archaic ancestry A B Denisovan Neanderthal Ambiguous modern ancestry Papuan East Asian − − − South Asia Siberia America West Eurasia Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in (Fig 1A) .pdf 15 �

PCA of Current East and Southeast Asian Populations (Taiwan) Ban Chiang Ami (Taiwan) Man Bac Atayal (Borneo) Nui Nap Barito Oakaie Cambodian Dai Vat Komnou Austronesian Han (Burma) Kra-Dai Htin PC2 (Vietnamese) Kinh (SChina,Thai,Viet) Han Lahu (Laos etc.) Lao (South China) Miao (Thai. Laos) Mlabri Myanmar (East Himalayas) Naxi (Ind. Ocean) Nicobarese Austroasiatic (Indonesia) Semende PC1 Based on Lipson et al. - 2018 - Ancient genomes z Fig 1B 16 �

South China & Southeast Asia Before 8,000 Years Ago McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia � 17

The Details of Southeast Asian Migrations McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia (Fig 4) .pdf � 18

Southeast Asia After 5,000 Years Ago Yangtze River McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia � 19

The Peopling of Melanesia and Polynesia a b c First people in First people in Near Oceania Remote Oceania >40,000 BP ~3,000 BP Taiwan Phillippines New Guinea E a r l y L a p i t a Australia Vanuatu Tonga d New Guinea e Mixture near Later gene fm ow brings Papuan ancestry to Remote Oceania Bismarck archipelago Skoglund et al. - 2016 - Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwes Figure 3 20 �

The Last-Peopled Places on Earth Google Earth � 21

Major Demographic Relations in East Asia and Oceania Yorubans Han Thai/Lao Austroasiatics Onge Austronesians Melanesians Polynesians Nean- Papuans derthals Australians Denisovans Based on Reich et al. - 2011 - Denisova Admixture z Fig 3 and McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia 22 �

Farming in the Yellow River Valley Yellow River Google Maps � 23

Tibet Chen et al. - 2015 - Agriculture facilitated z Fig 1 � 24

The Northern Route to Asia Google Earth � 25

Three Successive Populations • Ancient Siberians • Paleosiberians • Siberians � 26

Siberia Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 27

Ancient Siberians: 38,000 to 25,000 Years Ago x Sunghir 34 kya Kostenki 38 kya x Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 28

Ancient Siberians: 25,000 - 15,000 Years Ago x Sunghir 34 kya Kostenki 38 kya x Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 29

Paleosiberians: 25,000 to 11,000 Years Ago Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 30

Paleosiberians: 25,000 to 11,000 Years Ago Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 31

Beringia Wikipedia � 32

Siberians: Since 11,000 Years Ago Ket Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A � 33

Siberians Projected on PCA of Non-Africans Americas Uelen/Ekven Kolyma Ancient Paleo Mal’ta ANE Sunghir Yana Europe Tianyuan East Asia Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1C � 34

Siberians Projected on PCA of Non-Africans Americas Uelen/Ekven Kolyma Ancient Paleo Mal’ta Europe Siberians Devil’s Gate East Asia Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1C � 35

Demography of Eurasia and the Americas Sardinians 75% Ancient Siberians 25% Americans 25% Paleosiberians 75% 4% Siberians 96% Han Modified from Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 3B � 36

Major Demographic Relations in East Asia and Oceania Yorubans Han Thai/Lao Austroasians Onge Austronesians Melanesians Polynesians Nean- Papuans derthals Australians Denisovans Based on Reich et al. - 2011 - Denisova Admixture z Fig 3 and McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia 37 �