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Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU DSP Introduction DSP Introduction Instructor: Prof. An-Yeu Wu 2004/September ACCESS IC LAB ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Outline Outline Digital

  1. Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU DSP Introduction DSP Introduction Instructor: Prof. An-Yeu Wu 2004/September ACCESS IC LAB

  2. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Outline Outline � Digital Signal Processing Overview � Applications � Market Observation � DSP Processor Introduction � Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processor � Recent DSP Relative Topics P2

  3. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Digital Signal Processing Digital Signal Processing Overview Overview P3

  4. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU What is Signal Processing? What is Signal Processing? P4

  5. P5 Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Signals Signals ACCESS IC LAB

  6. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Signals Signals � Signal is: (Webster’s Dictionary) 1 : SIGN, INDICATION 2a : an act, event, or watchword that has been agreed on as the occasion of concerted action b : something that incites to action � Signal can be characterized in several ways: � Continuous time or Discrete time � Continuous valued or Discrete values � 1-D signals or 2-D signals (different dimension) � Real valued or Complex valued � Scalar or Vector � Deterministic or Random P6

  7. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Characterize Signals Characterize Signals � Continuous time & continuous valued: � Analog signal � Discrete time & continuous valued: � Sampled signal � Continuous time & discrete valued: � Quantized signal � Discrete time & discrete valued: � Digital signal P7

  8. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Characterize Signals Characterize Signals � Different dimensional signals: � Speech vs. Image vs. Video � Real value & Complex value signals: � Residential electrical power vs. Industrial reactive power � Scalar & Vector signals: � Sea Surface Temperature vs. North Atlantic Current � Deterministic & Random signals: � Speech vs. Background noise P8

  9. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Processing Processing � Process is: (Webster’s Dictionary) 2 b (1) : to subject to or handle through an established usually routine set of procedures (2) : to subject to examination or analysis � Processing is application-oriented: � Communication: Modulation, Demodulation � Signal enhancement: Filtering, Equalization… � Spectral analysis: Transform… � Image processing: Reconstruction, Watermarking... � Data compression: Transform, Quantization… � Security: Encryption, Decryption P9

  10. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Real World Signal Processing Real World Signal Processing � Real world signals: � Most signals are analog and continuous. � e.g.. sound, vision, pressure, radiation... � Processing real world signal in tradition: � Modeling � Higher complexity: nonlinear, time-variant systems � Environment-sensitive � Temperature, Pressure, Gravity… P10

  11. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU What is Digital Signal Processing? What is Digital Signal Processing? � Digital Signal Processing: � Digital signal processing is to process real world signals (represented discrete and quantized or naturally digital ) using mathematical techniques or algorithmic manipulation to perform transformations or extract information. P11

  12. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Digital Signal Processing Digital Signal Processing � Signals in DSP system are sequences of quantized samples (discrete both in time and value). � Signals are obtained from physical signals via transducers (e.g., microphones) and than become electric signals (e.g. voltage). � Electric signals are converted to digital signal by sampling and quantizing of analog-to-digital converters (ADC). � Digital signals may be recorded or converted into analog signals (e.g., voltage) through digital-to-analog converters (DAC). � Transducers (e.g., speaker) convert electrical signal back into physical signals. P12

  13. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Sample and Quantize Sample and Quantize ⎢ ⎥ y = ε ⋅ Sampling interval: T Quantize Q ( y ) ε ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ P13

  14. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Example Example � Communication system example: Cellular phone P14

  15. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Why Digital Signal Processing? Why Digital Signal Processing? � “Exactness” � Perfect reproduction without error and perfect duplication of processing result � Accuracy in digital signal representations can be controlled better by changing word-length of the signal. � “Robustness” � Digital signals can be stored and recovered, transmitted and received, processed and manipulated, all virtually without error. � “Convenient” � Complicated or sophisticated DSP techniques can be easily applied to target signal. � Faster system design, and verification in every development cycles. P15

  16. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Applications Applications P16

  17. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Common DSP Algorithms & Applications Common DSP Algorithms & Applications � Applications – Instrumentation and measurement � – Communications � – Audio and video processing � – Graphics, image enhancement, rendering � – Navigation, radar, GPS � – Control - robotics, machine vision, guidance � Algorithms � – Frequency domain filtering – FIR, IIR � – Frequency- time transformations – FFT, DCT � – Correlation P17

  18. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Image Compression Image Compression � JPEG Encoding Quantize--Dequantize � JPEG Decoding Spatial domain �� Frequency domain P18

  19. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Voice Recognition Voice Recognition P19

  20. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Audio Application Audio Application P20

  21. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Market Observation Market Observation P21

  22. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Semiconductor Market Semiconductor Market � Single processors (MPUs) and DRAMs were driving semiconductor industry because of personal computing market. � Now DSP has become one major technology driver. � Increasing need to digital processing signals in embeded system � e.g. Communication application, multimedia application P22

  23. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU DSP Market DSP Market $2Billion market*, 30% growth rate * 1996 P23

  24. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Wireless Trend Wireless Trend P24

  25. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Example Example � The prevalence of cellular phone in Taiwan reached 110% in 2004. � Incredible growing of prevalence in China and Russia. (millions of mobile phone per month) � Cellular phone is a product with fast retired and replaced generations. P25

  26. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Today’ ’s DSP Market Split s DSP Market Split Today P26

  27. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU DSP Processor Introduction DSP Processor Introduction P27

  28. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Review: Processor Classes Review: Processor Classes Increasing Cost � General Purpose - high performance � – Pentiums, Alpha's, SPARC � – Used for general purpose software � – Heavy weight OS - UNIX, NT � – Workstations, PC's � Embedded processors and processor cores � – ARM, 486SX, Hitachi SH7000, NEC V800 Increasing Volume � – Single program � – Lightweight OS – eCos, uLinux, … � – Need DSP processor support in such oriented application � – Cellular phones, consumer electronics (e. g. CD players) � Microcontrollers � – Extremely cost sensitive � – Single program, OS is usually needless � – Small word size - 8 bit common � – Automobiles, toasters, thermostats, ... P28

  29. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Comparison Comparison P29

  30. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Realization Realization � Digital Signal Processing algorithms can be realized through these technology: � Digital Signal Processor (DSP) � ADI Blackfin processor, TI TMS320CX processor… � General Purpose Microprocessor � Pentium CPU, ARM � Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) � FFT processor, Equalizer � Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) P30

  31. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU Digital Signal Processor Digital Signal Processor � A digital signal processor (DSP) is a type of microprocessor. � Processing data in real time. The real-time capability makes a DSP perfect for applications that cannot tolerate any delays. � Essentially infinite stream of data need to be processed. � Large amount of I/O with analog interface � ADC, DAC P31

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