Drones. Fun and games or a dystopian nightmare? By: Nicky DiCarlo - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Drones.

Fun and games or a dystopian nightmare?

By: Nicky DiCarlo and Kelly Venechanos

By: Nicky DiCarlo and Kelly Venechanos

What is a drone?

• A vehicle designed to

be used with no human on board.

• Often uses 4 or more

rotors.

• Often equipped with

cameras

“A "drone," or "unmanned aircraft," is an aerial vehicle designed to be used without a human pilot onboard. Drones can be remote controlled or purely automated.”

• Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)

Drones often use a 4 rotor design known as the quadcopter for stability and control. The number of these can be increased. “Domestic Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Drones.” Electronic Privacy Information Center, n.d., www.eff.org/issues/surveillance-drones.

A Range of Size, Price, and Possibility

Sources: Amazon.com

“Yuneec Typhoon H UHD 4K Collision Avoidance Hexacopter Drone with Battery and ST16 Controller.” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B01AT4BKFU. “Akaso X5C 4CH 2.4GHz 6-Axis Gyro Headless RC Quadcopter with HD Camera, 360-degree 3D Rolling Mode RC Drone (Bonus MicroSD card & Blades Propellers included).” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B012SSR374. “DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter 4K UHD Video Camera Drone.” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B00VSITBJO. “Cheerson CX-10 Mini 2.4G 4CH 6-Axis LED RC Quadcopter Airplane Orange.” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B00KXZC762. “SKEYE Pico Drone - Remote Controlled - Micro Quadcopter with RTF Technology - One Year Warranty.” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B0187EDOYE. “Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 Elite Edition Quadcopter - Snow.” Amazon.com, n.d. amzn.com/B00FS7SU7K.

Who is the intended buyer?

Source: Parrot.com

“Drones.” Parrot SA, n.d. www.parrot.com/us/Drones#see-also. “Minidrones.” Parrot SA, n.d. www.parrot.com/us/Minidrones#minidrones.

FAA Regulations (Part 107)

• Must weigh less than 55lbs. (25kg)
• Must remain within VLOS (Visual line-of-

sight)

• Must remain close enough to be seen

with the naked eye.

• Can only operate between 30 minutes

before sunrise until 30 minutes after sunset.

• Max speed of 100mph.
• Max altitude of 400’ above ground or

structure.

*** - Part 107 does not apply to model aircraft that satisfy all of the criteria specified in section 336 of Public Law 112-95 (a.k.a. - FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012). Unmanned aircraft must weigh less than 55 lbs. (25 kg).

• Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) only; the unmanned aircraft must remain within VLOS of the remote pilot in command and the

person manipulating the flight controls of the small UAS. Alternatively, the unmanned aircraft must remain within VLOS of the visual observer.

• At all times the small unmanned aircraft must remain close enough to the remote pilot in command and the person manipulating the flight controls of the small UAS for those people to be capable of seeing

the aircraft with vision unaided by any device other than corrective lenses.

• Small unmanned aircraft may not operate over any persons not directly participating in the operation, not under a covered structure, and not inside a covered stationary vehicle.
• Daylight-only operations, or civil twilight (30 minutes before official sunrise to 30 minutes after official sunset, local time) with appropriate anti-collision lighting.
• Must yield right of way to other aircraft.
• May use visual observer (VO) but not required.
• First-person view camera cannot satisfy “see-and-avoid”

requirement but can be used as long as requirement is satisfied in other ways.

• Maximum groundspeed of 100 mph (87 knots).
• Maximum altitude of 400 feet above ground level (AGL) or, if

FAA Regulations - “Model Aircraft”

FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112-95)- Section 336. the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may not promulgate any rule or regulation regarding a model aircraft, or an aircraft being developed as a model aircraft, if— (1) the aircraft is flown strictly for hobby or recreational use; (2) the aircraft is operated in accordance with a community- based set of safety guidelines and within the programming of a nationwide community-based organization; (3) the aircraft is limited to not more than 55 pounds unless otherwise certified through a design, construction, inspection, flight test, and operational safety program adminis- tered by a community-based organization; (4) the aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft; and (5) when flown within 5 miles of an airport, the operator of the aircraft provides the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the airport) with prior notice of the operation (model aircraft operators flying from a permanent location within 5 miles of an airport should establish a mutually-agreed upon

• perating procedure with the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the

airport)). U.S. Congress. FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012. 112th Cong. Public Law 112-95. Congress.gov. Web. 6 November 2016.

FAA - Drone Registration

• Mandatory Registration for

all drones between .55 lbs and 55 lbs.

• $5 Fee
• Registration valid for 3

years.

• Failure to register can mean

up to 3 years in jail or fine of $250,000

• Only valid for non-

commercial drones.

“The FAA also announced the launch of a new mobile app for Apple and Android devices, B4UFLY, which will help drone owners avoid breaking the law. "We expect B4UFLY will help raise public awareness about what it means to operate unmanned aircraft safely," Huerta said. "It is another important part of our ... efforts to foster a culture of safety and accountability for the [unmanned aircraft systems] community." The app tells consumers where they can and can't fly a drone. Using the phone's location, it can detect nearby restricted airspace, like an airport, or areas with temporary flight restrictions like those near a fire or crime

• scene. It also features a planner mode that allows the user to see any time or location restrictions for upcoming flights.

The FAA's registration process is operated using the honor system -- it's consumers' responsibility to register their drones. Not registering your drone could mean penalties of up to three years in jail, or as much as $250,000 in fines. Consumer electronics organizations estimated about 400,000 drones were sold this holiday alone. Registration is required for drones that weigh between 0.55 pounds and 55 pounds, which excludes many sub-$100 "toy" drones. Consumers enter basic information into FAA's online system and must acknowledge that they've read the FAA's basic safety guidelines. Registration costs $5, but the fee will be refunded if you register by January 20. Registration is valid for three years, and hobbyists can register an unlimited number of drones. Drones used for commercial purposes must still register using the older, paper-based system.” Marsh, Rene, and Kelly. “181,000 drones registered with FAA in two weeks.” CNN, 6 January 2016, money.cnn.com/2016/01/06/technology/faa-drone-registration/index.html.

Geofencing

In November of 2015, popular drone maker DJI announced a “geofencing” feature which would be built into its drones. It would be constantly updated, and DJI drones within these geofenced areas would be unable to take off. Drones

• utside of them would be unable to fly into them.

Geofencing for drones exists to keep drones out of restricted areas like airports or The White House. In July of this year, DJI gave their users and opt-out from the geofencing feature. “DJI Introduces New Geofencing System for its Drones.” DJI, 18 November 2015, www.dji.com/newsroom/news/dji-fly-safe-system. Kelion, Leo. “DJI drones gain geo-fencing safety feature opt-out.” BBC, 5 July 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-36717538.

Drone Optimism

Looking on the bright side of life

Aerial Art - Intel’s Drone Light Show

2015 - Intel conducts a light show using 100 drones above Flugplatz Ahrenlohe, near Hamburg Germany. Software allowed the drones to be coordinated from the ground. Kaplan, Ken. “100 Dancing Drones Set World Record.” IQ, 6 January 2016, iq.intel.com/100-dancing-drones-set-world-record/.

October 7, 2016 - Intel conducts another light show, this time with 500 drones over Krailling, Germany “Intel’s 500 Drone Light Show | Intel.” YouTube, uploaded by Intel4 November 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOd4-T_p5fA. Kaplen, Ken. “500 Drones Light Night Sky to Set Record.” IQ, 4 November 2016, iq.intel.com/500-drones-light-show-sets-record/.

Drone Racing

Drone racing is a “thing.” Pilots from around the world meet and compete for various prizes. These pilots put on VR style goggles and compete on various obstacle courses at high speed. Stock, David. “The new, underground sport of first-person drone racing.” Ars Technica UK, 14 August 2015, arstechnica.co.uk/gadgets/2015/08/first-person-drone-racing-the-underground-sport-of-quadcopter-flying/. Stock, David. “Drone World Championships: Drone racing in the land of Jurassic Park.” Ars Technica, 27 October 2016, arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/drone-world-racing-championships-hawaii-photos. Hodson, Hal. "Get In The Race." New Scientist 224.2991 (2014): 21. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Nov. 2016. Schneider, David. "Is U.S. Drone Racing Legal? Maaaaybe." Spectrum, IEEE 52.11 (2015): 19-20. Print.

Note - Only Watch the first 45 seconds or so. “World Drone Prix 2016 Dubai - Final Race.” YouTube, uploaded by seungsup choi, 12 March 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIM4zKvsTIQ.

Film

Varavon VR Gimbal Drone Janus 360 Superman With a GoPro

Drones have been used in film making for a while now. Skyfall and some of the Harry Potter films have used them (Watercutter). Even before the U.S. announced in late 2014 it would allow drones to be used in film here, other countries were already practicing it (Johnson). Superman With a GoPro is a fun short film which gives some idea of the creative ways filmmakers can work with drones. More recently, companies have begun producing drones with 360 degree virtual reality cameras attached to them. As VR becomes increasingly mainstream, I think we can expect to see many VR films incorporating these technologies. Kamps, Haje Jan. “This crazy $30,0000 drone giver your 360° video wings.” TechCrunch, 7 November 2016, techcrunch.com/2016/11/07/varavon-vr/? ncid=rss&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+techcrunch%2Fstartups+%28TechCrunch+%C2%BB+Startups%29&utm_content=Google+UK. “Drone Janus 360.” Dronevolt, n.d. www.dronevolt.com/en/expert-solutions/drone-janus-360/. “Superman With a GoPro.” YouTube, uploaded by Corridor, 17 March 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Ib9SwC7EI. Watercutter, Angela. “Drones are about to change how directors make movies.” Wired, 6 March 2015, www.wired.com/2015/03/drone-filmmaking/. Johnson, Ted. “Filmmakers Get Permission to Use Drones in the U.S.” Variety, 25 September, 2014, variety.com/2014/artisans/news/faa-expected-to-permit-use-of-drones-on-film-sets-1201313650/.

Rare Whale Footage Shot by Drone

“Rare whale footage shot by drone thanks to AUT scientists.” YouTube, uploaded by Auckland University of Technology, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFzozm_H5M.

Delivery via Drone - Amazon

Source: The Washington Post

In 2013, the night before Cyber Monday, Jeff Bezos went on CBS’s 60 Minutes and announced a new Amazon Drone Delivery program (Murray and Chu). “How Amazon plans to deliver your stuff in 2018.” The Washington Post, n.d. www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/how-amazon-plans-to-deliver-your-stuff-in-2018/2013/12/03/42fe6d96-5bc5-11e3-bf7e-f567ee61ae21_graphic.html. Fung, Brian. “Everything you need to know about Amazon’s new delivery drones.” The Washington Post, 2 December 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/02/everything-you-need-to-know-about-amazons-new-delivery- drones/.

“Amazon Prime Air.” YouTube, uploaded by amazon 29 November 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXo_d6tNWuY.

Image Source: The flying sidekick traveling salesman problem: Optimization of drone-assisted parcel delivery

“Depending upon the number of available UAVs, as well as the performance characteristics of the fleet, it may not be optimal to deliver-by-drone to all eligible customers. For example, in Fig. 2c the total time required to deliver to all customers is decreased if the truck delivers parcels to some of the customers that could feasibly be served by the UAV. In cases where the distribution center is located far from the customers, an alternative is to pair the UAV with a traditional delivery truck, as depicted in Fig. 3b. The delivery truck departs from the DC carrying a UAV and all customer

• parcels. As the driver makes deliveries, the UAV is launched from the truck, carrying parcels for individual customers.”

Murray, Chase C., and Chu. "The Flying Sidekick Traveling Salesman Problem: Optimization of Drone-assisted Parcel Delivery." Transportation Research Part C 54 (2015): 86-109. Print.

More deliveries and distribution

Workhorse Walmart drone managing inventory Zipline - Delivery blood in Rwanda

Amazon is not alone in wanting to use drones for delivery. Zipline, a startup out of California, has partnered with UPS and has begun using drones to bring blood to remote clinics in Rwanda. “To request a blood drop-off, health care workers send a text message, and 30 minutes later a drone arrives. Zipline’s drones don’t land at the medical centers, but rather drop packages via disposable parachutes at the clinics’ receiving area” (Glaser). “UPS helped ship the Zipline drones and supplies to Rwanda, and the delivery giant’s foundation donated $1.1 million to the project, but beyond these efforts, UPS’s ongoing involvement appears slim” (Glaser). Walmart has begun using drones to monitor inventory levels and speed up operations in their distribution warehouses. “the machines [can] help catalog in as little as a day what now takes employees about a month" And Workhorse Group, a manufacturer of electric delivery trucks, is working with the University of Cincinnati to explore ways drones can cut gas costs and increase efficiency for companies like UPS. “Workhorse's drone, the HorseFly, is being developed in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati. Weighing 18 pounds with a battery, it can carry a package that weighs up to 10 pounds and is designed for short flights of approximately one mile each

• way. It automatically recharges its battery every time it lands on its landing pad-the roof of one of the Workhorse Group's electric delivery vehicles”

Abrams, Rachel. “Walmart Looks to Drones to Speed Distribution.” The New York Times, 2 June 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/business/walmart-looks-to-drones-to-speed-distribution.html?_r=1. Glaser, April. “The world’s supposed first drone delivery program is bringing blood to remote Rwandan clinics.” recode, 15 October 2016, www.recode.net/2016/10/15/13288078/zipline-ups-africa-drone-delivery-rwanda-blood-uav. Woodall, Martin. “Drones Monitor Inventory Levels in Walmart Warehouses.” Dronedata, 23 June 2016, www.dronedata.com/blog/drones-monitor-walmart-inventory. "Meet Workhorse, The Company That's Competing With Amazon For Delivery Drones." ENP Newswire, 1 Feb. 2016. Health Reference Center Academic, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?

Eyes in the Sky

#DroneSurveillance

Helicopter Dad (literally)

Chris Early of Knoxville, Tennessee

In 2015, Chris Early of Knoxville, Tennessee decided to use a drone to follow his eight-year-old daughter to school. “...he had the idea of using the drone to check in on her for her first solo commute. Katie said she was not expecting the drone to follow her but thought it was pretty cool when she spotted it hovering above. 'I was like, "Oh wow,"' she said. '[My dad] didn’t tell me then, so I was pretty surprised.'” “The tech-enthusiast released footage of one of his remote chaperoning session to ABC News, showing how he is now able monitor his child's whereabouts from the skies. “ “Since he released the clip many viewers have criticized him for being too 'prying' and ‘invasive'." He says he never meant to start a debate on parenting in the 21st century, but he got a lot of backlash for being too “invasive.” Whitelocks, Sadie. “Real helicopter parenting! Concerned father uses a DRONE to follow his eight-year-old daughter to school.” Daily Mail, 23 April 2015, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3052784/Real- helicopter-parenting-Concerned-father-uses-DRONE-follow-eight-year-old-daughter-school.html.

A Reasonable Expectation of Privacy?

“...since airplanes and helicopters often fly over private property, citizens do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy that their activities will not be

• bserved from the air”
• U.S. Supreme Court (Florida v. Riley)

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America says, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” This amendment is commonly referenced when discussing video and aerial surveillance of private property. However, because of a supreme court decision in 1989, using helicopters (and arguably drones) to conduct surveillance on private property is not illegal. “In the 1989 case Florida v. Riley, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that since airplanes and helicopters often fly over private property, citizens do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy that their activities will not be observed from the air” In that particular case, the defendant was trying to suppress evidence police had obtained by flying a helicopter over his greenhouse (where he was growing marijuana). The court ruled that he had no reasonable expectation of privacy, and the evidence, which was obtained without a warrant, was allowed. Friedersdorf, Conor. “Why Police Don’t Need Warrants to Snoop With Drones.” The Atlantic, 28 August 2014, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/08/california-lawmakers-back-a-restraining-order-on-police-drones/379267/. Florida v. Riley. 488 U.S. 445. Supreme Court of the United States. 1989. Justia. n.d. supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/488/445/case.html. U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. IV.

Can I shoot an unknown drone flying over my property?

William Merideth of Hillview, Kentucky

In July of 2015, William Merideth’s daughters were sunbathing in the yard when they saw a drone nearby (“Father who shot down drone…”). They came and got their dad. When the drone started hovering over his property, “he did what any God-fearing American would do-he blew it to smithereens with his shotgun” (Morris). While it might be tempting to argue he was justified in doing this, he still ended up being charged with “first-degree criminal mischief and first degree wanton endangerment” for shooting the drone. Understanding the legality of owning the airspace above your property, however, is tricky. In 1946, The Supreme Court ruled on a case of chicken farmer who lived near an airport. Planes would frequently fly over his house at close to “83 feet”. This was so low that the chickens would literally be scared to death. According the court: “The path of glide to this runway passes directly over the property -- which is 100 feet wide and 1,200 feet long. The 30 to 1 safe glide angle [Footnote 1] approved by the Civil Aeronautics Authority [Footnote 2] passes over this property at 83 feet, which is 67 feet above the house, 63 feet above the barn and 18 feet above the highest tree. “ “They come close enough at times to appear barely to miss the tops of the trees, and at times so close to the tops of the trees as to blow the old leaves off. The noise is

• startling. And, at night, the glare from the planes brightly lights up the place. As a result of the noise, respondents had to give up their chicken business. As many as six

to ten of their chickens were killed in one day by flying into the walls from fright. The total chickens lost in that manner was about 150.” In their ruling on this case, the court determined that “the air above the minimum safe altitude of flight...is a public highway and part of the public domain.” In other words, you don’t own the rights to that airspace. United States v. Causby. 328 U.S. 256. Supreme Court of the United States. 1946. Justia. n.d. supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/328/256/case.html. Madrigal, Alexis C. “If I Fly a UAV Over My Neighbor’s House, Is it Trespassing?” The Atlantic, 10 October 2012, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/if-i-fly-a-uav-over-my-neighbors-house-is-it-trespassing/263431/. Morris, David. “A Drone, a Shotgun, and the Future of Airspace Rights.” Fortune, 25 September 2016, fortune.com/2016/09/25/drone-shotgun-airspace-rights/. Bauer, Katie. “Man charged after shooting down drone.” Raycom Media, 5 August 2015, www.wave3.com/story/29660127/man-charged-with-shooting-down-drone.

What if someone is peeping in my windows?

What if I am a celebrity?

“...Seattle woman changing in her 26th floor apartment in a highly publicized Peeping Tom” drone incident in the summer of 2014. The Seattle woman complained about the drone’s presence and the operator, a man who flies drones for companies seeking aerial pictures of real estate and architecture, apologized to her” “The operator assured her that he was just photographing the building and that “no topless pic[ture]s existed].” There are questions about drones which have yet to be answered in the legal system. According to Jay Stanley from the ACLU, a couple of those include:

• “It’s less clear not only what privacy invasions we’ll see, but the extent to which they will be already covered by existing laws (such as trespassing, nuisance, and “peeping tom” statutes, and privacy torts).”
• “Unlike with government drones, First Amendment photographers’ rights issues come into play with private drones, which complicates the issue.”

And while your neighbors are unlikely to send a drone to peep in your windows, for celebrities, it’s a real nightmare. “Is your daughter stalked by like drones? Are there drones flying where she’s trying to learn how to swim at age 1?’ asked Kanye West after a paparazzo used a drone to watch North West, Kim Kardashian’s and Kanye’s daughter, in the couple’s backyard pool.” “Miley Cyrus posted a video on her Instagram account of a quadcopter drone with the caption ‘Drone Pap[arazzi] wtf.’” Just last month, the Swedish government has banned the use of any camera equipped drone without a special permit. Rosen, Rebecca J. “So This Is How It Begins: Guy Refuses to Stop Drone-Spying on Seattle Woman.” The Atlantic, 13 May 2013, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/so-this-is-how-it-begins-guy-refuses-to-stop-drone-spying-on- seattle-woman/275769/. Stanley, Jay. “The Regulation of Private-Sector Drones.” ACLU, 15 July 2015, www.aclu.org/blog/free-future/regulation-private-sector-drones. Tate, Amanda. "Miley Cyrus And The Attack Of The Drones: The Right Of Publicity And Tabloid Use Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Texas Review Of Entertainment & Sports Law 17.1 (2015): 73-99. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Nov. 2016. Dickson, Caitlin. "Paparazzi With Drones." Newsweek 160.24 (2012): 10-12. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Nov. 2016.

Law Enforcement Surveillance

According the Electronic Frontier Foundation, drones are capable of “highly advanced surveillance” which can include carrying equipment enabling live-feed video, infrared video, heat sensors, and radar. They can also carry electronic surveillance devices like wifi crackers and fake cell phone towers which can intercept your phone calls and text messages. According to drone manufacturer, Amimon, police forces are already using drones to aid in pursuing criminals in high risk or fast moving situations and to survey traffic accidents. This past June, sheriff deputies in Alameda County, California flew 3 drone missions, including one which involved hunting down a suspect who had fled on foot. While in Boone County, Iowa, changes had to be made to drone policy after the sheriff deployed a drone to track down loose cattle. @ACSOSheriffs. "We used our UAV during the high risk search warrant and were able to follow a suspect who fled the residence.." Twitter, 27 Jun. 2016, 1:03 p.m., twitter.com/ACSOSheriffs/status/747490666272284672. “Surveillance Drones.” Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d., www.eff.org/issues/surveillance-drones. “Law Enforcement.” Amimon, n.d. connex.amimon.com/law-enforcement. Farivar, Cyrus. “County sheriff quietly expands drone fleet to 6, flown dozens of times.” Ars Technica, 2 July 2016, arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/07/county-sheriff-quietly-expands-drone-fleet-to-6-flown-dozens-of-times/. Farivar, Cyrus. “Sheriff blasted for sending drone to ‘track down some loose cattle.” Ars Technica, 7 November 2016, arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/11/sheriff-blasted-for-sending-drone-to-track-down-some-loose-cattle/.

Weaponization

#KillerDrone

Atwell, Cabe. “The ‘KillerDrone’ is Real and Features a Heavily Modified Chainsaw [Nightmares].” SolidSmack, 26 April 2016, www.solidsmack.com/3d-cad-technology/the-killerdrone-is-real-and-features-a-heavily-modified-chainsaw-nightmares/.

Non-Lethal

Last year, North Dakota passed a law requiring police to obtain a court order before they could use a drone for surveillance. That same law also allowed police to equip drones with non-lethal weapons like tasers and beanbag rounds. These don’t require a court order. With the increased militarization of police around the country, how long until these devices become mainstream tools in the police force? How long until they are misused like Dallas Police Chief Brown misused a bomb defusing robot to kill a suspect? How long until drones are regularly deployed against protesters with tasers or teargas? Farivar, Cyrus. “New law permits North Dakota cop drones to fire beanbag rounds from the sky.” Ars Technica, 27 August 2015, arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/new-law-permits-north-dakota-cop-drones-to-fire-bean-bag-rounds-from-the-sky/. Karlin, Mark. “Drones that shoot tasers are now legal for police use in North Dakota.” Occupy.com, 15 September 2015, www.occupy.com/article/drones-shoot-tasers-are-now-legal-police-use-north-dakota#sthash.U1LmIL5m.dpbs. Mogg, Trevor. “The Police May One-Day Patrol the Streets with Taser-Equipped Drones.” Digital Trends, 21 October 2016, www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/police-taser-quadcopter/. Peterson, Andrea. “In an apparent first, Dallas police used a robot to deliver bomb that killed shooting suspect.” The Washington Post, 8 July 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/08/dallas-police-used-a-robot-to-deliver- bomb-that-killed-shooting-suspect/. Hambling, David. “These 6 Drones Are Ready and Waiting to Tear Gas You.” Popular Mechanics, 1 February 2016, www.popularmechanics.com/flight/drones/g2445/tear-gas-capable-drones/.

Projectile Weapons

An 18 year old college student in Connecticut affixed a gun to a drone as part of a class project. He post this video online, and sparked a debate about the legality. However, the police chief, Todd Lawriel, said that, while they were still looking into the matter, it did not seem any laws were actually broken. Martinez, Michael. “Handgun-firing drone appears legal in video, but FAA, police probe further.” CNN, 21 July 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/07/21/us/gun-drone-connecticut/index.html. “Flying Gun.” YouTube, uploaded by Hogwit, 10 July 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqHrTtvFFIs&feature=youtu.be.

Flamethrowers

The same student that attached a handgun to the previous drone also created a flamethrower drone. County police denounce his actions but say they are not illegal.

Zorabedian, John. “This state wants to ban gun-toting, flame-shooting, gas-spraying drones.” Sophos, 4 March 2016, nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/03/04/this-state-wants-to-ban-gun-toting-flame-shooting-gas-spraying-drones/.

“Smart Bombs”

ISIS has used hobbyist drones with explosives to kill people. The department of homeland security has shown that a $300 drone can carry up to 3 pounds

• f explosives

Hongo, Hudson. “ISIS Is Now Using Hobby Drones to Kill People.” Gizmodo, 11 October 2016, gizmodo.com/isis-is-now-turning-hobby-drones-into-makeshift-smart-b-1787687168.

Hacking

Icarus hijacker

DSMx is the most popular remote control protocol for small drones Security researcher Jonathan Andersson found and exploited flaws in this protocol and used them to produce a device that could hijack any drones using this protocol He used this information to build a device he calls the Icarus hijacker

DSMx vulnerabilities

The underlying radio protocol takes encodes instructions and “encrypts” them by: Negating Reversing Rotating

DSMx Vulnerabilities (cont)

DSMx attempts to prevent purposeful and accidental interference through the use of PN codes and hardcoded manufacturer IDs There are only 9 PN codes per channel and the manufacturer IDs are

• nly 4 bytes so they can be easily

brute forced. DSMx is also vulnerable to a timing attack

Timing attack

The original controller sends commands at a regular intervals This allows the attacking device (red) to synchronize its transmissions to lock out the original owner

Speculative Design

Improved Security

Legislate a requirement that drones that are armed or over a certain weight implement secure communication protocols. Create a regulatory agency or incorporate this regulatory ability into the FAA Allow hobbyists to use low cost/low security protocols

More accessible

People fear what they don’t understand Making drones cheaper/easier to use will eliminate much of the unease people feel

Speculative Design (CS perspective)

Speculative Design (EMAC perspective)

• Install a Faraday Cage at home
• Plant Trees.
• Place high netting around property.
• Install sensors with alarms to detect

approaching drones.

• Pass legislation creating strict privacy

regulations on drone surveillance (visual and electronic).

• Pass legislation limiting police use of

drones, especially when carrying weapons, lethal or otherwise.

Works Cited

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