Dont drink and walk (?) Christine Chaloupka-Risser Factum OG, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013

Don´t drink and walk (?)

Christine Chaloupka-Risser

Factum OG, Vienna

ICTCT Stellenbosch 2013

Contents

• Drinking habits as expression of lifestyle and

personal mood

• Pedestrian needs
• Drunk walking – a traffic safety problem?
• Problem solving by:

– Infrastructural conditions of transportation – Possibilities of campaigning according to the transtheoretical model of Prochaska & DiClemente – Examples for communication related to different stages of the model

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Human needs “ERG”-Theory

Alderfer

• Existence needs: physiological and safety needs (such as

hunger, thirst and sex; Maslow's first two levels)

• Relatedness needs: social and external esteem

(involvement with family, friends, co-workers and employers; Maslow's third and fourth levels)

• Growth needs: internal esteem and self actualization

(desires to be creative, productive and to complete meaningful tasks; Maslow's fourth and fifth levels)

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Pedestrian needs

• indicators

Hakamies-Blomqvist & Jutila

• social values and motives (contacts, relationships, transactions)
• health aspects
• comfort ("easy to walk")
• weather protection (against rain, sun, snow, wind)
• safety preconditions (reflecting most of all the feeling of

safety)

• spontaneous mobility
• aesthetics
• interoperability/useability

ERG elements are represented

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Consuming alcohol as a cultural element

• Part of human civilization for thousands of years,

linked with connotations of pleasure and sociability but its use also has harmful consequences

• How we learn to drink and continue to drink
• is determined most by the drinking we observe, the

attitudes about drinking we pick up, and the people we drink with

• is an aspect of culture modelled by a combination of

example, rewards, punishments

Heath, D.B., ed., International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1995, p. 334

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Actual lifestyle related to alcoholic beverages

Combination of factors: Youth, binge drinking, alcopops, easy to get Globally, 320 000 young people aged 15-29 years die annually, from alcohol-related causes, resulting in 9% of all deaths in that age group. This age loses most of their potential lifetime than

• ther age groups.The frequency of drunkenness among the

young is greater than that of their elders (WHO, 2011)

• Heavy episodic drinking

Table 1. Prevalence of weekly heavy episodic drinking among drinkers in the past 12 months by sex, WHO region and the world, 2005 (WHO, 2011)

WHO region Women (%) Men (%) Total (%) AFR 16.2 30.5 25.1 EUR 4.6 16.8 11.0 World 4.2 16.11 1.5

Getting drunk – a new kind of lifestyle among youth?

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Importance for road safety?

Table 2. % road traffic deaths involving alcohol (incl. pedestrians, WHO, 2011)

ZA Austria Slovakia Poland Germany Sweden France 55% 6% 8% 9% 11% 22% 31%

Pedestrians

• In US January 1 (New Year’s Day) has more pedestrian crash deaths on

average, & the fifth largest number of deaths per day overall, also due to alcohol impairment (Farmer & Williams 2011)

• In US pedestrians who have been drinking run an even higher risk of getting

killed in traffic, constituting between 39 % and 60 % of all pedestrian fatalities (Millar, 1998)

• In Germany within 15 % of killed pedestrians alcohol has been cause of the

accident (2010)

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Reasons for pedestrian accidents

Oxley et al. (2006, AUS): very little research based evidence detailing the effect of alcohol on specific skills required to cross roads safely

• Personal reasons:
• Deterioration of perceptual, cognitive, and physical skills (including detecting

vehicles in motion, integrating multiple sources of information, and initiating actions)

• indifference to one’s own survival
• Situational reasons:
• when it is dangerous for other reasons (darkness; high speed traffic)
• BAC > 0.7 %o acceptance of a gap of only 1 second
• McLean et al. (1979, AUS): four out of five pedestrians (BAC > 0.1 %o) noticed the

headlights of an approaching car, but then mistakenly attempted to cross

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Countermeasures

Infrastructure (e.g. Australia)

?

Simplify the crossing task for intoxicated pedestrians by:

• providing medians or pedestrian refuges
• providing well-maintained lane line markings to strengthen

driver lane discipline

During periods of high crash risk:

• displaying red to all vehicle directions when there is zero traffic demand

During high crash risk times, encourage greater pedestrian use of signals by:

• providing highly responsive pedestrian-operated signals
• automatically introducing pedestrian phases every cycle

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Countermeasures

Campaining / training Friends don't let friends walk drunk

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Focus on young people and their value-system in daily life

• Understand why (young) people find it difficult to

improve their lifestyle (bio-psycho-social model)

• Win over resistance towards change
• Choose the right intervention to motivate change
• different stages of change

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Understanding why? Bio-psycho-social model

• According to the ERG theory: if a higher level need remains

unfulfilled regression to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy.

– E.g.: if growth opportunities are not provided to employees, they may regress to relatedness needs, and socialize more with co-workers, if this does not work relax with help of alcohol

• Drinking and eating – our primary need (pleasure) which

automatically regulates behaviour

• If lifestyle is based on consum and pursuit of passive pleasure

binge drinking as a consequence

B P

Soc

P

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Breaking resistances

Elements reducing willingness to change

• Unpleasant sensations
• Forced to exercise/be on a diet
• Relapsing into old habits

Elements towards change

• Relationship by means of an empathic and non-judgemental

style

• Thorough understanding of the situation (how does the person

feel about it ?)

• Allow the person to get in touch with personal and

environmental resources (opportunities as friends, clubs, fitness groups, church…) in order to improve his/her ability to face the difficult situation

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Choose the right intervention to motivate change different stages of change

Contemplation Determination Action Upkeeping Relapse Precontemplation Definitive way out

Keep in touch Evoke awareness and doubts Provide information Understanding ambivalence Examine Pros and Cons Provide feasible opportunities Help to make choices Keep the changes made Prevent relapses Favoring therapy

3.

• 3. Increase

Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5)

Spiller, V. et all. 1998

Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Prochaska & DiClemente (1989)

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Stage of Precontemplation Intervention strategy:

1. Foster a good relationship 2. Evoke awareness and concerns 3. Give information about social, physical and psychological consequences, e.g – biochemical effects on cells and organs in the body – intoxication, and/or – Alcohol dependance and social consequences

Contemplation Determination Action Upkeeping Relapse Precontemplation Definitive way out

3.

• 3. Increase

Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5)

….

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Stage of Determination Intervention strategy:

• Help to set targets and to determine the choices
• Develop strategies for overcoming obstacles
• Modelling sustainable opportunities

Slow down your speed of drinking

• Know how much one have drunk
• Don't mix drinks

Distract yourself

• Occupy yourself
• Drink for taste
• Change your drink

Look after yourself

• Learn to refuse a drink
• Days of rest – without alcohol

Contemplation Determination Action Upkeeping Relapse Precontemplation Definitive way out

3.

• 3. Increase

Increase the the availability availability to to change change (2/5) (2/5)

….

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Conclusion

• Policies need to take into account specific

situations in different societies

• It is up to both governments and

concerned citizens to encourage debate and formulate effective public health policies regarding alcohol consumption as well as safety for pedestrians

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Let´s walk and drink safely!

Thank you for your attention!

christine.chaloupka@factum.at