Development Association Chiara Fabrizio, Reza Baharivand, Rhea - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Nepal Micro Hydropower Development Association

Chiara Fabrizio, Reza Baharivand, Rhea Riemke, Shuliang(Peter) Sun Group Project APS 510, Prof. Henry Vehovec Presentation in Lecture – Tuesday, December 4, 2012

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• 1. Key Technology Features
• 2. Background of the Organization
• 3. Innovation, Scale, Decentralization
• 4. Likely Impact
• 5. Conclusion

Outline

UNDP Video http://bcove.me/xxbdxjmx

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Land area: 147,181 km^2 (93rd largest country by land mass) Population: 27 million (41st most populous country) Himalaya collision zone in Nepal causes a lot of tall mountains over 6,000m including Mount Everest. Snow line starts at over 5000m. Moving at 67mm per year.

Geography and Context

Nepal

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• Nepal has no proven oil or natural gas

resource.

• 40 % of population have access to electrical

grid

• ¾ of 27 million population live in rural

areas.

• 90/10 discrepancy in electrical access

between urban and rural areas.

Energy Landscape

Average electricity consumption per capita (kWh) Nepal 86 United States / Canada 11,496 / 12,836 EU 4,667

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Nepal & Power – Energy, Electricity and Policy

Electricity Generation Mix: 91% Hydro Power 9% Fossil Fuels Total Energy Mix Increasing energy demand Nepal Electricity Authority

• Hydropower Development
• Independent Power Producers
• Community Rural Electrification

Department

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Hydropower – Classification by Size

Large/Big-hydro < 100 MW usually feeding into a large electricity grid Medium-hydro 15 MW – 100 MW feeding into a grid. Small-hydro 1 MW – 15 MW

• » -

Micro/Mini- hydro 5 kW – 100 kW either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid, usually providing power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5 kW mostly mechanical shaft power

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Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

Micro-Hydro Power – How it works

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Using Micro-Hydro Power – Technology

Output from the turbine shaft Direct use: mechanical power

Conversion: electrical generator Electricity

• Calculating the obtainable power

Theoretical / Potential Power: (P) = Flow rate (Q) x Head (H) x Gravity (g)  𝑄 = 9.81 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝐼 𝑙𝑋 Conversion Losses: Capacity Factor η between 50% and 80%  Effective Power: 𝑄𝑓𝑔𝑔 = 𝑄 ∗ η

• Base Load & Load Control

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Project Initiation Assessment of Needs and Site Search for Partners and Financing Construction and Planning Operation and Maintenance

Stages of Implementation

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Issues, Benefits & Critical Aspects – Environmental, Social and Economic

Environmental Socio-Economic + CO2 (double value) + Initial Costs

• Fish

+ Educational Time & Distribution of Women’s Activities  Capacity Building

• Q347 (Environmental Flow)

+ Access to Electricity as the «Foundation of a modern life style»

• Ownership, Management & Training

(community-based vs. privately-owned)

• High Dependency on Donor Fund &

Low (Direct) Economic Return

• Inequity (social stratification along

gender, caste, and ethnic lines)

for a 5 kW plant: $ 23,000 (4600 $/kW) for a 100 kW plant: $ 390,000 (3900 $/kW)

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Alternative: Micro solar

• Capacity factor: 17%
• Nepal has over 300 sunny days a year
• Can be used for solar thermal heater or

solar electricity generation

• E.g. 5kw system 15% EFF cells
• =33.3 m^2 of silicon * Irradiance * EFF
• = 10,950 kWh/yr ~ power for 45

households (3 person/household) Cost:

• 5 kW: $24,000
• 50 kW: $240,000

$0.11 kWh over a 20 year lifespan

Compo nents Price ($/watt) Panel 2 Inverter 0.8 Battery (Lead- Acid) 1.8 Controll ers 0.2 Labor Free! Total 4.8

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Alternative: Micro Wind

• Capacity factor: 25%
• Nepal has 7,607 km^2 of wind at 3-

7class at 50m, world rank = 36

• 50 kW system can produce 114,000 –

250,000 kWh/year. ~power for 740 households (3 person/household) Cost:

• 5 kW system: $50k - 65k
• 50 kW system : $340k

$0.09 - $0.15 kWh over 20 year life span

P (W/m^2) V (m/s) 200 5.6 300 6.4 400 7.0 500 7.5 600 8.0 800 8.8 2000 11.9 class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Alternative: Geothermal and Micro Nuclear

• Geothermal: Capacity factor: 60%

Need be located near springs, most springs near the main central thrust zone or main boundary fault zone, lack

• f drilling expertise for geothermal

wells.

• Micro-Nuclear: Capacity factor: 80%

magnitudes of 200 kW. 6m(20ft) by 2m(6ft). Problems with technical expertise and waste management.

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Comparison between Micro-hydro and others

Micro- Hydro Micro-Solar Micro-Wind Micro- Nuclear Capacity factor 50 - 80 % 17 % 25 % 80% Type Base load Intermittent Intermittent Base load $/watt to install 4.6 - 3.9 4.8 10 - 6.8 n/a Size (kw) 5 – 100 5 – 50 5 – 50 200 Cost ($) 23 k - 390 k 24k – 240k 50k – 340k n/a Annual electricity production (kwh) 35,040 – 350,040 10,950 – 109,500 18,000 – 180,000 1,401,600

*Note: Hydro cost is for 100 kW plant

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Nepal and the Nepalese Micro-Hydro Development Association

Context: Population Economy Who: 9 privately-run firms When: 1992 Why: "Collective efforts to lobby government agencies and international non-governmental organizations for extending access to electricity to village people" (Purna N.Ranjitkar, CEO - NMHDA)

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NMHDA – Objectives Technology hub Policy Professional welfare Development

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NMHDA – Today Organizational structure Membership - 54 companies Types of companies

• 1. surveyors & designers
• 2. manufacturers
• 3. installers
• up to 5 kW
• up to 100 kW

Size of companies Current electricity production 20 Mega Watt in 2500 plants

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NMHDA - Funding structure Initial stage Self-funding Current situation Membership fee Training programmes Future

• Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

(government)

• Foreign agencies

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NMHDA - Back to the future Activities abroad Trainings Services/products Members Electricity production >100 kW => training capacity upgrading

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Definitions

Social Frugal Innovation "Innovations that are designed for poor markets that scale in sustainable ways" and try to solve the problems of invisibility of end-users" Generative diffusion "generative" because the adoption of an innovation will take different forms rather than replicate a given model, "diffusion" because it spreads along multiple paths Decentralization A technological, political, and legal framework to achieve participation, local planning and service delivery

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Nepal’s framework to decentralize energy planning

Before decentralization act:

• Coordination problems on the ground , impeded delivery process
• All institutionally supported rural energy initiatives, centralized!

1999 local self-governance act states:

• District-level committees take responsibility
• Formulate, implement, operate, distribute hydro-power
• Maintain and repair projects

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Achievements

• Strong sense of ownership among communities
• Nurtured local authorities’ leadership
• Accelerated delivery of energy to rural areas
• Expansion of micro-hydro in remote, hilly locations

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Financial Mechanisms

• Self-governing funds at district/village level
• Deposit from central-level into village-level funds
• Community energy fund owned by rural households
• Fund used to invest first, then revenue from end user back to the fund

As a result:

• Increased sense of of village-level institutional ownership
• Generated funds locally
• Mobilization of local resources
• made rural energy systems financially sustainable

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Capacity development to scale-up decentralized EAPs

Collaboration of UNDP with Nepal’s Ministry of Environment Main findings from field experiences for capacity building:

• 1. Capacity development is central to successful scaling-up of rural EAPs
• 2. Upfront public investments are needed to develop national & local

capacities for scaling-up rural energy services delivery, and can catalyze private financing

• 3. scaling-up of decentralized energy access programmes to meet their full

potential is financially within reach, particularly with greater participation from private sector. Two successful scaled up programmes:

• 1. Small hydro-power (150MW by 2030, USD 435m)
• 2. National solar power -cooking stoves (2m by 2030, USD 18m)

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Sustainable energy offers: 1)Rise in living standards 2)Economic growth 3)Environmental balance Nepal before: Highly dependent on traditional bio fuel for heating and cooking Threat to environment & people’s health Nepal after:

• 59000 household & 317 plants of hydro-power (5.7 MW capacity)
• 15000 cooking stoves, 7000 toilet-attached biogas, 3200 solar home heat
• Modern energy available to 1m people in rural & remote areas
• Significant progress in rural development
• Increase in household income and spending
• Promoting environmental quality by means of renewables

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Impact on Nepal & Nepalese

• National ownership & commitment
• Local engagement
• Catalytic finance
• Community mobilization & local

partnership

• Capacity development at all levels
• 15% of Nepal’s electricity from MH
• 40 new business’ for every MH station
• reduced household spending on

energy

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Innovation as a synthesis:

Conclusions

Homepage of the Nepal Micro Hydro Power Development Association: http://www.microhydro.or g.np/MH_in_Nepal.php

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• Alternative Energy Promotion Centre. (November 2012)

http://www.aepc.gov.np/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=307

• Banerjee, Sudeshna. “Power and People: Measuring the Benefits of Renewable

Energy in Nepal” (2010). The World Bank.

• Barnett, Smail Khennas and Andrew. “BEST PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.” (2000). Washington D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

• Clemens, Elisabeth, Rijal, Kamal, Takada, Minoru. “Capacity Development for

Scaling up Decentralized Energy Access Programmes” (2010). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing Ltd.

• Gwénaëlle Legros, Kamal Rijal, Bahareh Seyedi. “Decentralized Energy Access and

Millennium Development Goals” (2011). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing Ltd.

• Ranjit, Mahendra. Status of geothermal energy in Nepal, Research Center for

Applied Science and Technology. 2005, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

References (1/3)

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• Rural Micro-hydro Development Programme – Nepal, UNDP

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/pr

• jects_and_initiatives/rural-energy-nepal/
• Havet, I., Chowdhury, S., Takada, M., Cantano, A. “Energy in

National Decentralization Policies” UNDP, August 2009.

• Klugman, Jeni. “Human Development Report” (2011). New York: UNDP.
• Kumara, P. G. Ajith. “Community Based Micro-Hydro Village Electrification

Schemes – Technology & Approach” (2012). Practical Action South Asia.

• Metz, John J. “Development Failure: A Critical Review of Three Analyses of

Development in Nepal” (1996). Himalayan Research Bulletin XVI (1-2)

• Murray, Calulier-Grice & Mulgan. "Open Book of Social Innovation“
• Nepal, United Nations Country Team. "United Nations Development Assistance

Framework for Nepal" (2012).

References (2/3)

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• South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy. “Nepal. Energy Sector Overview”. USAID

– from the American People. Internet: http://www. sari- energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Nepal_Energy_detail.asp (accessed on Nov 26, 2012).

• Stein, Janice. "Frugal Innovation and Development Assistance" Munk Monitor Fall

2012, Vol. 2, p. 20-21

• Upadhayay, Shradha. “Evaluating the effectiveness of micro-hydropower projects in

Nepal” (2009). Master's Theses. Paper 3701.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration. US department of energy. Washington.
• DC. Web. Nov 15, 2012 http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3
• The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

• Wong, Joseph. "Innovation and the Poor: The Problem of Invisibilitying for the

Poor", Munk Monitor Fall 2012, Vol. 2, p 8-9.

References (3/3)

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Group Photo

From left to right: Reza Baharivand – 995728440 Rhea L. Riemke – 1000222779 Shuliang(Peter) Sun – 996007440 Chiara Fabrizio - 999273058