CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME EFFECTS ON CUBAN - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
cuban special period during peacetime
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME EFFECTS ON CUBAN - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 28, 2023 24 likes •318 views

CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME EFFECTS ON CUBAN AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH David Shatto HISTORY PEAK OIL TREND ARTIFICIAL NUMBERS 18 Began in 1991 Dissolution of USSR 13.5 Economic Blockade of Cuba by US Ships

slide-1
SLIDE 1

CUBAN SPECIAL PERIOD DURING PEACETIME

  • EFFECTS ON CUBAN AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH
  • David Shatto
slide-2
SLIDE 2

HISTORY

  • Began in 1991
  • Dissolution of USSR
  • Economic Blockade of Cuba by US
  • Ships docked in Cuba must wait 6

months to dock in US

  • $750 million food/medicine halted
  • Approx. 10 years
  • Artificial peak oil
  • Energy and Food Crisis
  • Heavily dependent on Green Revolution
  • Required dramatic shift in agricultural

thinking

PEAK OIL TREND ARTIFICIAL NUMBERS

4.5 9 13.5 18 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 Oil Production Oil Demand

slide-3
SLIDE 3

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

  • Imports
  • 50% in wheat/grains
  • 50% food stuffs
  • 70% fertilizer/pesticide
  • 50% fuel
  • 53% in oil
  • Lost 80% of export market
  • Overall
  • 30% reduction in caloric and

protein intake/person

http://www.travela.ro/images/imguploads/cuba-map.jpg

slide-4
SLIDE 4

AGRICULTURE PRIOR TO 1991

  • Heavy dependence on oil
  • 90,000 tractors
  • 1,300,000 tons of chemical fertilizers -

exceeded US use

  • 600,000 tons of feed concentrates
  • $80,000,000 pesticides used yearly
  • State owned farms
  • 80% of land
  • Large monocultures
  • Unable to feed the population
  • Imported basic food stuffs
  • 55% rice
  • 50% vegetable oil and lard

http://s114.photobucket.com/user/OrangeClouds_115/ media/Cuba/Cienfuegos/100507FincaTractor.jpg.html

slide-5
SLIDE 5

INITIAL EFFECTS OF OIL SCARCITY (1991-1996)

  • Nutrition
  • malnutrition under 5 years old
  • Pregnant women - anemia
  • Underweight birth weights
  • 20lb weight loss/avg. cuban
  • Daily guaranteed

minimum

  • Prevented hoarding by wealthy

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wires/2009/03/27/ cubans-complain-about-foo_ws_180076.html

slide-6
SLIDE 6

AGRICULTURAL CHANGES

  • Distribution of land
  • Land tenure structure
  • Agroecological principles
  • Well-Educated

https://nacla.org/news/2012/10/18/ urban-agriculture-cuba-photo-essay

slide-7
SLIDE 7

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND

  • Dissolution of state farms
  • State farm
  • Prior 1993 - 75% arable land
  • After 1996 - 33% arable land

http://en.mercopress.com/data/cache/noticias/ 22602/0x0/66af99c847007cb2fc691fb049a46c42.jpg

slide-8
SLIDE 8

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE

  • State Sector
  • GENT - New Type State Farm
  • FAR - Revolutionary Armed

Forces Farms

  • EJT - Farms of Young Workers’

Army

  • MININT - Ministry of the

Interior

  • Workplace/public institution
  • Self Provisioning
  • GENT

State Sector FAR EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

slide-9
SLIDE 9

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE

  • Non-State Sector
  • Collective Production
  • UBPC - Basic Units of Cooperative

Production

  • CPA - Agricultural Production

Cooperatives

  • Individual Production
  • CCS - Credit and Service

Cooperatives

  • Individual farmers in usufruct
  • Individual farmers, private property

State Sector GENT FAR EJT Workplace Public Institution Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property

slide-10
SLIDE 10

LAND TENURE STRUCTURE

  • Mixed Sector
  • Ventures between state

and foreign state

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-11
SLIDE 11

NON-STATE SECTOR

COLLECTIVE

  • Basic Unit of Cooperative Production
  • Productive units within cooperative

structure

  • In usufruct
  • Maintain original state commercial

relationship

  • Use quota system to negotiate prices

and production plans

  • Surplus sold at farmers market
  • Largest number of individuals
  • 23% sugarcane production - 1995
  • 52% non-sugarcane UBPC’s

profitable - 1995

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-12
SLIDE 12

NON-STATE SECTOR

COLLECTIVE

  • Agricultural Production

Cooperatives

  • Founded in 1977
  • Farmers voluntarily united

private lands/resources

  • Greater production,

marketing, economic efficiency

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-13
SLIDE 13

NON-STATE SECTOR

INDIVIDUAL

  • Credit and Service Cooperatives
  • Work independent farms
  • Individual property
  • Managed by owner
  • Join to receive credit and services from state

agencies

  • Share equipment/machinery
  • Purchase inputs and sell products at fixed prices

through state production and production contracts

  • Excess production sold in farmers markets
  • 2,709 CCS’s
  • 159,223 individuals
  • 11.8% total ag land

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-14
SLIDE 14

NON-STATE SECTOR

INDIVIDUAL

  • In usufruct
  • 1993 - families given 27

hectares of land

  • Urban areas - 0.25 hectares

for food production

  • Grow specialty crops - coffee,

tobacco, cocoa

  • Excess sold at farmer’s market
  • 1996 - grew from

0 - 43,015 farmers

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-15
SLIDE 15

NON-STATE SECTOR

INDIVIDUAL

  • Home production
  • Necessity
  • Converted all arable land in city
  • Vacant lots - orchards, gardens
  • Significant source of food

production

  • Oct 1993 - 2 Australian

permaculturists

  • Rooftop gardens
  • Train the trainer

State Sector GENT

FAR-EJT MININT Workplace Public Institution

Non-State Sector Collective Production UBPC CPA Non-State Sector Individual Production CCS in usufruct private property Mixed Sector state/foreign

slide-16
SLIDE 16

NON STATE SECTOR

INDIVIDUAL

  • Urban gardens - 2006
  • Supplied 50% of Havana

needs of 2.2 million

  • Small cities and towns - 80% -

100% of fruits and vegetables

  • Reduces transportation needs
  • 5km around city considered

urban agriculture

  • 140,000 individuals

employed

https://nacla.org/news/2012/10/18/urban- agriculture-cuba-photo-essay

slide-17
SLIDE 17

INTRODUCTION OF THE FREE MARKET PRICE SYSTEM

  • Previously distribution/marketing of

agricultural products by state

  • 1980-1986 - free market farmers’

market experiment

  • 1994 - reintroduction of free market
  • short term solution
  • Surplus production sold at supply

and demand prices

  • Increased production and efficiency
  • Led to greater availability of food
  • Farmers are now one of the highest

paid fields in Cuba

http://www.bengalatravel.com/en/ lugares_interes_cuba/agromercado-de-19-y-42

slide-18
SLIDE 18

FREE MARKET PRICE SYSTEM

  • Agromercados
  • 2009 - 45,500 new land

grants permitted

  • Goal - increase domestic

food production

  • 2010 - 71% of value and

70% of volume in agromercados provided by private producers

http://www.martinoticias.com/content/mercado- ventas-poblacion-cuba-escasez-alimentos/20850.html

slide-19
SLIDE 19

AGROECOLOGY

  • Required to be self-

sustained

  • Sustainable practices
  • Ecological Pest Management
  • Intercropping
  • Animal Traction
  • Organic Soil Management
  • Crop/livestock integration -

not discussed

http://ecosocialismcanada.blogspot.com/2010/07/ learning-from-socialists-agroecology-in.html

slide-20
SLIDE 20

AGROECOLOGY

ECOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT

  • Reduction/elimination of synthetic pest and

weed management

  • Started in 1980
  • Interim plant protection
  • Pest predators and pathogens - natural

enemies - greatest success

  • Antagonists
  • Crop rotation
  • Intercropping
  • Integrated Pest Management
  • Costs - 1,172,495 pesos biological controls -

$6,175,345 chemical management

  • Tremendous savings and money went to

Cuba instead of international companies

http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/ global/fighting-back-with-ipm/food-security-and-local- production-of

slide-21
SLIDE 21

AGROECOLOGY

INTERCOPPING

  • Multiple crops in same field in

same year

  • Crops act as:
  • Physical barriers to pest

movement

  • Odors/colors confuse pests
  • Intercropped
  • 40% of cassava
  • 60% of maize
  • 80% beans

http://www.hardrainproject.com/hrpl?n=4491

slide-22
SLIDE 22

AGROECOLOGY

ANIMAL TRACTION

  • Decreases soil compaction
  • Appropriate to small farms
  • Decreases soil erosion
  • Developed new “multi-plow”
  • Opens soil horizontally
  • Does not invert topsoil layer
  • Plowing
  • Harrowing
  • Ridging
  • Tilling
  • Sowing
  • Covering
  • Hilling

http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2003-4/2003-4-01.htm

slide-23
SLIDE 23

AGROECOLOGY

ORGANIC SOIL MANAGEMENT

  • Required 3-5 years to make

land fertile and productive

  • Sugarcane residue as

Organic Fertilizers

  • Biofertilizers
  • Bacteria
  • Manure, Compost, “Bioearth”,

Earthworm Humus

  • Green Manures

http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/ photos/000/194/cache/energy-low-energy- farming_19446_600x450.jpg

slide-24
SLIDE 24

HEALTH EFFECTS

EXERCISE/DIET CHANGES

  • Overall betterment of Cubans health
  • Decreases in heart attacks and

strokes

  • Diet changed - decreased fat

consumption, increased vegetable and fruit consumption

  • Previous diet was tubers, rice, and

pork meat

  • Increased exercise - walking/biking

decreased transportation ability

  • Imported 1.2 million bicycles
  • Manufactured 0.5 million more

http://www.visitcuba.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/03/bike-taxis-in-Havana.jpg

slide-25
SLIDE 25

HEALTH EFFECTS

FOOD CHANGES

  • Cook/Eat fresh produce daily
  • Fruit/vegetables more nutritious

than tubers

  • Organic produce benefits
  • Reduced exposure to toxins
  • Increased consumption of micro-

nutrients - minerals when raised in good soil

  • Safeguards the environment
  • Avoids potentially harmful GMO

foods

http://www.destination360.com/caribbean/ cuba/images/s/cuban-street-food.jpg

slide-26
SLIDE 26

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

  • Healthier Environment
  • Healthcare costs
  • Green Medicine
  • Greater National Security
  • Healthier individuals for

defense

  • Decreased dependence on

foreign oil

http://newurbanhomes.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/06/Simple-Organic-Garden-Ideas.jpg

slide-27
SLIDE 27

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

  • Fernando Funes - Pasture and Forage Research Institute
  • “Agriculture and agroecology make sense in the Cuban

socioeconomic context, since as a rule this type of agriculture maintains a revolutionary worldview. It’s principles run counter to the vicious globalization promoted by neo- liberalism, and are more in favor of a socially just and solidarious, more human globalization, without dependency

  • n transnational corporations and in favor of self-sufficiency.

Agroecology does not harm the environment, reduces the role

  • f middlemen and intermediaries, develops the consciousness
  • f farmers, and applies knowledge rather than crude

technological recipes. It is an ally of nature and considers the farmer as a culture and not just productive unit.”

slide-28
SLIDE 28

QUESTIONS?

slide-29
SLIDE 29

REFERENCES

Funes, F., Garcia, L., Bourque, M., Perez, N., & Rosset, P. (2002). Sustainable Agriculture and Resistance: Transforming Food Production in Cuba. Havana, Cuba: Food First Books. Morgan, F. (Director). (2007). The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil [Motion Picture]. Murray N.D., M., Pizzorno N.D., J., & Pizzorno M.A., L.M.T., L. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods. New York: Atria Books. Nestle, M. (2006). What to Eat. New York: North Point Press. Torres, R. M., Nelson, V., Momsen, J. H., & Niemeier, D. A. (2010). Experiment or Transition? Revisiting Food Distribution in Cuban Agromercados from the "Special Period". Journal of Latin American Geography , 67-87.