Biomonitoring: A Tool for : A Tool for Biomonitoring Science and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Biomonitoring Biomonitoring: A Tool for : A Tool for Science and Policy Science and Policy

Gina M. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H. Gina M. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H. Senior Scientist, NRDC Senior Scientist, NRDC Director, OEM Residency Program at UCSF Director, OEM Residency Program at UCSF Scientific Guidance Panel, CA Scientific Guidance Panel, CA Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Program Program

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Biomonitoring Biomonitoring is useful to: is useful to:

• Identify emerging hazards;

Identify emerging hazards;

• Pinpoint populations with higher exposures;

Pinpoint populations with higher exposures;

• Understand the range of exposures within the

Understand the range of exposures within the population; population;

• Evaluate the effectiveness of policy measures to

Evaluate the effectiveness of policy measures to reduce exposures; reduce exposures;

• Strengthen human health research;

Strengthen human health research;

• Improve risk assessment.

Improve risk assessment.

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What What Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Has Told Us Has Told Us About Exposures in the Population: About Exposures in the Population:

The data are skewed – the upper end exposures are much higher than the mean (average).

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Dibutyl Dibutyl Phthalate Levels Higher in Women: Phthalate Levels Higher in Women: Why? Why?

Dibutyl Phthalate Metabolite in Urine

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Male Female Ug/g creatinine Mean 95th Percentile

Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, et al. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect. 112(3):331-8, 2004.

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Mercury Levels Higher in New Yorkers Mercury Levels Higher in New Yorkers

Geometric mean and 95% CI for blood lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in adults residing in NYC compared with the United States overall, NYC HANES 2004, and NHANES 1999–2002 (CDC 2005a). Environ Health Perspect. 2007 October; 115(10): 1435–1441.

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NY Study: Asians & Upper Income NY Study: Asians & Upper Income Women at Highest Risk from Mercury Women at Highest Risk from Mercury

NY HANES Mercury Exposures

5 10 15 20 25 N H A N E S N Y A v e r a g e 9 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e H i g h

• I

n c

• m

e N Y 9 5 t h H i g h

• I

n c

• m

e A s i a n N Y 9 5 t h

• A

s i a n Ug/L

Environ Health Perspect. 2007 October; 115(10): 1435–1441.

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year PBDE (ng/g fat)

20 40 60 80 100 120

TEQ (pg/g fat) PBDE Total TEQ (PCDD/PCDF/PCB)

Figure 1. Organohalogen compounds in breast milk in Sweden. Abbreviations: PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin; PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran; PBDE, polybromonated diphenylether; TEQ, toxic

• equivalent. (Norén K and Meironyté D, 1998; Guvenius DM and Norén K, 2001)

PBDE PBDE’ ’s s: An Emerging Hazard : An Emerging Hazard

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Geography and Geography and PBDEs PBDEs

Median Levels of 3 Abundant PBDE Congeners in North American and European Breast Milk, Blood, and Adipose Tissue

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 U.S., Indiana, 2001 U.S., SF Bay Area, Late 1990s U.S., Texas, 2002 Canada, 2002 Germany, 2000 Sw eden, 2000 Finland, 1994-1998 ng/g fat BDE-153 BDE-99 BDE-47

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Polybrominated Polybrominated Diphenyl Diphenyl Ethers Ethers ( (PBDEs PBDEs) )

• Structurally similar to PCBs

Structurally similar to PCBs and dioxins; and dioxins;

• Persistent,

Persistent, lipophilic lipophilic, , bioaccumulative bioaccumulative; ;

• Interfere with thyroxin,

Interfere with thyroxin, neurodevelopmental neurodevelopmental toxicants in lab animals; toxicants in lab animals;

• Not yet tested for

Not yet tested for carcinogenicity. carcinogenicity.

Br O Br Br Br Br

California legislative ban in 2003 – Effective in 2008

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California Environmental Contaminant California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Program Program

• Authorized in 2006 (SB 1379)

Authorized in 2006 (SB 1379)

• Goals:

Goals:

• Determine baseline levels of environmental

Determine baseline levels of environmental contaminants in a representative sample of contaminants in a representative sample of Californians. Californians.

• Establish temporal trends in contaminant levels.

Establish temporal trends in contaminant levels.

• Assess effectiveness of public health efforts and

Assess effectiveness of public health efforts and regulatory programs to reduce exposures of regulatory programs to reduce exposures of Californians to specific chemical contaminants. Californians to specific chemical contaminants.

• Budget ~ $5 million

Budget ~ $5 million

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California Priorities California Priorities

• Chemicals measured by CDC that may differ in CA

Chemicals measured by CDC that may differ in CA ( (eg eg. . cotinine cotinine, mercury, , mercury, perchlorate perchlorate); );

• Chemicals recently banned or regulated in CA

Chemicals recently banned or regulated in CA ( (eg eg. . PBDEs PBDEs, phthalates, diesel markers); , phthalates, diesel markers);

• Emerging chemical substitutions

Emerging chemical substitutions ( (eg

• eg. D5, other flame retardants, plasticizers);

. D5, other flame retardants, plasticizers);

• Chemicals of special concern in CA

Chemicals of special concern in CA ( (eg

• eg. certain pesticides).

. certain pesticides).

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Emerging Flame Retardants Emerging Flame Retardants

• Bis(2

Bis(2-

• ethylhexyl)

ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate tetrabromophthalate

• Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno)cyclooctane

Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno)cyclooctane ( ( Dechlorane Dechlorane Plus) Plus)

• 1,2

1,2-

• Bis(2,4,6

Bis(2,4,6-

• tribromophenoxy)ethane

tribromophenoxy)ethane

• Decabromodiphenylethane

Decabromodiphenylethane

• 1,2

1,2-

• Dibromo

Dibromo-

• 4

4-

• (1,2

(1,2-

• dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (DBECH)

dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (DBECH)

• 2

2-

• Ethylhexyl

Ethylhexyl-

• 2,3,4,5

2,3,4,5-

• tetrabromobenzoate

tetrabromobenzoate

• Hexabromocyclododecane

Hexabromocyclododecane

• Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl

Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-

• dibromocyclooctane

dibromocyclooctane

• Pentabromoethylbenzene

Pentabromoethylbenzene

• Short

Short-

• chain chlorinated

chain chlorinated paraffins paraffins

• Tetrabromobisphenol

Tetrabromobisphenol A A

• Tris(1,3

Tris(1,3-

• dichloro

dichloro-

• 2

2-

• propyl)phosphate

propyl)phosphate

• Tris(2

Tris(2-

• chloroethyl)phosphate

chloroethyl)phosphate

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Pros and Cons of Pros and Cons of Biomonitoring Biomonitoring

• Still difficult to use for

Still difficult to use for

• Clinical relevance for individuals;

Clinical relevance for individuals;

• Quantitative risk assessment.

Quantitative risk assessment.

• Excellent for

Excellent for

• Population trends

Population trends – – time and space; time and space;

• Range of exposures in population;

Range of exposures in population;

• Emerging hazards;

Emerging hazards;

• Research.

Research.

Biomonitoring keeps a finger on the pulse of population exposures