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Aud udie ience nce Mot Motiv ivations ations for or Sh Shari ring ng Di Dis- and d Mi Misin infor ormation: mation: A Co Comp mparativ rative St Stud udy y in in Five ive (Four our and d a Ha Half lf) ) Sub ub-Sahara

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Aud udie ience nce Mot Motiv ivations ations for

  • r Sh

Shari ring ng Di Dis- and d Mi Misin infor

  • rmation:

mation: A Co Comp mparativ rative St Stud udy y in in Five ive (Four

  • ur and

d a Ha Half lf) ) Sub ub-Sahara aharan n Afri rica can n Co Coun untries tries

Dani Madri rid-Moral rales, es, U of Ho Houst ston

  • n | @DMadri

Madrid_M d_M | | www.d .dani nimadr madrid.ne id.net Herman n Wasser serma man, n, U of Cape pe Town | @hwasser asser Ad Admire ire Mare, Namibia ibia U of Science nce and Technolog hnology y | @admi mire2ma e2mare Khulekani ni Ndlovu, vu, U of Cape pe Town Melissa ssa Tully, U of Iowa a |@tul ullyme yme Emeka a Lucky y Um Umeje jei, American ican U of Nigeria ia| | @emek mekau aumejei mejei

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Old wine in a new bottle

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Source: https://twitter.com/ndula_victor/status/1001123438604554245

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Disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa – A research agenda

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Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

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How often do you come across news stories about politics and government

  • nline that you think are not
  • t fully

ly acc ccurat rate? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Never Hardly Ever Sometimes Often

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

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Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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How often do you come across news stories about politics and government

  • nline that you think are co

completely letely made e up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Never Hardly Ever Sometimes Often

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

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Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Have you ever shared a political news story online that you later r fo found out was made up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No Yes

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

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Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Have you ever shared a political news story online that you thought at the time was made up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No Yes

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

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Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Unanswered questions

  • Our previous work helped us understand how much we still don’t

und nderstand stand about the spread of mis- and disinformation in Sub- Saharan Africa…

  • 1. Can these results be re

repl plicat cated among those with lower levels of formal education?

  • 2. Are the patterns identified in these three media saturated

countries applicable to ot

  • ther

r Afric rican an nations ns?

  • 3. What is the di

dire recti ction n of the re relationsh tionship between exposure to “fake media” and decreasing media trust?

  • 4. What makes Kenyans, Nigerians and South Africans sha

hare re ina naccura ccurate news news rather frequently?

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News sharing

  • A wide range of individual and societal motivations for sharing dis-

& mis-information have been identified in different socio-political contexts.

  • In “advanced” democracies, it responds to “‘chaot
  • tic

ic’ motivations to “burn down” the entire established democratic ‘cosmos’” (Petersen, Osmundsen, & Arceneaux, 2018)

  • In the UK, people share inaccurate information to “express

ss their feelin ings gs”; “to inform m ot

  • thers”, and ”to find out other people’s opinions” (Chadwick & Vaccari, 2019)
  • In Singapore, “fake news” & rumors are shared to “cope with uncertain

ainty, build d re relationships tionships, and for self lf-enhan enhanceme ement nt” (Duffy, Tandoc & Ling, 2019)

  • In Kenya and Nigeria, sharing information is… (Chakrabarti, Rooney, & Kewon, 2018)
  • a form of social

al curr rren ency cy that derives from a desire to be “in the know”

  • a civic

ic duty to share warnings of impeding crises or disasters

  • a democratic right - inform

nformation tion is demo mocr cratic atic and needs to be shared.

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Disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa – A research agenda

Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

Focus group discussions with university students in 5+ countries

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Country selection

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Methods – Stimuli (I)

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Methods – Stimuli (II)

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RQ1

How do audiences decide which information they share through digital and social media?

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‘Take all news with a pinch of salt’

  • Widespread use of

e of cues es to decide how credible a piece of news is:

  • Authorship, format, sources cited, quality of photos, verified vs. non verified

users…

  • ‘Knee jerk reaction’ when faced with dubious information is to do

add dditional research ch:

  • From a simple Google search to cross-referencing with “established”

sources

  • Not a single participant suggested they’d use fact-checking websites.
  • Information sharing not see

een as as a form rm of soci cial curre rrency cy, but some types of sharing practice could be.

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RQ2

To what extent do different types of content and sources affect shareability?

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‘It’s more harmful not to share than to share’

  • Very few found po

polit itica ical l stori ries es shareable

  • General dislike towards encountering political content on social media
  • Quite a few thought hea

ealth-re rela lated ed storie ies s mer erit ited ed sharin ing because

  • They create awareness, just in case it is true…
  • It is a way of showing people that stories are not true (meta-sharing)
  • It helps to get a sense of people’s opinion on a topic
  • In South Africa, Kenya & Nigeria, undergraduates would share

inaccurate stories “just for fun”

  • Quite a few share content from parody accounts, also comedians (e.g.

Trevor Noah)

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RQ3

What differences and similarities exist between sharing practices across countries?

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'I use WhatsApp for everything’

  • We found very few between-country differences, but consistent

within-countr country y di differ eren ences ces (undergraduate vs. postgraduate)

  • Global international media (BBC, CNN, New York Times) are seen

as rel elia iable le sour urce ces of in informa rmati tion

  • n. Also, some legacy media in each

country are respected.

  • Zimbabwean & Nigerian participants were the most distrustful; but there’s

no narrative of ‘the media cannot be trusted’.

  • We found no evidence of “chaotic” motivations to share mis- & dis-

information.

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Final Ideas

  • A persistent topic in all discussions was the idea of a “ge

gener eratio ional l di divide de” in information sharing and media literacy:

  • Older relatives are “blamed” for spreading information because.
  • There was a quasi unanimous support (except for South Africa) for

strict cter r laws on s soci cial l medi dia content, particularly “fake news”.

  • The potential negative consequences of widespread disinformation justify

curtailment of freedom of speech.

  • Information sharing is most prevalent in small and large groups on

WhatsAp App in all five countries.

  • News consumption on Twitter & Facebook is not consistent. YouTube (SA)

and Instagram (NG) alternative sources of information.

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Understanding disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

Focus group discussions with university students in 5+ countries Computational content analysis of disinformation

  • n Facebook

Focus group discussions in non-urban settings in 5+ countries Multi-country nationally representative survey

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  • Dani

i Madrid id-Moral rales es, , U o

  • f Houston

n | @DMadrid_ rid_M | | www.d .danima animadrid. drid.net net

  • Herman

an Wasserman, erman, U o

  • f Cape Town | @hwass

wasser er

  • Admire

ire Mare, Namib ibia ia U o

  • f Science

nce and d Technolog

  • gy

y | @admir mire2mare 2mare

  • Khulek

ekani ani Ndlovu, u, U of Cape Town

  • Melissa

a Tully, , U of Iowa wa |@tul ullyme lyme

  • Emeka

ka Lucky cky Um Umejei ei, , American ican U of Nigeria| ia| @emekaumejei aumejei

Aud Audienc nce Mot

  • tiv

ivations ations for for Sharing ring Dis- and d Misinf nform rmation: ation: A Com

  • mpa

parativ rative St Study dy in Fi n Five ve Sub-Saha aharan ran African rican Countrie tries