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Role of Environmental Geotechnology in Nuclear Waste Management Dr. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Role of Environmental Geotechnology in Nuclear Waste Management Dr. C. Gurumoorthy Scientific Officer E Siting & Structural Engineering Division (SSED) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) Government of India Mumbai - 400094 12 April

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  • Dr. C. Gurumoorthy

Scientific Officer E Siting & Structural Engineering Division (SSED) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) Government of India Mumbai - 400094 12 April 2016

Role of Environmental Geotechnology in Nuclear Waste Management

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Government of India

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 Energy, Environment & Sustainability

  • Renewable & Non-renewable energy – Environmental impact
  • Nuclear power - Sustainable Green Energy

 Nuclear Fuel Cycle

  • Understanding Nuclear Chemistry for Nuclear Power Generation
  • Nuclear Waste Categorization and disposal options

 Environmental Geotechnology

  • Siting Regulations to locate waste disposal systems
  • Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
  • Near Surface Disposal Facility (NSDF)
  • Advancements to assess Radionuclide migration in geoenvironment

 Challenges ahead – Emergency Planning Implementation

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Outline…

Government of India

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Energy demand

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Energy Consumption

 The UN forecasts population will grow from 6.7 (2006) to 8.2 Billion (2030).  Another 1.5 billion people (~adding 5 new USA’s) who will need electricity….

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Energy Resources

Renewable Energy :

5.5% hydro-electric; 10.6% biomass; 2.3% renewables (others)

Non-renewable Energy : 21.1% Natural Gas; 32.6% oil; 22.2% coal; 5.7% Nuclear

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Environmental Impact - CO2 Emission

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Energy For Sustainable Development

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Nuclear Power is a Crucial Stabilizer for World Energy

Nuclear Power: Sustainable Green Energy

Government of India

About 440 nuclear power reactors operating in 31 countries generate 364,000 MWe electricity

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Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Nuclear Power: Sustainable Green Energy

Government of India

 Among the lowest comparable to wind, hydro-electricity and biomass.  GHG emissions from Natural gas generation are 15 times greater then nuclear.  GHG emissions of coal generation are 30 times greater then nuclear.

Green House Gas (GHG) emissions of Nuclear Power Plants

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Nuclear Power Station

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Nuclear Fuel Cycle

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Nuclear Power and Safety

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The Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

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The Evolution of Nuclear Power

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storag

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Nuclear Waste Storage options

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Environmental Geotechnology and Nuclear Power Generation

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

 Geotechnical and environmental aspects of investigations are carried out during site evaluation, verification, confirmation and operational stages  The main objective is to ensure the site suitability for locating nuclear power plant and waste disposal systems as per regulatory guidelines to protect man and environment  Technological advancements in field and laboratory testing of soil and rock mass and analysis are implemented during the entire life time of the nuclear facilities

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What is Nucleus?

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Regulatory Guidelines

Various stages of site investigations for locating NSDF

(AERB Guide: NRF/SG/RW-4)

— conceptual and planning stage

— area survey stage — site characterization stage — site confirmation stage — site operation stage monitoring Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Site Characteristics of Indian NSDF

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Nuclear Waste

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Among all human endeavors, perhaps the least quantity of waste comes from nuclear power with a closed fuel cycle. It is estimated that the area required to bury the life time waste from a nuclear reactor is the size of a football ground.

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Basic Principles

  • Dilute and Disperse
  • Concentrate and contain
  • Delay and Decay

Effective Radiation Protection

  • Decrease TIME of exposure
  • Increase DISTANCE from the source
  • Increase SHIELDING to the source

ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable

  • Efforts

to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits to safe guard public health

Nuclear Waste Management

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Nuclear waste classification

Liquid Waste Category Type Activity (mCi/l)

I Potentially Active Waste (PAW) <10-6 II Low Level Waste (LLW) 10-6 ~ 10-3 III Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) 10-3 ~ 10-1 IV High Level Waste (HLW) 10-1 ~ 104

*Solid Waste

I Low Level Waste (LLW) <0.2 mGy/hr II Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) 0.2<D<20 mGy/hr III High Level Waste (HLW) 20< D mGy/hr IV Alpha bearing High Level Waste (HLW) 20< D mGy/hr * Activity of solid wastes is expressed in terms of surface dose D (mGy/hr)

Based on Radioactivity levels and Quantity

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Sources, Treatment and Disposal options

 Low Level Waste (LLW)

  • Contaminated paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters
  • Treatment – compacted with cement in 200litre drum
  • Disposal option - Near Surface Disposal Facility

 Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)

  • Ion Exchange resins, chemical sludge and metal reactor nuclear

fuel cladding. Solidified in concrete

  • Treatment – Solidified in 200litre drum with concrete
  • Disposal option - Near Surface Disposal Facility

 High Level Waste (HLW)

  • Fission products and Transuranic elements generated in the

reactor core. Pu-239,Tc-99,I-129 (with half-life thousands of Years)

  • Treatment – Immobilization and vitrification into steel canister
  • Disposal option – Geological formation at depths around 600m

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board 1.Low-level (90%); 2.Intermediate level (7%) (LLW); 3.High level (3%) (HLW)

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Decay of radionuclide components of waste

Actinides: e.g., U2 3 8, Np2 3 7, Pu 2 4 4, Am 2 4 3 Fission Products: e.g.,Cs1 3 7, Sr 9 0, I 1 2 9 , Co6 0

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Environmental Geotechnology - NSDF

NSDF are designed and operated as per regulatory safety guidelines They are co-located with Nuclear facilities viz., Nuclear reactor, reprocessing plant, research centers

Category Surface dose Disposal option I <2mGy/hr Stone lined earth trenches II 2~20 mGy/hr RC Trenches III 20~500 & > 500 mGy/hr RC trenches & Tile holes IV Alpha wastes >4000Bq/g RC and Tileholes

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Engineered Barriers: Concrete trenches

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storag

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storage

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storag

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storage

LLW storage at Nevada, USA

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Near Surface Disposal Facility

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

NSDF, Tokkasho Mura, Japan

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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storag

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Spent Nuclear Waste Storage Pool

Nuclear waste cools off in a storage pool. Most waste is stored

  • n-site at nuclear power plants around the country
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Low Level Nuclear Waste Storag

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

High Level Nuclear Waste Storage

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High Level Nuclear Waste Storage

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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HLW In situ Simulation Experiment

Experimental Chamber at 1300m depth at Kolar Gold Mines HLW form simulated with heaters to study rock mass behaviour

Duration: 1984 ~ 1993 Maximum Temperature: 250deg C Octagonal Array of Eight Heaters Observed: Stress, Strain, Fracture pattern

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Advancements in Environmental Geotechnology

Key parameters to assess radionuclide migration rate through geoenvironment  Soil types and particle size around waste disposal sites  Soil in situ hydraulic conductivity  Possible Radionuclide migration mechanisms  Radionuclide retardation factor  Laboratory experiments to evaluate radionuclide diffusion / dispersion coefficient through soils / backfills / concrete barriers  Long term behaviour of radionuclides assessment  Ground water chemistry  Ground water infiltration rate through unsaturated zone through tritium tracer vertical movement in one hydrological cycle

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Advancement in Environmental Geotechnology

  • Lysimeter techniques to investigate pore water contamination

Suction lysimeters collect pore water from unsaturated soil. The dual chamber lysimeter is recommended for sampling unsaturated or saturated materials at depths greater than10 feet (3 m)

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Vadoze Zone characterization by field investigations

Vadoze (unsaturated) zone is a primary component that isolates near surface waste from underlying G.W. Vadoze zone characterization in the vicinity of NSDF integrates field monitoring, operating limits of field instruments, data collection, analysis and performance assessment Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Environment Geotechnology Advancements to assess Radionuclide migration in vadoze zone

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Radionuclide migration assessment in vadoze zone

To understand the influence of hydrological cycle on radionuclide migration in the vadoze (unsaturated) zone for the safety assessment of NSDF for Nuclear Waste Designing and Implementation of realistic field systems in the vadoze zone :

  • to monitor Volumetric Soil water (VSW%) content

and to evaluate Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity

  • to extract pore water/solute to evaluate

Contaminant migration rate In order to assess

  • Early detection of contaminants release
  • Evaluation of flow and solute transport

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Vadoze zone investigations

Installation of moisture Probes and vacuum lysimeters in the Vadoze zone Moisture movement monitoring under the influence of rain fall during one hydrological cycle Preparation of moisture contours up to ground water table Tracer injection covering RCC trench depths and Pore water collection during one hydrological cycle Assessment of extent of contamination based on tracer conc. profile

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Site specific investigations

Rainfall 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Jan- 08 Feb- 08 Mar- 08 Apr- 08 May- 08 Jun- 08 Jul-08 AUGl 2008 Sep- 08 Oct- 08 Nov- 08 Dec- 08 Rainfall

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Moisture Probes in the field and Laboratory

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   

p x x x zx x z m

C t z C N t D N t V N z erfc D z V N t D N t V N z erfc C t z C                                                                           

2 2 2 2

, 2 exp 2 2 1 ,

     

        z for t z C z for C t z C z and t for t z C , , ,

C z C V z C D n K t C

z i d d

                 

2 2

1

Governing Equation and analytical solution

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Radionuclide migration Assessment

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20 40 60 80 100 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Location B Theoretical Experimental C/C0 Depth (mm)

Concentration profile w ith depth for I odide

20 40 60 80 100 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Location E Theoretical Experimental C/C0 Depth (mm)

Government of India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

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Multitude of problems: Tanks (foreground) containing radioactive water and reactor buildings (background)

Nuclear Waste management : FutureChallenges

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Mounds of bags full of waste from the decontamination of areas around the, Fukushima Prefecture Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear plant temporary storage site

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Thank you very much for your kind attention…….

  • Gurumoorthy