ENERGY GEOTECHNOLOGY Mixed Fluid Conditions J. Carlos Santamarina - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ENERGY GEOTECHNOLOGY

Mixed Fluid Conditions

UNSAT 2010 - Barcelona

• J. Carlos Santamarina and Jaewon Jang

energy geotechnology

Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10

Energy in the News

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Human Development Index Total power per person [kW/person]

Energy and Life

CIA, UN, EIA

(Global: 2008)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Human Development Index Total power per person [kW/person]

Countries following the same trend: P  HDI 

India China Brazil Russia USA

1 billion

Energy and Life

(Global: 2008 – BRIC trends: 1980-2007)

CIA, UN, EIA

Sources – Case: USA

2008 LLNL – DOE Units: [QUADS]

Efficiency in geotechnology? crushing<5% tunneling<< ants!

1 By 4.5 B 2 By 3 By 4 By

Geo-Centered Perspective: Time Scale

1 By 4.5 B 2 By 3 By 4 By

3.5 BYA: bacteria 2.5 BYA: O2 atmosph 1.5 BYA: plants 230-65 MYA: dinosaurs coal & petrol

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My 1 By 4.5 B 2 By 3 By 4 By

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My 1 By 4.5 B 2 By 3 By 4 By

400k 300k 200k 100k 0k

Fedorov et al 2006

8 oC 220 300 380

T CO2

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My 1 By 4.5 B 2 By 3 By 4 By 2000 yr

• 2000 yr
• 4000 yr
• 6000 yr

History of fossil fuels: a -function

200 300 400 500 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Year CO2 (ppm)

• 0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Temp anomaly (oC) 2050

2000 yr

• 2000 yr
• 4000 yr
• 6000 yr

Global implications

C CO2

Fossil Fuel: ~90%

Geo-Centered Perspective: Spatial Scale

FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar Biofuels Geo-T Tidal

• fines & clogging
• sand production
• shale instability
• EOR
• heavy oil & tar sand
• gas hydrates
• gas storage
• low-T LNG found.
• characterization
• optimal extraction
• subsurface conv.
• periodic load
• ratcheting
• engineered soils
• decommission
• leak detect
• leak repair
• mixed fluid flow, percolation
• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE CO2 sequestration

104-105 yr BTHCM mineral dissolution  shear faults, pipes

Energy Storage

CAES, phase-change Cyclic HTCM

Waste storage

105 yr BTHCM

GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION CONSERVATION

 Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated

Energy Geotechnology

Energy Geotechnology: Phases

Gas

water vapor CO2 CH4

Liquid

water CO2

• il

Solid

mineral ice CO2 hydrate CH4 hydrate

supercritical CO2

Summary: Energy Geotechnology

Quality of life Current development patterns: HDI  Energy Current 15.6 TW – increasing at ~1% per year Fossil fuels Stored solar energy (1 billion years in the making) C-Economy: ~300 years Short-term: C-emissions  Climate (global) CO2 storage Fossil fuels more sustainable … but… Energy resource recovery production Geotechnology energy storage waste storage efficiency Wide range of multi-phase conditions

CH4 hydrates

Hydrates (clathrate = cage)

H2O CH4

Methane Hydrate

2 4 6 8 10 265 270 275 280 285 290 Fluid Pressure [MPa] Temperature [K]

Methane Hydrate

2 4 6 8 10 265 270 275 280 285 290 Fluid Pressure [MPa] Temperature [K]

W+G I+G H+W H+G H+I H+G I+G

Methane Hydrate

2 4 6 8 10 265 270 275 280 285 290 Fluid Pressure [MPa] Temperature [K]

W+G I+G I+G H+W H+G

Methane Hydrate

2 4 6 8 10 265 270 275 280 285 290 Fluid Pressure [MPa] Temperature [K]

W+G H+W H+G H+I H+G I+G

Methane Hydrate - Occurrence

(Kvenvolden and Lorenson, 2001)

Hydrate – Key Observations

CH4 solubility in H2O CH4 : 750 H2O CH4 concentration in hydrate CH4 : 6 H2O Diffusivity CH4 in water ~1 x 10-9 m2/s hydrate ~5 x 10-13 m2/s Ice  water Vw/Vice=0.92 Hydrate  (water+CH4

gas)

Vw+g/Vhyd= 1 to >6

formation: CH4 diffusion production

10 20 30 40 50 272.15 277.15 282.15 287.15 292.15 297.15 302.15 Temp [K] P [MPa] India Cascadia Hydrate Ridge Gulf of Mexico Mallik Mt.Elbert β=1.3 1.4 1.5 2 3 4 6 Nankai Trouph Blake Ridge 5

Fluid Volume Expansion

hy d G W

V V V   

Sand Kaolinite

Hydrate-bearing Sediments

a: ’c=0.03 MPa b: ’c=0.5 MPa c: ’c=1 MPa 5 10 15 20 5 10

Axial strain [%]

2 4 6 5 10

dev [MPa] dev [MPa] Axial strain [%] 50% 0%

a b c a b c a c b

100% 50% 0%

a a a b b b c c c

100%

all THCEM properties = non lineal functions of Shyd

Summary: Methane Hydrates

Relevance: C-reserves climate change instability Formation PT history dependent Shyd is CH4-limited (typically) Multi-phase Hydrate Water Gas Ice Mineral (not all at once) Pore habit Patchy (coarse grained sediments) Lenses (fine grained sediments) THCEM properties Non linear functions of Shyd Gas Production Endothermic (may be heat-limited) Very large volume expansion Production from sands? from clayey sediments?

CO2 geo-storage

Geological Storage of CO2

Deep Saline Aquifer

z=0.7~3.5 km

Depleted Hydro- Carbon Reservoir

z=1.7~4.5 km

Oil Reservoir

z=0.5~3.7 km

Coal seams

z=0.3~1.1 km

Hydrate Stability Z

z=0.3~0.8 km Cap rock Cap rock Cap rock Cap rock

CO2 Properties

0.1 1 10 100 1000

• 100
• 60
• 20

20 60 100 140 Temperature [°C] Pressure [MPa] Supercritical CO2 CO2 Liquid CO2 Solid CO2 Gas CO2 Hydrate 0.1 1 10 100 1000

• 100
• 60
• 20

20 60 100 140 Temperature [°C] Pressure [MPa] Supercritical CO2 CO2 Liquid CO2 Solid CO2 Gas CO2 Hydrate

supercritical CO2

Cap rock

Water and Liquid CO2 Properties

Property [units] CO2 liquid H2O liquid Heat capacity cp [kJ·kg-1·K-1] 2.3 4.2 Thermal cond.  [W·m-1·K-1] ~0.13 0.56 Thermal Diff.  [m2s-1] 6.1×10-8 1.3×10-7 Viscosity μ [Pa·s] (2-to-8)×10-5 ~1.5×10-3 Density ρ [kg·m-3] ~938-to-800 1003 Bulk Modulus [GPa] 0.1-to-0.3 2.1-to-2.3 VP [m/s] ~400-to-600 1450-to-1520 Electrical cond. [S/m] < 0.01 f(c) - seawater: ~5 Dielectric permit. [ ] ~ 1.5 ~79

Diffusion of CO2 in H2O

Water diffusion into liquid CO2: D~10-7 m2/s

Solubility of CO2 in Water - pH

(1) change in surface charge  change in fabric (2) mineral dissolution

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 5 10 15 20

Solubility of CO2 [mol/L] Fluid pressure [MPa]

in 1 mol NaCl solution

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

Dissolved CO2 [mol/L] pH

T= 30C 60C 90C 120C

pH and Minerals

2 4 6 8 10 12

pH Surface charge [C/m2]

0.2 0.1

 change in fabric

Stumm, 1992

TiO2 SiO2

pH Solubility [mmol/L]

Fe(OH)3 Al2O3 Ti(OH)4 Fe(OH)2 CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Al2O3

Gidigasu, 1976

 mineral dissolution

Summary: CO2 Geological Storage

More sustainable use of fossil fuels PT: typically in supercritical regime Liquid CO2  low viscosity  invasion pattern?  low B, ’, el  geophysical monitoring Acidifies water  surface charge (+)  clay fabric in shale cap rock?  mineral dissolution  stress field? permeability?

interfaces

BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg

Surface Tension

Low P High P

CO2-H2O: Interfacial Interaction

(1) mutual diffusion of CO2-H2O (2) interfacial tension=f(P)

Surface Tension and Contact Angle

Water droplet in CO2 gas CO2 liquid

Surface Tension = f(P)

20 40 60 80 100 5 10 15 20 Interfacial tension  [mN/m] Pressure [MPa]

CO2 L-V boundary

at 298 K at 295 K Gaseous CO2 Liquid CO2

H2O-CO2

Interfacial Tension

30

72 water vapor CO2

gas

31 1 Ice CH4

hyd

CO2

hyd

• il

34-46 CH4

gas

64

70 40 50 60

CO2

liq

30

[mN/m]

water and …

Gasses Liquids Solids Increasing pressure

• r density

 VS  LS  LV q  VS  LS LV q

Mineral

Non-wetting droplet Wetting droplet

 LV ↓ → θ ↑  LV ↓ → θ ↓

Mineral

Contact Angle

LV LS VS

cos      q

Contact Angle = f(Pgas)

LV LS VS

cos      q

Alveola size Surface tension

Air

Other Effects - Surfactants

30 mN/m

hydrophobic hydrophilic

Surfactant  Surface tension = f(pore size)  S-u data interpretation Pulmonary self-regulation:

2R

nw

P

w

P

 

q    q      cos R 2 P cos R 2 R P P

2 w nw

Capillary Pressure - Laplace

q    cos R 2 P           

r

h 1 ln T R M P

 

T T P

m m

             q  

r LV

h 1 ln T R M cos 2 R

 

T T 1 cos 2 R

m m wi

  q  

Characteristic curves u-S for: water -gas water-oil gas-oil water-ice water-hydrate

Summary: Interfacial Phenomena

Interfacial tension: participating molecules and PT (or density) Contact angle: varies with interfacial tensions Implications: capillarity characteristic curves resource recovery

grains and pores

Critical fines Content FC*

fine coarse coarse total fine *

e e 1 e M M FC    

Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines

Sediment e1kPa FC*

Silt ~0.7 ~ 25 % Kaolinite ~1.5 ~ 20 % Illite ~3.7 ~ 11 % Montmorillonite ~5.4 ~ 8 % (for mechanical properties …)

Critical fines Content FC*

Fines Migration and Clogging

fines migration & clogging

Vol = 20cc Vol = 40cc Vol = 70cc Vol = 100cc

early Q after large Q

• J. Valdez

Grains and Pores: Clays

L dpore t

 

s pore

S e 2 d

' 1kPa c

e e C log 1kPa         

Sediment compaction

Sediment e1kPa CC S [m2/g] mean dpore P [Mpa]

Silt ~0.7 0.02-0.09 0.045-1 5 m 0.05 Kaolinite ~1.5 0.19-0.3 10-20 0.5 m 0.5 Illite ~3.7 0.5-1.1 65-100 0.05 m 5 Montmorillonite ~5.4 1-2.6 300-780 0.005 m 50

MEAN PORE SIZE @ ’=100 kPa LV=70 mN/m

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 Mean of d [micron] Standard deviation of d [micron]

(σd/μd)  σln(dpore)

d d

0.4   

Pore Size Distribution

Log (dpore/micron)

Network Models – Upscaling

Mass Balance at Nodes

c

q  

Poiseuille’s Eq. P L R q      8

4

       

a a c b b c r r c l l c

P P P P P P P P            

 

a a b b r r l l c a b r l

P P P P P               

          L R    8

4

Pl Pb Pc Pa Pr

System of Equations

1

B AP then P A B



 

COV(R2)=0.49 COV(R2)=1.26 COV(R2)=1.95 Uncorrelated Correlated

Spatially Correlated Porosity

Log (dpore/micron)

log Nm log NC

4

• 4
• 8
• 4
• 8

4

Viscous fingering μdef » μinv Stable displacement μdef « μinv Capillary fingering v ≈ 0 Transition region

Lenormand et al. (1988) - S. Dai

log Nm = -4.2 log Nc = 0.2

log Nm = 1.8 log Nc = -8.5

log Nm = 1.8 log Nc = 3.2

Immiscible Fluids: Invading vs. Defending

q      cos v 3 F F N

inv c d C def inv m

N   

invasion nucleation

Gas Invasion vs. & Gas Nucleation

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Gas recovery efficiency E

10% 5% 30%

Expansion factor β

20%

Sh

40% 15%

μ(Rp)= 1μm

Gas Water Pore Throat

Characteristic Curve  Recovery Efficiency

Methane Hydrates

Summary: Grains and Pores

CAUTION fines content ! Invasion pore size distribution and connectivity patterns: flow velocity and rel. viscosities Gas invasion  Gas nucleation similar characteristic curve different relative permeabilities Characteristic curve  Recovery efficiency

positive feedback in coupled THCM processes  localizations

Drainage Pressure transducer Pressure port Microscope / Digital camera 100 mm 40 mm

Sediment (water) Invading fluid (oil)

Forced Immiscible Fluid Invasion - Device

Time Suction water content

a b c d e

a b c d e

Evolution

Forcing Gas Into Sediment

kaolin paste internal heating

Internal Gas Generation

Ice Lenses

Ice Lens Formation Under Stress Boundary

Compression Tension Tension / compression

Percussion Core - KUB

Hydrate lenses – Pressure cores

Tip Conditions

e S ρ P

s s

  

Sediment in compression EVERYwhere

Gas-Driven Fracture

1.0 10 0.1 LOCALIZATION Lenses Fractures Hyd.: lenses INVASION Fluid invasion Crystal growth in pores Hyd.: patchy saturation

d ' 2 N F

LV c

   

fine grained soils low effective stress coarse grained soils high effective stress

Invasion vs. Localization

Acidification: Reactive Transport

rate Diffusion rate Advection D d v Pe 

rate Advection Reaction v l α Da rate 

diffusion dominant advection dominant low reaction rate

Fredd & Fogler 1988, 1998 Fredd & Miller’s 2000 Golfier et al. 2002

10-4 10-3 10-2 101 102 103 104 10-1 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-4

Dissolution + k  + q : Localized Flow

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1000 2000 Time (sec) Lateral stress coefficient, k 0.00 0.02 0.04 Vertical strain 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl

Dissolution  ko 

1km

250m

Cartwright (2005)

seabed

koka: Possible Shear Localization

Summary: Localizations

Fc/N explains hydrate formation habit Various possible positive-feedbacks in coupled THCM Fluid-driven fractures: desiccation cracks, gas or oil-driven Lenses: ice, hydrate Dissolution: Shear fractures in contraction, wormholes May hinder long-term CO2 geological storage Can be used to enhance recovery In all cases: CAUTION

Closing Thoughts

Energy: critical to life Energy geotechnology: fascinating BTHCEM coupled problems Unsaturated soil mechanics: great framework but careful “extension” Methane hydrates: C-fuel + climate + hazard Challenging: multi-physics, testing… production CO2 geological storage = C-economy + climate change Must be reliable in the long time scales Complex geo-plumbing Faustian bargain ? Emergent phenomena & unanticipated coupled processes Caution: positive feedback in coupled processes Various localizations can be anticipated

J.W. Jung

• P. Taboada
• H. Shin
• N. Espinoza
• F. Francisca

J.Y. Lee A.I. Martin T.S. Yun

• D. Cortes

T.H. Kwon

C.H. Lee

• S. Dai
• C. Ruppel

USGS

C Tsouris

ORNL and team

• M. Sanchez

Texas A&M

G.C. Cho

KAIST

• K. Soga

Cambridge U.

JS Lee

Korea U.