CE 641 Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 3 Dr. Sowmya S. PDF - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CE 641 Environmental Geomechanics Lecture No. 3

• Dr. Sowmya S.

PDF IIT Bombay

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Geotechnology Biotechnology Biogeotechnology Biotechnology Bio in geo

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BIOLOGY and BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biology ---- branch of science concerned with living thing Biotechnology ---- technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

Plants, animals, birds, bacteria, fungus Microorganisms ---- easy to study, work as they have a simple and comparatively smaller genetic make up Cells

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19th - 20th century was characterized by an increasing awareness towards environmental issues such as depletion of natural resources, threat to biodiversity and hazards of increased air, water and soil pollution…….

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Chromosomes carry hereditary information for everything from height to eye color

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India – largest producer of GM cotton, 95%

• April 20, 2010
• BP, a leader in deep water oil drilling efforts
• Triggered --- environmental disaster --- a gas release and subsequent explosion
• ccurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig
• Dumped an estimated 205 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico
• Several studies suggest that microbes successfully consumed part of the oil
• Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion

Alcanivorax borkumensis is an oil-degrading marine bacterium

Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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Antagonism

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BIOGEOTECHNOLOGY

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Biogeotechnology Any technological application that uses living organisms to solve geotechnical problems Fundamental -- baseline information

land-fill, remediation, slope stabilization, pipeline corrosion soil properties

Applicative

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Microbes form an integral part of soil system There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre

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freshwater. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Any kind of environment

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http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl/pdf/slope_protection.pdf

Various methods to treat the slope surface using vegetation Applications of plants and vegetative soil cover for soil erosion control, slope protection, preventation of slope failure, reduction of water infiltration into slopes

Brown mustard, Sunflower, Bladder campion, Barley, Pumpkin, Red clover, Poplars, Pine, tobacco, water hyacinth Plants can help bind, extract, transform and clean up many kinds of pollution including metals, pesticides, chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), explosives, radionuclides and petroleum hydrocarbons Plants clean up these forms of pollution as far down as their roots can grow Plants also help prevent wind and rain from carrying pollution away from the site to other areas.

PHYTOREMEDIATION

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Land fill Degradation Industrial waste Marine environment Metal, toxic chemicals remediation Gas hydrates

Pink sea - Dunaliella salina, Halobacteria cutirubrum

Applications

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Cementation

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Self healing concrete

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Sample collection

Physico-chemical parameters Biological (Isolation of bacteria)

Taxonomic identification and phylogenetic analysis Screening for specific properties Elucidation of microbe interaction Bioprospecting

For any application such as Bio-fertilizer, Bioremediation….

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Serial dilution and viable plate count method

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Optimization of growth conditions C, P, N…. Temperature pH

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Screen for specific properties

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Phylogenetic analysis -- depicts the evolutionary relationships

Phylogenetic tree of seven PSB from sand sample of Someshwara beach based on 16S rRNA gene sequences available from the EMBL database (accession numbers are given in perenthesis) constructed after multiple alignments of the data using CLUSTAL_X. Distances (according to the Kimura two parameter model) and clustering with the neighbour joining method were performed using MEGA version 5. Numbers at the node are the bootstrap percentages. Bacillus safensis FO-036b(T) (AF234854) YU-SS-SB-23 (KF156653) Paenibacillus cineris LMG 18439(T) (AJ575658) YU-SS-SB-26 (KF156656) Curtobacterium citreum DSM 20528(T) (X77436) YU-SS-SB-27 (KF156657) YU-SS-SB-31 (KF156660) Burkholderia latens R-5630(T) (AM747628) YU-SS-SB-25 (KF156655) Acinetobacter pittii LMG 1035(T) (HQ180184) YU-SS-SB-29 (KC433736) Flavobacterium flevense DSM 1076(T) (AM230486) YU-SS-SB-22 (KF156652) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 92 0.02 γ - Proteobacteria β - Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Firmicutes Bacteroidetes

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2 APPROACHES FOR ANALYSIS

• CULTURE DEPENDENT

Bacteria isolation on selective media

• CULTURE INDEPENDENT

Direct isolation of nucleic acids

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Strain characterization PCR amplification Counting 16S rDNA sequencing & Identification DGGE analysis Sequencing of target gene Bioinformatics Phylogenetic and diversity analysis

Metagenomics

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Field application

Environmental Geotechnologists

There is the classic issue encountered when working with bacteria, in that microbial processes are relatively slow and

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unpredictable, especially when environmental factors are involved

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Molecular biology has shown that even the simplest of all living systems on the earth today, bacterial cells, are exceedingly complex objects. Although the tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small, weighing less than 10-12 gms, each is in effect a veritable micro-miniaturized factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up altogether of one hundred thousand million atoms, far more complicated than any machine built by man and absolutely without parallel in the nonliving world. Michael Denton

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Due to complexity, the microbial geotech would require an integration of microbiology, ecology, geochemistry and geotechnical engineering knowledge

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Geotechnologists Biotechnologists

Biogeotechnology