[PPT] - Application of Life Cycle Thinking Application of Life Cycle PowerPoint Presentation

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Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability

Application of Life Cycle Thinking Application of Life Cycle Thinking to Assess Local Measures and Activities to Assess Local Measures and Activities to Assess Local Measures and Activities to Assess Local Measures and Activities

US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials (Sapporo, Japan) October 22nd 2009

Tomohiko Ihara Tomohiro Tabata Yutaka Genchi Masayuki Sagisaka y g

ihara-t@aist.go.jp http://aist-riss.jp

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Tomohiko Ihara

Contents Contents

1. What’s LCA?
2. LCA National Project
3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities
4. LCA for municipal solid waste (MSW) management system
5. LCA for town planning
6. Summary – Life cycle thinking to social infrastructure

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Tomohiko Ihara

Why LCA?

1. What’s LCA?

Why LCA?

To reduce To contribute to

Corporation Consumer

To reduce environmental impacts from a product To contribute to reduction in environmental impacts product

Which stage/process

impacts

Which product is etc. etc. g p should be improved? Which product is environmentally-friendly?

We need to assess the environmental impacts from the whole product life from production to disposal.

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)

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( y )

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Tomohiko Ihara

Goal Definition：

Which products or service are assessed? How to use the result of LCA?

General procedure of LCA

Goal Definition：

Which products or service are assessed? How to use the result of LCA?

Resources Trans. Trans. Materials Parts Assembly Product Use Disposal Inciner ation Landfill Scope definition

Life cycle

Recycle and reuse

y stage Unit process

Recycle and reuse Recycle

CO2 SO

T-N Emission

Inventory analysis

SO2 NOx

T-P metals Global Water Health A idifi i

Impact assessment (LCIA)

Impact to nature and human

Emission to water Emission to air

Inventory analysis

Measure environment burden

warming pollution impact Acidification Detection of important issue Check the reliability f d t

Impact to nature and human

Interpretation

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important issue

f data

Make report Critical review

Review and reporting

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Tomohiko Ihara

Example of LCA results (1 inventory analysis)

1. What’s LCA?

Example of LCA results (1. inventory analysis)

ist LCA results

ist

Specification Comparison

between the ist and a conventional Vehicle

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A driving stage occupies many of environmental impacts from cars. The ist reduced environmental impacts by improvement of fuel efficiency.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Inventory Concentration Impact Category Category Endpoint Safeguard Subjects Single Index

Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME)

Subjects Index Thermal/Cold Stress Malaria

Global Warming Ozone Depletion CO2 HCFCs

GHS in Air ODS in Stratosphere

Human life

Dengue Favor Cataract

Human toxicity Benzene TCDD L d

ODS in Stratosphere

Toxic. In Air

DALY

Dengue Favor

Human health Social assets Air Pollution

Disaster

DALY

Single

Skin Cancer Cancer R i t Di

(chemicals/metals)

Ecotoxicity NOx SOx Lead

Toxic. In Water
Toxic. In Soil

D f A idif i Cost

Social assets

Yen (Cost)

g index

Respiratory Disease Terrestrial Aquatic

Acidification Eutrophication

x

Total N Total P

Consumption of DO

Dep. of Acidifying

sub.

Ecosystem Biodiversity

Eco-index Yen

Plant Benthos

Oxidant Creation L d NMVOC Total P Land

Conc. Oxidant

Primary productivity

Extinct Species

Fishery Crop Materials

Land use Waste Copper ore productivity

Dry weight

Waste

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Energy Materials

Damage Assessment Fate Analysis Quality Analysis Weighting Oil Resource Consumption Exposure Analysis

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Tomohiko Ihara

Example of LCA results (2 LCIA)

1. What’s LCA?

Example of LCA results (2. LCIA)

Refrigerator

CO2

Global warming

CFC SO2

Inventory analysis Acidification

HCFC

t Ozone depletion CFC-use HCFC-use

(CFC-free)

vs. Impact assessment analysis

HCFC

etc. etc. depletion

Life cycle environmental impacts (social cost)

50 000 HCFC 141b

assessment (LCIA)

4 400

Life cycle CO2 emissions

30 000 40,000 50,000

impacts gerator]

HCFC-141b HFC-134a Coal Crude oil SO2 CO 4,300 4,400

ions rigerator]

20,000 30,000

ironmental en per refrig

CO2 CFC-12 CFC-11

CO2

4,100 4,200

CO2 emissi CO2 per refr

10,000

CFC-use HCFC-use

Env [ye

4,100

CFC-use HCFC-use

[kg-C

～～

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Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can evaluate environmentally-friendly products more appropriately.

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Tomohiko Ihara

2. LCA National Project

 LCA National Project I (MITI

LCA National Project I (MITI  METI FY1998 METI FY1998-

2002)

2002) LCI D t LCIA M th d l i

* LCI lif l i

 LCI Data, LCIA Methodologies

* LCI = life cycle inventory

 Achievements: Public database (> 250 items)

Impact Assessment Method (LIME 1) Impact Assessment Method (LIME 1)

 LCA National Project II (METI FY2003

LCA National Project II (METI FY2003-2005) 2005)

 LCA National Project II (METI FY2003

LCA National Project II (METI FY2003 2005) 2005)

 LCA for Local Governments, LCI Database, LCIA

 Achievements: LCA Application (decision support tool)

pp ( pp ) Impact Assessment Method (LIME 2)

LCA National Project III (METI FY2006 LCA National Project III (METI FY2006 2008) 2008)

 LCA National Project III (METI FY2006

LCA National Project III (METI FY2006-2008) 2008)

 LCA and DfE by SME  Green Supply Chain

* DfE = design for environment DfE = design for environment

 Achievements: Streamlined LCA Tool, DfE Tool Improvement

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Tomohiko Ihara

LCI database compilation (LCA National Project I)

2. LCA National Project

LCI database compilation (LCA National Project I)

Committee member industries Committee member industries Additional members of data collecting industries Additional members of data collecting industries

Gas Limestone mining Fineceramics Petroleum Glass fiber Titanium Electric power Iron and steel Stainless steel Electric Arc Furnace Aluminum Batteries Electric wire & cables

22 industries 34 industries

Non-ferrous metals Railway transport Glass Paper Resinoid Chemical products Refractories Carbon black Printing ink Refractories Carbon black Printing ink Cement PolyVinylCholoride Aclylonitrile Chemical Chloro-carbon Synthetic rubber Chemical fibers Petrochemical ABS resin Rubber Urea & ammonium Emulsion Rubber Urea & ammonium Emulsion Automobiles Titanium dioxide Soda Automobile parts Industrial gases Engineering plastics Business machine Soap and detergent Aromatic El t i l f h h ld P i t U th t i l Electrical for households Paint Urethane row materials Communications Expandeed PS Methacrilate Resin Electronic Plastic Waste Management Gas and kerosene appliance Methanol-formaldehyde

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Industrial machinery Sulfuric acid Building constractor

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Tomohiko Ihara

Inventory Concentration Impact Category Category Endpoint Safeguard Subjects Single Index

LIME (LCA National Project I)

Subjects Index Thermal/Cold Stress Malaria

Global Warming Ozone Depletion CO2 HCFCs

GHS in Air ODS in Stratosphere

Human life

Dengue Favor Cataract

Human toxicity Benzene TCDD L d

ODS in Stratosphere

Toxic. In Air

DALY

Dengue Favor

Human health Social assets Air Pollution

Disaster

DALY

Single

Skin Cancer Cancer R i t Di

(chemicals/metals)

Ecotoxicity NOx SOx Lead

Toxic. In Water
Toxic. In Soil

D f A idif i Cost

Social assets

Yen (Cost)

g index

Respiratory Disease Terrestrial Aquatic

Acidification Eutrophication

x

Total N Total P

Consumption of DO

Dep. of Acidifying

sub.

Ecosystem Biodiversity

Eco-index Yen

Plant Benthos

Oxidant Creation L d NMVOC Total P Land

Conc. Oxidant

Primary productivity

Extinct Species

Fishery Crop Materials

Land use Waste Copper ore productivity

Dry weight

Waste

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Energy Materials

Damage Assessment Fate Analysis Quality Analysis Weighting Oil Resource Consumption Exposure Analysis

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Tomohiko Ihara

Next step of LCA

2. LCA National Project

Next step of LCA

Sustainable production and

“We must develop production and consumption policies to improve the products and services provided, while reducing environmental and health impacts, using, where appropriate,

production and consumption

Application of LCA method

science-based approaches, such as life cycle analysis”

WSSD (World Summit for Sustainable Development) at Johannesburg in 2002

LCA for governments

pp to local activities

Expansion of LCA method to civil life

Aim:

To contribute to develop

environmentally-friendly local

Consumer acceptability

Consumption, eco-friendly lifestyle & consciousness

 Quantification of acceptability analysis of lifestyle

y y measures by life cycle thinking.

To expand as LCA methodology

to apply local measures.

 Quantification of acceptability, analysis of lifestyle

Eco-efficiency indicator

Assessment of industries corporations and products

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LCA for products

Assessment of industries, corporations and products

 Evaluation of CO2 efficiency

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Tomohiko Ihara

LCA for Local Governments (LCA National Project II)

2. LCA National Project

Iw ate Pref.

Recycling Plant +

LCA for Local Governments (LCA National Project II)

Sapporo Incinerator in 2009 Promotion: Waste management Waste management

Mie Pref.

Manufacturing Factory

Considering temporal items

Promotion: Town planning Tsukuba

Estimating Considering

Chiba Pref.

U d Bi

benefits g site-specific items

Unused-Biomass Utilization System Promotion: Tokyo

Development of support tool

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Biomass utilization

Sample prefectures and their measures

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Tomohiko Ihara

Green supply chain (LCA National Project III)

2. LCA National Project

Green supply chain (LCA National Project III)

materials

Mass Supply of Greener Products

Training, Seminars, Support, Consultation

Suppliers Suppliers

materials parts energies

by the Project

LCA & DfE Suppliers Suppliers

energies

ment LCA & DfE Manufacturing Industries (Large Scale) anagem Green Market ste Ma Green Market Was

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Consumers

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Tomohiko Ihara

Why application for local governments?

3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities

Why application for local governments?

Inside local government’s area

Local government

CO2 SO CH4 CO2

To reduce environmental impacts

NOx SOx

environmental impacts

n local residents by a

local measure

etc.

CO2 SOx

When, where and how much environmental

x

Outside local government’s area

impacts occur?

We need to assessment when, where and how much the

Outside local government s area

environmental impacts occur by local measures and activities.

Application of LCA to local measures

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Application of LCA to local measures

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Tomohiko Ihara

Local measures and activities applied LCA

3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities

Local measures and activities applied LCA

 Example of local measures and activities

City planning (housing project new town planning)

 City planning (housing project, new town planning)  Waste management systems  Water supply and sewerage systems

pp y g y

 Roads  Harbor, air port construction  Subway, train

etc...

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Tomohiko Ihara

Tasks on LCA for local measures and activities

3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities

Tasks on LCA for local measures and activities

Carrying out case studies to apply LCA to local measures and activities. Inventory analysis taking into account the environmental Inventory analysis taking into account the environmental loads emitted inside and outside of considered region Estimating benefits of local measure to be compared Considering temporal changes : population change, measure to be compared with environmental impacts p p g , age structure, etc Development of support tool : help to construct basic plans Considering site-specific items : location, transportations, site-

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help to construct basic plans location, transportations, site specific environmental impacts

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Tomohiko Ihara

Methodology & framework of LCA

3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities

Methodology & framework of LCA

Life cycle assessment framework Interpretation Goal and scope definition

Reference to ISO-14040

Interpretation Goal and scope definition Direct applications:

Definition of goal, target, material- flow scope studied by LCA

Identification of

important item

Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Building

Product development

and improvement

Strategic planning

P bli li ki p

Completeness

check

Sensitivity check

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Building

Public policy making
Marketing
Other

Collection and analysis of data for lifecycle impact assessment

Consistency

check

Other checks

Impact assessment Impact assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

Impact assessment based on result of inventory analysis

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result of inventory analysis

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Tomohiko Ihara

Proposed common steps to evaluate local measures by LCA

3. Application of LCA to local measures and activities

Proposed common steps to evaluate local measures by LCA

Our proposed framework for local measures Goal and scope definition I t t f Goal and scope definition

Definition of target project or system, geographical boundary,

Impact assessment of present system

Environmental impact assessment by

system boundary, functional unit, considering environmental load Environmental impact assessment by LCA for products, infrastructure, building and transportation, energy system analysis

Database building

Building of process inventory database (for LCI) cost inventory y

Impact assessment of other elements

(cost, resident utilization, ..., etc.) database (for LCI), cost inventory database (for cost benefit analysis), and geographical condition database (if needed)

Proposal and impact assessment of alternative plan

C id ti f d d d l database (if needed)

Consideration of demand and supply

balance.

Optimization of process, transportation,

location etc

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location etc.

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Tomohiko Ihara

4. LCA for municipal solid waste (MSW) management system

 Objective for LCA

 Municipal solid waste disposal policy in Former Morioka City

F d

Relationship of scope and area

Foreground area

(inside local government’s area)

Takizawa Village Morioka City (Former Tamayama Village)

(Foreground) (Background)

Incineration, etc. Supply of

&

Morioka City (Former Morioka City)

Material flow

Iwaizumi Village ( y g ) Shizukuishi Town

Landfill Transportation

energy & materials

(Former Morioka City)

Environmental burdens

Morioka City (Former Tonan Village) Kawai Village

(Inside area) (Outside area) Detailed inventories by scale factor Averaging inventories

Background area

Environmental burdens

Yahaba Town Shiwa Town

Morioka S d i

Construction Operation Disposal

by scale factor

g

(outside area)

Tokyo Sendai Tsukuba

Renewal in 2030

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(Outside area) (Inside area)

Tokyo

Renewal in 2030.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Morioka City’s measure to reduce the emitted MSW

4. LCA for MSW management system

Morioka City s measure to reduce the emitted MSW

Measures for wastes from household Waste separating rate Present 2011 Target D i & Long use of products, simple R d ti b Depression & reuse Long use of products, simple packaging, reduction of leftovers, reuse or replacement of products, etc.

Reduction by

10% Composting Kitchen garbage 4% 8% Recycling at Cartons 10%

BAU scenario

(business as usual)

Recycling at shops Cartons

10%

White trays

5%

Waste papers Newspapers 39% 40% Magazines 21% 25%

Waste reduction scenario

Recycling by local communities Waste papers Corrugated fiberboard 20% 25% Cartons 2% 10% Fibers 20% 30% B ttl 14% 15%

In this scenario, emitted waste per

ne person becomes

Bottles 14% 15% Cans 9% 15% Bottles 62% 70% Cans 63% 70%

ne person becomes

less gradually from 2000 to 2010. Its value is fixed 2030

Municipal collection as recyclable wastes PET bottles 74% 80% Waste papers Newspapers

45%

Magazines

60%

d f b b d

to 2030.

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Corrugated fiberboard

60%

Packages

70%

Measures for wastes from business activities is also planned.

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Tomohiko Ihara

LCA for MSW management system – Temporal condition

4. LCA for MSW management system

LCA for MSW management system

Temporal condition

 Municipal solid waste (MSW) management measure

Renewal of MSW management system

NOx CO2 SOx CO CH4 CO2

Population change Renewal of MSW management system

Foreground Background

 We consider...

Temporal scope (Life cycle)

CO2 SOx

Population change

Background

Life cycle of

 Temporal scope (Life cycle)

An operation of the present system
Its renewal

Life cycle of local measure

 Temporal change of background

Population change by prospects
With simple uncertainty
With simple uncertainty

(detailed  ex. Discount Rate method)

 Application of this method

Life cycle of present system Renewal Operation Life cycle of next system

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 Local measures accompanied with its renewal present system next system

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Tomohiko Ihara

Future prospect & uncertainty on population change

4. LCA for MSW management system

Future prospect & uncertainty on population change

 Projections (by National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS) )

130,000,000 120,000,000 , , 110,000,000 lation

Middle variant

100,000,000 Popu Actual Projection by IPSS in 2002 (middle variant) 90,000,000 Projection by IPSS in 2002 (high variant) Projection by IPSS in 2002 (low variant) Private estimation by Attractors Lab in 2001

Private estimation

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 (Year)

IPSS estimated future population with the constant range (uncertainty).

Th l t t iddl i t j ti b IPSS i t ti i ti t

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The latest middle-variant projection by IPSS is too optimistic yet.

This study uses only the low-variant projection by IPSS without uncertainty.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Population change in Former Morioka City

4. LCA for MSW management system

Population change in Former Morioka City

300,000 200,000 250,000

n

Morioka City Former

Former Morioka City

100 000 150,000 Populatio Morioka City Former Tonan Village 50,000 100,000 Former Tamayama Village 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 (Year)

We estimated future population change using the population

projections for Japan (low variant) and by municipalities by IPSS. Th F M i k Cit ’ l ti ill b t d t d

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The Former Morioka City’s population will be expected to decrease

from 240,000 in 2000 to 220,000 in 2030.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Estimation of future wastes

Collection by local governments

4. LCA for MSW management system

Estimation of future wastes

120,000 140,000 er year]

Combustible (from household) Combustible (from business activities)

Performance of the present incinerators: 135[t/d]  2

BAU i

60 000 80,000 100,000 , ion [tons pe

Noncombustible or

versized

Recyclable

scenario

20,000 40,000 60,000 ste generat

Recycled by local community Recycled by business

140,000 year]

Renewal of system

(FY) 0 2000 2001 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Was

Private disposed by household

Performance of the present incinerators: 135[t/d]  2

Waste

80,000 100,000 120,000 [tons per y

Renewal of system

CO2 emissions from a construction stage of i i t l reduction scenario

20 000 40,000 60,000 80,000 generation

incinerators are large. Scenario of reduction can reduce CO2 emis-

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20,000 2000 2001 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Waste (FY)

can reduce CO2 emis sions from construction

f the next system.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Material flow & system boundary

4. LCA for MSW management system

Material flow & system boundary

Generation

[Commercial]

Refining to fuel oil Refining to kerosene Refining to diesel oil

(Background)

P i t

Electric power City gas Kerosene

Refining to city gas

Fuel oil Diesel oil

Generation

[Steam turbine] Low-temp.

Refining to

(Foreground)

Activities

(Business) Waste

Private separation

(Business) Burnable

Incineration

Treated ash

(Each processes)

Low temp. steam

Refining to LPG

LPG

Hot water supply

Municipal waste Burnable waste Treated fly ash

Landfill

Solidified fly ash

Collection

(Business)

Chemical treatment Cement lidifi ti

Fly ash Noncombustible &

versized waste

Compression & shredding

Residue

solidification

Recyclable

Recycling

Material resource

Collection

(Household) Municipal waste Recyclable waste Recyclable waste (by local communities)

Separation Recycling

(for packaging)

Recycling

Material resource (containers & packaging)

Private separation

(Household) W t

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Private disposed garbage

y g Gardening? Composting

[Garbage disposer] Compost

Activities

(Household) Waste

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Tomohiko Ihara

Composition of MSW (household & business act )

unit: [g/person/d]

4. LCA for MSW management system

Composition of MSW (household & business act.)

Kinds of waste Wastes from household Wastes from business activities Item Priv. disp Recy. by Collection by governments Collection by governments Comb.Nonc. Over. Recy.

Comb. Nonc. Over. Recy.

disp. y l.com. y y [% ] [% ] [% ] [% ] [% ] [% ] [% ] [% ] Kitchen garbage 280.2 11.9 0.0 268.3 100 118.0 100 Newspapers 90.2 0.0 34.9 55.3 100 11.5 100 Magazines 49.6 0.0 10.4 39.2 100 7.7 100 Corrugated fireboards 27.3 0.0 5.4 21.8 100 4.8 100 Cartons 2.9 0.0 0.1 2.8 100 1.0 100 Paper bags & packages 29 7 0 0 0 0 29 7 100 9 6 100 Paper bags & packages 29.7 0.0 0.0 29.7 100 9.6 100 Other papers 108.5 0.0 0.0 108.5 100 13.4 100 Clothes 4.4 0.0 0.9 3.5 100 15.8 100 PET bottles 8.4 0.0 0.0 8.4 11 15 74 5.3 15 60 25 Non-PET plastic bottles 6.3 0.0 0.0 6.3 92 8 15.8 100 Plastic packages 10.7 0.0 0.0 10.7 92 8 31.5 100 Plastic bags 40.8 0.0 0.0 40.8 92 8 110.4 100 Other plastics 16 7 0 0 0 0 16 7 100 31 6 100 Other plastics 16.7 0.0 0.0 16.7 100 31.6 100 Rubbers & leathers 4.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 100 0.0 Plants 21.0 0.0 0.0 21.0 100 63.1 100 Fibers 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 100

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US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 26

Woods 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 100

Others

100.5 0.0 8.4 92.0 58 4 38 73.4 77 23 Total 804.9 11.9 60.1 732.9 625.3 59.0 7.3 41.4 512.9 434.9 59.6 0.1 18.3

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Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Environmental emissions

4. LCA for MSW management system

Results: Environmental emissions

 CO2 emissions

BAU Waste reduction

CO i d ith t ti

140 000 160,000 180,000 ar]

CO2 accompanied with construction +22,000[t]

100,000 120,000 140,000

ns per yea

+17,000[t]

60,000 80,000 100,000 missions [to 20,000 40,000 CO2 e 2000 2001 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

CO2 emissions increase by 16% in 2030 when the new system is constructed.

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2

y y

The waste reduction measure can also reduce CO2 emissions in 2030.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Total environmental emissions during 2000 to 2030

4. LCA for MSW management system

Results: Total environmental emissions during 2000 to 2030

5000 140 1200 5

CO2

[103t]

SOx

[t]

NOx

[t]

PM

[t]

4000 5000 100 120 1000 4

Emissions from a construction stage of the next system

3000 80 100 600 800 3 1000 2000 40 60 400 1 2 BAU W R BAU W R BAU W R BAU W R 1000 20 200 1

Emissions from an operation stage of the present system

The W-R measure reduces not only CO2 and NOx. It can also reduce SOx and PM considering its life cycle.

BAU W-R BAU W-R BAU W-R BAU W-R

28

It can also reduce SOx and PM considering its life cycle.

Environmental improvements by the W-R measure were evaluated.

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Tomohiko Ihara

Application for wide-area MSW management

4. LCA for MSW management system

Application for wide area MSW management

 Target area

Central area of Iwate Prefecture

 Central area of Iwate Prefecture

(8 municipalities including Morioka City)

 7 associations for MSW management  Target year for wide-area management: FY2017

250,000 Actual Predicted 600,000 Actual Predicted 200,000 value value 400,000 500,000 n value value Municipality H Municipality G 100,000 150,000 MSW [t] 200,000 300,000 Population Municipality F Municipality E Municipality D Municipality C 50,000 100,000 p y Municipality B Municipality A

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(National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS) ) Estimated from relationship between populations and waste emissions in municipalities

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

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Tomohiko Ihara

LCIs of incinerators (I) / melting facilities (MF)

4. LCA for MSW management system

LCIs of incinerators (I) / melting facilities (MF)

Due to using coke Due to waste separation

B (continuous, direct MF) A (continuous, direct MF) D (batch, fix-bed I) C (continuous, stoker-fired I) F (batch, fix-bed I) E (batch, fix-bed I)

300

300 600 900 1200 1500 GHG i i [ CO / ] G (batch, fix-bed I) GHG emissions [t-CO2eq/t-waste] Construction Operation directly Reduction effect by recycling Transportation of fuel, residue, etc. From waste (plastic)

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Operation, directly Operation, indirectly From waste (plastic) From waste (biological)

SLIDE 31

Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Effect of wide-area management

4. LCA for MSW management system

Results: Effect of wide area management

140,000 35,000 10,000

11% 30% 4%

100,000 120,000 140,000 2eq] 25,000 30,000 35,000 6 000 8,000 10,000 円]

6%

2eq]

n]

40 000 60,000 80,000 排出量[t‐CO2 15,000 20,000 埋立量[t] 4,000 6,000 コスト[百万円

ions [t-CO2 andfills [t] t [million Ye

20,000 40,000 GHG排 5,000 10,000 2,000 処理

Emiss L Cost

‐20,000 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 ‐2,000 S1 S2 S3 (1) GHG排出量 (2) 埋立量 (3) 処理コスト

(1) GHG emissions (2) Landfill (3) System cost

収益・削減効果廃棄物由来(バイオ) 廃棄物由来(プラ) 自家処理高速堆肥化最終処分粗大ごみ資源化焼却収集・輸送 ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) y

Profit From waste (biological) From waste (plastics) Disposal by residents Composting Landfill Sorting & shredding Recycling Incineration / Melting Transportation

S1 N id t S2 Th id S3 O id

31 2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials

S1: No wide-area management S2: Three wide areas S3: One wide area

SLIDE 32

Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Wide-area management + waste separation

4. LCA for MSW management system

120,000 140,000

Results: Wide area management + waste separation

Compared with S2 Separation: 4%

60 000 80,000 100,000 , ‐CO2eq]

Fermentation： 25%

[t-CO2eq]

20,000 40,000 60,000 HG排出量[t‐

Compared with S3 Separation: 4%

emissions [

‐40,000 ‐20,000 G

Fermentation:32% By residents: 2%

GHG

, S1 S1‐a S1‐b S1‐c S2 S2‐a S2‐b S2‐c S3 S3‐a S3‐b S3‐c 削減効果廃棄物由来(バイオマス) 廃棄物由来(プラ)

Profit From waste (biological) From waste (plastics)

自家処理メタン発酵高速堆肥化最終処分粗大ごみ資源化焼却収集・輸送

Disposal by residents Composting Landfill Sorting & shredding Recycling Incineration / Melting Transportation Methane fermentation

S1 N id t S2 Th id S3 O id

32 2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials

S1: No wide-area management S2: Three wide areas S3: One wide area a: Promoting waste separation b: Kitchen garbage separation + methane fermentation c: Disposal of kitchen garbage by residents

SLIDE 33

Tomohiko Ihara

Case study area

5. LCA for town planning

Sapporo

Case study area

 Taki Town, Mie Prefecture

Tsukuba

 Population: 10,769 (Census 2000)  Agricultural community

Tokyo Mie Prefecture

 Agricultural community

with plenty of undeveloped lands

Area 50 km2

F l d 14 k

2 (28%)

Farm land 14 km2 (28%)
Forest 21 km2 (42%)

Taki Town

 An LCD factory since 1995

Employees: 2,360
Floor area: 344 000 m2

The population growth has increased demands

Floor area: 344,000 m2

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 33

The population growth has increased demands for urban facilities from both the residents and the employees.

SLIDE 34

Tomohiko Ihara

Town planning

5. LCA for town planning

Town planning The population growth has increased demands for urban The population growth has increased demands for urban facilities from both the residents and the employees.

Project: Development of a commercial district (10 ha) Project: Development of a commercial district (10 ha)

Goal: Establishing facilities to meet the needs of the residents and the employees (Shopping mall, Leisure facilities, Medical facilities, Apartments) Study Scope: (1) Stage: Construction and operation or 20 years (without demolition) (2) LCI material: environmental burden (CO2, CH4, N2O, SOx, NOx, PM, sludge, solid waste), resource consumption (coal, crude oil, natural gas, iron, cupper, aluminum, limestone)

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 34

SLIDE 35

Tomohiko Ihara

LCA for town planning – Benefits & Eco-Efficiency

5. LCA for town planning

LCA for town planning

Benefits & Eco Efficiency

 Is “no developing” the best solution?

Policy practices are not limited to reducing the environmental impact

 Policy practices are not limited to reducing the environmental impact.  We have to think the merit of the development.

 What is the functional unit?

 Local governments would like to compare development proposals.  Functions differ from proposal to proposal.

E ffi i

 Eco-efficiency

L l b fit Benefits Eco-efficiency Local benefits produced by the local development Life-cycle environmental impact

from the local de elopment

=

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 35

LCA results

from the local development

SLIDE 36

Tomohiko Ihara

Conjoint analysis (for benefit evaluation)

5. LCA for town planning

Conjoint analysis (for benefit evaluation)

 Utility for facility introduction and location for 20 years

Conjoint Analysis

attributes part-worths

shopping mall l i f ilit

u1

Utility of the local development leisure facility medical facility rental apartment

u3 u2 u4

Utility of the local development

U (u1,u2,u3,u4,u5)

payment

u5 Table Attributes and level of conjoint in this study

attribute 1 attribute 2 attribute 3 attribute 4 attribute 5 Area of commercial facility Households of rental apartment building version of medical facility version of leisure facility amount of payment per household

Table. Attributes and level of conjoint in this study

1 4,000 m2 No development No development No development 10,000 yen 2 8,000 m2 10 Clinic Park 20,000 yen 3 16,000 m2 50 Collective clinics restaurant 50,000 yen 4 32,000 m2 100 General clinic Karaoke 100,000 yen 5 －－－ Bathhouse － 6 －－－ Culture school －

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 36

6 Culture school 7 －－－ Cinema complex － 8 －－－ Gym －

SLIDE 37

Tomohiko Ihara

Results: LCIA using LIME

5. LCA for town planning

Results: LCIA using LIME

Rental apartment(50households) Collective clinics(870㎡) General clinic(4000㎡)

Construction Stage Operation stage (lighting etc・20years) Operation stage (air conditioning 20years)

㎡ Gym(1500㎡) Clinic(200㎡)

Operation stage (air-conditioning・20years) Operation stage (thermal demand・20years) Operation stage(water supply・20years) Operation stage(waste and sewage disposal・20years)

Bathhouse(2600㎡) Culture school(1200㎡) Cinema complex(2500㎡) Restaurant district(980㎡) Karaoke(600㎡) Bathhouse(2600㎡) Shopping mall(4000㎡) Park(2000㎡)

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 37

10 20 30 40 50 60

Life cycle Environmental impact using LIME (million yen)

SLIDE 38

Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Comparison of some of the proposals

5. LCA for town planning

Results: Comparison of some of the proposals

Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D Shopping mall (m2) 20,000 25,000 8,000 15,000 Leisure facility bathhouse karaoke park bathhouse restaurant district Medical facility general clinic clinic collective clinic

Rental Apartment (household)
100

50

Environmental impact

(LIME illi ) 351 403 150 280 (LIME-million yen) 35 03 50 80 Residents benefit (million yen) 441 57 316 259 Employees benefit (million yen) 188 61 105 159 p y ( y ) Eco-efficiency (residents)

1.256 0.141 2.107 0.925

Eco-efficiency (employees)

0.535 0.151 0.700 0.568

Eco efficiency (employees)

0.535 0.151 0.700 0.568

Note: Benefit of Rental apartment for employee is not significant. Some employees reside in the town.

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 38

SLIDE 39

Tomohiko Ihara

Results: Comparison of some of the proposals

5. LCA for town planning

Results: Comparison of some of the proposals

1 Residents 0.8 es de ts Employees

Relative

0.6

e index of

0.4

f eco-effic

0.2

ciency

A plan B plan C plan D plan

Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 39

Note: plan C’s eco-efficiency = 1

SLIDE 40

Tomohiko Ihara

6. Summary – Life cycle thinking to social infrastructure

 Life cycle assessment (LCA)

 Simple LCA – LCA for products

Simple LCA LCA for products

 Life cycle thinking is very useful for governments and consumers

(see WSSD) LCA N i l P j i J b METI (1998 2008)

 LCA National Project in Japan by METI (1998-2008)

AIST contributes to LCIA methodologies (LIME 1 & 2),

LCA for local governments, and LCA & DfE for SME

Large LCI database by industries

 Application of Life cycle thinking to social infrastructure

 Not simple LCA itself  Some factors to add

Temporal conditions (ex MSW management system)
Temporal conditions (ex. MSW management system)
Benefits (ex. Town planning)
Site-specific environmental impacts

etc.

 Life cycle thinking based on endpoint modeling

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 40

SLIDE 41

Tomohiko Ihara

Thank you for your attention.

From AIST

Next year, we publish “Introductory guide of Environmental management by local – from the viewpoint of LCA” from University of Tokyo Press. (I’ b t thi b k i i J )

2009/10/22 US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials 41