Air Quality Regulations Associated with Tanker Emissions Board of - - PDF document

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1/20/15 Air Quality Regulations Associated with Tanker Emissions Board of Directors Meeting January 22-23, 2015 Anchorage, Alaska Austin Love Project Manager Terminal Operations A T ALE OF T WO R EGULATIONS 1 . MARPOL A NNEX VI A.

SLIDE 1

1/20/15 ¡ 1 ¡

Air Quality Regulations Associated with Tanker Emissions

Board of Directors Meeting January 22-23, 2015 Anchorage, Alaska Austin Love Project Manager Terminal Operations

1. MARPOL ANNEX VI
A. International Regulation
B. Codified through the U.S. Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships
C. Implemented by the U.S. EPA, enforced by the United State Coast Guard
2. VISIBLE EMISSIONS STANDARDS
A. State Regulation
B. Applicable to Marine Vessels and Stationary Sources
C. Implemented and enforced by ADEC

A TALE OF TWO REGULATIONS

SLIDE 2

1/20/15 ¡ 2 ¡ IMO - International Maritime Organization MARPOL - International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships SOx - Sulfur Oxides NOx - Nitrogen Oxides ECA - Emissions Control Area

DEFINITIONS MARPOL Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

1. PARTICULATE MATTER
A. Increased risk of lung cancer
B. Associated with low birth weight, preterm birth, infant mortality
C. Can double the chance of autism during third trimester of pregnancy
2. SULFUR DIOXIDE
A. Apnea and shortness of breath
B. Airway constriction
C. Acidification of soils and water bodies
3. NITROGEN OXIDES
A. Lung inflammation
B. Associated with increased heart disease
C. Nutrient enrichment of aquatic ecosystems

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MARPOL Annex VI – North American Emissions Control Area

Fuel Sulfur Standard (max % by weight) ECA Sulfur Cap Global Sulfur Cap On and after Aug. 1, 2012 1.00% On and after Jan. 1, 2012 3.50% On and after Jan. 1, 2015 0.10% On and after Jan. 1, 2020 0.50%

MARPOL Annex VI – Sulfur Dioxide Control

Two Ways to Comply

1. Use cleaner fuel
2. Install equivalent controls

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Percent Sulfur by Weight in Fuel Date

Sulfur in Fuel Used by Valdez Tankers MARPOL Annex VI – Nitrogen Oxides Control

Applicable Nitrogen Oxides Standards ECA Nitrogen Cap Global Nitrogen Cap

Jan. 1, 2000 - Jan. 1, 2011 Tier I Jan. 1, 2000 - Jan. 1, 2011 Tier I

After Jan. 1 2011 Tier II After Jan. 1 2011 Tier II After Jan. 1 2016 Tier III

Tiered Approach

Achieved by Engine Modifications

Fuel injection timing
Combustion chamber geometry
Valve timing
Turbochargers

Tier I – 9.8 g NOx/kWh at ≥ 2,000 RPM Tier II – 7.7 g NOx/kWh Tier III – 2.0 g NOx/kWh

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MARPOL Annex VI – Expected pollution reduction from tankers in Prince William Sound

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Coarse Particulate Matter Fine Particulate Matter Metric Tonnes 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Nitrogen Dioxides Sulfur Dioxide Metric Tonnes

2020 Projected Emissions 2002 Emissions*

* Data Source: U.S. EPA. 2009. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality.

MARPOL Annex VI – Expected Heath and Economic Impacts in the United States

Health Effect Average 2020 Annual Reduction in Ship Related Incidents Premature Death Adults (age 30+) 5,300 Adults (25+) 14,000 Infants (< 1 year) 20 Non-fatal Heart Attacks 8,800 Acute Bronchitis (ages 8-12) 8,500 Asthma Exacerbation (ages 6-18) 95,000 Work Loss Days 720,000

Description 2020 Annual Net Benefits (Millions of 2006 $) 3 percent discount rate $45,000 to $110,000 7 percent discount rate $40,000 to $98,000

Data Source: U.S. EPA. 2009. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality.

Particulate Matter2.5 – Related Impacts Annual Benefits of MARPOL VI Standards

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1. Vessels cannot reduce visibility

by more than 20%

A. When at berth up to time

that initial startup complete

B. Exceptions:
I. For 3 minutes in any
ne hour
II. For 3 minutes during

initial vessel startup

2. When visibility reduced by

15%, start observations

3. If observations show visibility

reduction of 20% or more, must report deviation to ADEC

VISIBLE EMISSIONS STANDARDS

SeaRiver Sierra, August 3, 2008 (Photo: Tom Kuckertz, PWS RCAC)

VISIBLE EMISSIONS – 2014 VIOLATION(S)

- - - July 31, 2014 - - - -

Ship – SeaRiver Sierra Average Visibility Reduction – 60% Duration – 18 minutes Cause – Startup/Shutdown of Engine

SeaRiver Sierra, August 31, 2014 (Photo: Mark Swanson, PWS RCAC)

SLIDE 7

1/20/15 ¡ 7 ¡ EPA METHOD 9 – QUANTIFYING OPACITY WITH HUMAN OBSERVERS

SLIDE 8

1/20/15 ¡ 8 ¡ Fuel ¡Type ¡ Cost ¡($/Metric ¡Ton)1 ¡ Intermediate ¡Fuel ¡Oil ¡180 ¡ 300.00 ¡ Low ¡Sulfur ¡Fuel ¡180 ¡(1.0% ¡Sulfur) ¡ 345.00 ¡ Low ¡Sulfur ¡Marine ¡Gasoil ¡(0.10% ¡Sulfur) ¡ 509.00 ¡

1. December 31, 2014 Rotterdam, Netherlands prices from Bunkerworld.com