Air Quality in Stone Michele Hackman, AECOM 16 th October 2017 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Air Quality in Stone

Michele Hackman, AECOM

16th October 2017

– Health Effects – Sources of Pollution – Air Quality Criteria – Air Quality Management Areas – AECOM Survey in Stone – DBC Monitoring in Stone – Mitigation to Improve Air quality Agenda

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– If you are young and in good state of health- moderate air pollution levels are unlikely to have any serious short term effects – Elevated levels and or long term exposure can lead to serious symptoms, mainly affecting respiratory system and inflammatory systems but can lead to heart disease and cancer.

Health Effects

Pollutant Health effects at very high levels Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Ozone These gases irritate the airways of the lungs, increasing the symptoms of those suffering from lung diseases Particles Fine particles can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and a worsening of heart and lung diseases Carbon Monoxide This gas prevents the uptake of oxygen by the blood. This can lead to a significant reduction in the supply of oxygen to the heart, particularly in people suffering from heart disease

– People with lung or heart conditions – when pollution levels rise, there is an increased risk of becoming ill and needing treatment. Asthmatics may need to increase their inhaled reliever medication. – Older people- are more likely to suffer from heart and lung conditions and so it makes good sense for them to be aware of current air pollution conditions. – The general population - At Very High levels of air pollution, some people may experience a sore or dry throat, sore eyes or, in some cases, a tickly cough even in healthy individuals. Health Effects- short term

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Kent and Medway Air Quality Partnership- Pollution Forecasts

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Air Pollution Banding Value Accompanying health messages for at-risk individuals Accompanying health messages for the general population Low 1-3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. Moderate 4-6 Adults and children with lung problems, and adults with heart problems, who experience symptoms, should consider reducing strenuous physical activity, particularly outdoors. Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. High 7-9 Adults and children with lung problems, and adults with heart problems, should reduce strenuous physical exertion, particularly outdoors, and particularly if they experience symptoms. People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often. Older people should also reduce physical exertion. Anyone experiencing discomfort such as sore eyes, cough or sore throat should consider reducing activity, particularly

• utdoors.

Very High 10 Adults and children with lung problems, adults with heart problems, and

• lder people, should avoid strenuous physical activity. People with asthma

may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often. Reduce physical exertion, particularly outdoors, especially if you experience symptoms such as cough or sore throat.

Health Effects- Recommended Actions

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“Each year, inhaling particulates causes around 29,000 deaths in the UK, which, on recent evidence, may rise to around 40,000 deaths when also considering nitrogen dioxide exposure”

Extract from 2016 report Every Breath We Take: the Lifelong Impact of Air Pollution by the Royal College of Physicians

Health Effects

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– Mobile sources (e.g. cars, heavy goods vehicles, mobile plant used for construction – Stationary sources (e.g. power plants, chemical plants, oil refineries, manufacturing facilities, and other industrial facilities) – Residential and commercial buildings (space & water heating, lawn & garden equipment) – Natural sources (fires, wind blown dust, volcanoes) What are the Main Sources of Air Pollution?

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– The WHO guidelines are intended for worldwide use and to ‘guide’ governments so as to allow them to make appropriate standards or limits. – Air Quality criteria are set by each country but will vary depending on the approach adopted for balancing health risks, technological feasibility, economic considerations and various political and social factors. – An air quality ‘Standard’ or ‘Limit’ must have a corresponding ‘averaging period’ depending on the health effect of the pollutant eg acute (short term) e.g. 1 hour or chronic (long term) e.g. annual . Air Quality Criteria

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Averaging period Concentration 1-hour 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year Annual mean 40 µg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Criteria

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– Since December 1997, each local authority has carried out review and assessments – The aim of the review is to make sure that the national air quality objectives will be achieved throughout the UK by the relevant deadlines. – If a local authority finds any places where the objectives are not likely to be achieved, it must declare an Air Quality Management Area there – Then the local authority will put together a plan to improve the air quality - a Local Air Quality Action Plan. Assessment of Air Quality

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Pollutant England Wales Scotland

• N. Ireland

London Benzene Nitrogen dioxide NO2 503 37 25 20 33 Particulate Matter PM10 33 1 21 7 29 Sulphur dioxide SO2 7 1

Current AQMAs by Pollutant

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Source Number of Current AQMAs by Source Road transport unspecified 191 County or Unitary Authority Road 174 Mixture of road types 81 Highways Agency Road 51 Transport and Industrial Source 10 Industrial Source 9 Transport, Industrial and domestic sources 2 Domestic Heating 2 Not Defined 2 Railways 1

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AQMAs by Source in England

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Dartford AQMA 1 - A corridor approximately 250m wide along the A282 Dartford Tunnel Approach Road from junction 1a to 300m south of junction 1b.

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Dartford AQMA 2 - A226 London Road, Dartford

Dartford AQMA 3 - An area encompassing Dartford Town and a number of approach roads

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Dartford AQMA 4 - An area encompassing the Bean Interchange between the A2 and A296

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NO2 Diffusion Tubes

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Photos of Diffusion Tube 1: 86 London Road (Invicta Road)

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Photos of Diffusion Tube 2: 295 London Road (Hedge Place Rd/Stone Place Rd)

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Photos of Diffusion Tube 3: 179 Charles Street (Crossways Blvd)

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Monitoring in and near Stone Parish

Site 5/5/17-5/6/17 5/6/17-10/7/17 10/7/17-7/8/17 Average DT1 86 London Rd 32.1 37.1 33.0 34.1 DT2 295 London Rd 35.9 39.0 33.0 36.0 DT3 179b Charles St 22.5 23.0 17.1 20.9

AECOM Monthly NO2 Results (µg/m3)

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3 month mean (raw) Estimated annual mean At closest property Exceed objective? DT1 86 London Rd 34.1 50.0 45.2 Exceed DT2 295 London Rd 36.0 52.8 53.6 Exceed DT3 179b Charles St 20.9 30.6 28.5 Not exceed

• Annual mean adjustment of 1.45 based on data from Bexley, Thurrock and Eltham from 2016
• Bias adjustment of 1.01 from 2016 for 50% TEA in acetone from Gradko

AECOM Survey Results (µg/m3)

Site ID Name In AQMA? 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DA38 (London Road 3 Waterstone) Roadside Y 45 40 43 43 39 36 44 DA53 Park (Swallow Cl) Background N 30 27 28 30 25 24 24 DA62 The Brent/London Rd Roadside Y 60 49 47 49 47 47 DA68 Bow Arrow Lane II Roadside N 38 37 34 38

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Air Quality Monitoring by DBC in Stone Parish

DBC Diffusion Tubes in Stone Parish

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Pollutant Averaging period Measured (µg/m3) Objective NO2 Annual mean 47 40 NO2 Hours > 200 µg/m3 19 18 NO2 Days with moderate 7 PM10 Annual mean 24 40 PM10 Days > 50 µg/m3 5 35 PM10 Days with moderate 5

DBC Data for London Rd in St Clements Greenhithe

DBC has operated three 3 continuous monitoring stations in the borough. All are currently marked as closed. None are in Stone Parish. However, one is near London Rd at St Clements Greenhithe. Data is available for 2016.

“To prevent unacceptable risks from pollution …, planning policies and decisions should ensure that new development is appropriate for its location.... Planning policies should sustain compliance with and contribute towards EU limit values or national objectives for pollutants, taking into account the presence of AQMAs and the cumulative impacts on air quality from individual sites in local areas. Planning decisions should ensure that any new development in AQMAs is consistent with local air quality action plans. “ National Planning Policy Framework (2012)

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– Reduce impacts from proposed developments- planning – Reduce traffic flows – Smooth traffic flows- optimise speeds – Reduce emissions from vehicles: cleaner vehicles – Reduce exposure : locate properties away from roads and reduce street canyon effects

Improving Air Quality Near Roads

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– Quantification of impacts from proposed development for major development – All major development requires an emissions mitigation statement

• a. Calculation of damage costs
• b. Identification of mitigation measures

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Kent and Medway AQ Partnership Planning Guidance (2015)

Standard mitigation for all developments (Option A) or near an AQMA (Option B)

• Residential:

– All gas-fired boilers to meet a minimum standard of <40mgNOx/kWh – 1 Electric Vehicle charging point per dwelling with dedicated parking or 1 charging point per 10 spaces (unallocated parking)

• Commercial/Retail/Industrial:

– 10% of parking spaces to be provided with Electric Vehicle charge points which may be phased with 5% initial provision and the remainder at an agreed trigger level

• Demolition/Construction:

– Mitigation in accordance with the Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) Guidance on the Assessment of Dust from Demolition and Construction

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Kent and Medway AQ Partnership Planning Guidance

Standard mitigation plus: - Residential – • Travel plan (where required) including mechanisms for discouraging high emission vehicle use and encouraging the uptake of low emission fuels and technologies – • A Welcome Pack available to all new residents online and as a booklet, containing information and incentives to encourage the use of sustainable transport modes from new occupiers – • Eco-driver training and provision of eco-driver aid to all residents – • EV recharging infrastructure within the development (wall mounted or free standing in-garage or off- street points) – • Car club provision within development or support given to local car club/eV car clubs – • Designation of parking spaces for low emission vehicles – • Improved cycle paths to link cycle network – • Adequate provision of secure cycle storage – • Using green infrastructure, in particular trees to absorb dust and other pollutants

Kent and Medway AQ Partnership Planning Guidance –Additional Mitigation

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Commercial/Industrial – • As above plus: - – • Differential parking charges depending on vehicle emissions – • Public transport subsidy for employees – • All commercial vehicles should comply with either current or previous European Emission Standard – • Fleet operations should provide a strategy for considering reduced emissions, low emission fuels and technologies – • Use of ultra low emission service vehicles – • Support local walking and cycling initiatives – • On-street EV recharging – • Contributing funding to measures, including those identified in air quality action plans and low emission strategies, designed to offset the impact on air quality arising from new development – Additional mitigation – • Contribution to low emission vehicle refuelling infrastructure – • Low emission bus service provision or waste collection services – • Bike/e-bike hire schemes – • Contribution to renewable fuel and energy generation projects – • Incentives for the take-up of low emission technologies and fuels

Kent and Medway AQ Partnership Planning Guidance- Additional Mitigation

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• DBC is continuing to work with representatives of Highways England in a bid to secure funding for environmental

improvements along the M25 (A282). – DBC is also continuing to work with Highways England with regard to air quality and junction improvements at the Bean interchange and Ebbsfleet junctions of the A2. – DBC is working with Kent Highways services regarding the use of school buses within AQMAs – DBC has continued to lobby Central Government for a new Lower Thames Crossing to provide relief to the A282 and continues to oppose the option for this crossing to be located at Dartford. – DBC EH is working with planning colleagues to secure funding for a poor air quality alert messaging service through the Community Infrastructure Levy. – DBC EH is currently working on the production of a revised Air Quality Action Plan.

DBC Action Plan

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– Speed restriction and enforcement to reduce emissions – Use of VMS to ease congestion and reduce emissions – Assessment of the impact of the toll system to ease congestion and reduce emissions – Improved screening to reduce exposure – Junction improvements St Clements Way A226 /B255 to smooth traffic at hotspot – Improvement at Bean junction to reduce congestion – Traffic management improvements- Dartford UTMC (urban traffic management and control) – Public transport infrastucture improvements: fastrack to provide alternatives to private vehicle use – Fast track replacement of vehicles to reduce emissions with procurement of low emission vehicles – Encouraging cleaner vehicles and quality partnerships with operators to reduce emissions – Commitment to partnership working (action plan working group and KAQP) – Energy efficiency schemes domestic and commercial to reduce emissions – Improved awareness and dissemination of air quality information, including development of website – Liaise with health Authority on provision of information and advice on health effects

Defra’s Action Plan – DBC Measures

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Any questions?

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