AE-705: Introduction to Flight Range and Endurance Subham Panda - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

AE-705: Introduction to Flight Range and Endurance Subham Panda PEC University of Technology Chandigarh AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

RANGE Total distance on a tank of fuel http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a319neo/ http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a319neo/ Range AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

AIRBUS A318 http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a318neo/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

AIRBUS A319 http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a319neo/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

AIRBUS A320 http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a319neo/ 266 Pax – 7500km AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

AIRBUS A321 http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a321family/a319neo/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

A380 RANGE EX MUMBAI BOM Range with 555 passengers : up to 8150 nm/ 15100 km AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

BOEING B777 RANGE CAPABILITY FROM SINGAPORE 9700 km 14320 km 17600 km 11400 km 14700 km AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

BOEING V/S AIRBUS AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

World’s longest nonstop flight  Launched in 2004  > 16,600 km  > 18.5 hours  > 56,000 gallons fuel  Airbus A340-500  Discontinued in 2013 SQ21 SIN-EWR 29/06/04  Previous Record  SIN-LAX  14,762 km  >16 hours AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

DELHI SAN FRANCISCO FLIGHT Flying Westward • 28 kmph headwind Headwind Groundspeed = 776 kmph Flying Eastward • 138 kmph Jetstream Tailwind Groundspeed = 936 kmph 2 hours ↓ in Flight Time 13 tons ↓ in Fuel Weight Departure Oct 16 4-00 AM Arrival Oct 16 6-30 AM Time Difference of 12 hours ! THIS RECORD MAY BE BROKEN SOON Singapore Airlines B 777-200ER Singapore-New York 16,500 km 19 hours AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

RANGE PAYLOAD DIAGRAM AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

B777 PAYLOAD- RANGE CAPABILITY AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

World Records in Aircraft Range https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_distance_record AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

GlobalFlyer http://www.aviastar.org/pictures/usa/scaled_globalflyer.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

PAY LOAD VS RANGE FOR ULTRA LONG HAUL AIRCRAFT https://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2014/5/9932311_14013166954015_rId5.png AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Specific Fuel Consumption Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/a/a6/4-Stroke-Engine.gif comparing the efficiency with a Comparing fuel efficiency with shaft output a thrust output (Mainly for internal combustion engines) (Mainly for air breathing jet engines) AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Jet SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION Propeller Aircraft Aircraft V/S http://www.floridaairplanehangarforsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Airplane_PNG_Clipart-421.png https://cirrusaircraft.com/wpcontent/themes/cirrus_aircraft_v1.5/images/colorpicker_images/Upgrade/Carb on/2017_Carbon_Mantis_White.png TSFC SFC 𝑋 𝑔 𝑋 𝑔 𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑑 = 𝑈 𝑄 𝑑 𝑢 = cV ∞ η pr AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Distance travelled on a given amount of fuel RANGE AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

GENERALIZED RANGE EQUATION + W f W 1 http://www.fuel-togo.com/images/515_IMG_5783.JPG http://www.fuel-togo.com/images/515_IMG_5783.JPG Gross Weight (W) = W 1 + W f change in aircraft weight fuel consumption 𝑒𝑋 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒𝑋 𝑔 𝑒𝑢 For steady level flight at stationary atmosphere w 𝑔 T = − dW f / d 𝑢 𝑒𝑢 = − 𝑒𝑋 𝑔 𝑑 𝑢 = T c t T AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

GENERALIZED RANGE EQUATION = − 𝑊 ∞ 𝑒𝑢 = − 𝑒𝑋 𝑔 c t T 𝑒𝑋𝑔 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊 ∞ 𝑒𝑢 c t T 𝑒𝑡 = − 𝑊 ∞ Since 𝑒𝑋 𝑔 = 𝑒𝑋 c t T 𝑒𝑋 • In steady straight level flight L = W , T = D = − 𝑊 ∞ 𝑋 𝑒𝑋 𝑒𝑡 = − 𝑊 ∞ 𝑀 𝑒𝑋 c t T W c t D W • Integrating it from full fuel condition until empty, Range: 𝑋 0 𝑊 ∞ 𝑀 𝑒𝑋 𝑆 = c t D W 𝑋 1 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

BREGUET RANGE EQUATION Assume flight at constant 𝑊 ∞ , c t , and L/D The generalized range equation can be simplified 𝑋 0 𝑒𝑋 𝑋 0 𝑊 ∞ 𝑆 = 𝑊 ∞ 𝑀 𝑀 𝑒𝑋 D 𝑆 = c t D W c t W 𝑋 1 𝑋 1 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

RANGE FOR PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCARFT • For propeller SFC 𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑊 ∞ 𝑆 = η pr D In W 0 L η pr 𝑑 W 1 • To maximize Range:  Maximize propeller efficiency ( η pr )  Minimize SFC ( c )  Fly at maximum L/D  Maximize fuel capacity (maximize W 0 / W 1 ) AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

MAX. RANGE : PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT • For a given aircraft, 𝑜 𝑞𝑠 , c, and 𝑋 0 / 𝑋 1 are fixed • Maximum range is achieved by flying at maximum L/D 2 , this condition yields : • For parabolic drag polar 𝐷 𝐸 = 𝐷 𝐸 0 + 𝐿𝐷 𝑀 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

RANGE FOR JET-PROPELLED AIRCRAFT • For jet-propelled aircraft in steady straight level flight, range is not only influenced by L/D, but by 𝑊 ∞ (L/D): • Substitute this into the generalized range equation: AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Time in air on a given amount of fuel ENDURANCE AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

ENDURANCE Total Time taken for a Cruise Flight AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Rutan Model 76 Voyager First aircraft to fly around the world nonstop without refuelling Voyager Takeoff AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

ENDURANCE RECORD AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

Atlantik Solar Research UAV ETH Zurich Endurance Record for an autonomous aircraft < 50 kg (81 hours) AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

GENERALIZED ENDURANCE EQUATION Definition of TSFC : In steady straight level flight: L = W, T = D Integrating from Full Fuel to Empty, AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

ENDURANCE FOR PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT Using SFC and steady straight level flight condition: 3/2 /𝐷 𝐸 are constant: If 𝑜 𝑞𝑠 , c , 𝜍 ∞ , and 𝐷 𝑀 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

ENDURANCE FOR PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT To maximize endurance: 3/2 /𝐷 𝐸  Fly at maximum 𝐷 𝑀  Fly at sea level (maximum 𝜍 ∞ )  Maximize propeller efficiency ( η 𝑞𝑠 )  Minimize SFC (c) −1/2 − 𝑋 −1/2  Maximize fuel capacity (maximize ( 𝑋 1 0 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

MAX. ENDURANCE:PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT −1/2 − 𝑋 −1/2 ) are fixed For a specific aircraft, η 𝑞𝑠 , c , and ( 𝑋 1 0 At a given altitude ( 𝜍 ∞ is constant), Endurance is maximized by 3/2 /𝐷 𝐸 — > 3𝐷 𝐸0 = 𝐿 C L 2 Flying at maximum 𝐷 𝑀 For parabolic drag polar, this condition yields: → 2 3C D0 = KC L 2 3C D0 = KC L C L = √{3C D0 /K} 2 =4C D0 C D = C D0 + KC L 3/2 /C D = {3C D0 /K} 3/4 /{(4C D0 } C L AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

ENDURANCE FOR JET-PROPELLED AIRCRAFT • lf 𝑑 𝑢 and 𝑀/𝐸 are constant: To maximize Endurance:  Fly at maximum L/D  Minimize TSFC( 𝑑 𝑢 )  Maximize fuel capacity, Reduce W 0 (maximize 𝑋 0 / 𝑋 1 ) AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance

MAX. ENDURANCE: JET-PROPELLED AIRCRAFT • For a specific aircraft, 𝑑 𝑢 and 𝑋 0 / 𝑋 1 are fixed • Maximum endurance is achieved by flying at maximum 𝑀/𝐸 • For parabolic drag polar, this condition yields: AE-705 Introduction to Flight Chapter-09 Lecture No. 17 Range & Endurance