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AE-705: Introduction to Flight Drag And Its Reduction Siddharth Joshi Mechanical Engg. Deptt. VIT Vellore AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/George_Cayley2.jpg SIR

  1. AE-705: Introduction to Flight Drag And Its Reduction Siddharth Joshi Mechanical Engg. Deptt. VIT Vellore AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  2. Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/George_Cayley2.jpg SIR GEORGE CAYLEY (1773 – 1857) INTRODUCTION TO DRAG AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  3. DRAG Force opposing motion of Aircraft Drag generated due to Δ V Δ V= V solidobject - V fluid If Δ V=0 ↔ No motion between solid and fluid ↔ No Drag Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/51/42/b3/5142b32c3fedf745c39ce11aa16be27d.gif AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  4. Drag // direction of the free-stream velocity of the airflow Drag Thrust Airflow Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQO0LNN_VHhty3cDXpBKBa3Nd4FTA55BsbpLdfa8pVO3Dxo1ghz AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  5. Thrust > Source: https://tenor.com/view/batman-airplane-g if-5249888 Drag Drag must be overcome by Thrust in order to achieve forward motion Source: http://www.dccomics.com/sites/default/files/video/THE_LEGO_BATMAN_MOVIE_TRAILER_2_thumb_56f9a68c4f62a0.07314395.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  6. George Cayley [1773-1857] Father of Aviation Identified the four forces- Weight Lift Drag Thrust Source: https://i1.wp.com/cdn.makezine.com/uploads/2014/01/aeronautics.png But who was the first person to observe Drag? Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  7. Cayley’s Whirling Arm Apparatus AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  8. Cayley’s Boy Carrier, 1849 J. A. D. Ackroyd , Sir George Cayley: The Invention of the Aeroplane near Scarborough at the Time of Trafalgar, Journal of Aeronautical History Paper No. 2011/ 6130 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  9. Cayley’s Governable Parachute , 1852 Original Drawing 1852 Full Scale Replica 1974 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  10. The Reluctant Airman  Please, Sir George, I wish to give notice, I was hired to drive and not to fly !  John Appleby  Cayley’s Coachman  First manned flight on an HTA aircraft  ~ 153 m  Brompton-by- Sawdon, near Scarborough, UK Scene from Anglia TV Ltd, series "On The Wing“, 1974 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  11. Full Scale replica flown by Derek Piggot in 1972 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  12. Sir George Cayley : Summing Up AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  13. Breaking Drag down to bits and pieces ! COMPONENTS OF DRAG AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  14. Subsonic Supersonic Drag= Profile Drag + Induced Dag + Wave Drag Due to lift Drag due to Pressure Also called generated generation of Form Drag Drag vorticity shed shock waves + into wake Skin Friction Laminar or Turbulent Drag Wave Wave drag drag due due to to lift volume Profile Drag Additional Should Also called independent Profile Drag Parasite Drag be small due to lift of lift at cruise Zero lift Drag Drag due to lift Zero lift Drag AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  15. Source: http://howthingsfly.si.edu/sites/default/files/image-large/il_wingtipvortexedit_lg.jpg INDUCED DRAG AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  16. Lets see how Induced Drag is generated Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  17. Total aerodynamic force generated by the wing is tilted backwards Induced Drag Lift Total Force Relative Wind Thrust Source: http://cdn-image.travelandleisure.com/sites/default/files/styles/1600x1000/public/delta0315-party-plane.jpg?itok=BgvL7aan Weight Total Force Vertical component → Lift Total Force Horizontal Component → Induced Drag AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  18. Drag created due to the vortices at the tip of the aircraft's wing Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/US_Navy_110606-N-DR144-314_An_F-A-18E_Super_Hornet_assigned_to_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_%28VFA%29_81_maneuvers_over_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_US.jpg Airflow at the tips of the wings to curl around in a circular motion AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  19. EXPRESSION FOR INDUCED DRAG D i = 1 2 SC Di 2 ρ 0 V e 2 C Di = kC L & π𝐁𝐒 L C L = 1 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Induce_drag_downwash.png 2 S 2 ρ 0 V e Lift kL 2 D i = Induced Drag 1 2 Sπ𝐁𝐒 2 ρ 0 V e Aspect Ratio Wing Area Equivalent Air Density Airspeed AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  20. FACTORS AFFECTING INDUCED DRAG 1. Angle of Attack α Relative Wind → Source: https://www.skybrary.aero/images/thumb/AoA.jpg/400px-AoA.jpg 2. Airspeed Source: http://aeroscholars.com/multimedia/img/airspeed_indicator.gif 3. Aspect Ratio NEXT Low Aspect High Aspect Ratio wings Source: http://www.pilotwings.org/uploads/2/1/9/3/21932436/8536864.jpg?461 Ratio wings AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  21. Lift ↑ ↔ Induced Drag ↑ ↔ Angle of Attack ↑ Source: http://studysoaring.stlsoar.org/clvsaoa.gif Lift and Induced drag ↑ with Angle of Attack upto the critical angle (stall takes place) BACK AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  22. C L ↑ ↔ Induced Drag ↑ ↔ Airspeed ↓ kL 2 D i = 1 2 Sπ𝐁𝐒 2 ρ 0 V e D i ↔ 1 2 V e Source: http://www.pilotwings.org/uploads/2/1/9/3/21932436/1042520.jpg?426 Low speed ↔ Angle of Attack ↑ ↔ Drag ↑ BACK High speed ↔ Angle of Attack ↓ ↔ Drag ↓ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  23. Induced Drag ↑ ↔ Aspect Ratio ↓ Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMjUxn2cqSI Aspect Ratio ↑ ↔ Thinner Wing ↔ Smaller wing vortices ↔ Induced Drag ↓ BACK AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  24. Increasing Aspect Ratio Longer span wing ↔ higher aspect ratio ↔ less induced drag Lets see a High Aspect Ratio RC Plane Boeing B-52 Source: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/b52/b52_21.jpg Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg Limitation: Thin long wing requires a large structural weight to support it AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  25. Tip Plates Inhibit the formation of tip vortices Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grob_G103C_Glider.jpg/1280px-Grob_G103C_Glider.jpg Source: http://www.derbyaeroclub.com/Pictures/bory.JPG AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  26. Winglets Reduces the strength of wingtip vortices Converts some of the otherwise-wasted energy in the wingtip vortex to thrust Source: http://www.pilotwings.org/uploads/2/1/9/3/21932436/5770030.jpg?334 Lets see how Winglets work Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winglet_B737-800.JPG/220px-Winglet_B737-800.JPG AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  27. Wing Grid Source: http://www.reaa.ru/yabbfiles/Attachments/1041849_003.jpg Source: http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/Uhuseitehinten175.jpg • 60% ↓ D induced compared to But why conventional wings are Wing Grids • Increased resistance to tip stall used? • Increased overall lift Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg Source: http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/winggrid2.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  28. Spiroids Eliminate concentrated wingtip vortices Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spiroid_winglet.jpg Source: http://airpigz.com/blog/2010/8/27/poll-spiroids-funky-circular-winglets-love-em-or-hate-em.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  29. REDUCING PARASITE DRAG Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTTKFqm20RY AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  30. PARASITE DRAG Produced by objects that disrupt the air flow PARASITE DRAG Form Drag Interference Drag Skin Friction Drag Source: http://aeronotes.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/3/7/25370889/7808429.gif?368 Source: http://www.pilotwings.org/uploads/2/1/9/3/21932436/1563066.jpg?341 Source: http://www.boldmethod.com/images/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/parasite-drag-and-your-airplane/skin-friction-drag.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  31. Parasite Drag ↑ ↔ Airspeed ↑ Source: http://www.pilotwings.org/uploads/2/1/9/3/21932436/5904046.jpg?443 At high speeds ↔ Parasitic Drag > Induced Drag At Low speeds ↔ Induced Drag > Parasite Drag AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  32. FORM DRAG Created by objects deflecting and disrupting air flow Objects such as? Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/f1/8f/e4/f18fe4647d0b58e3df0fa7f5b3ee175c.jpg Landing Gear Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

  33. FORM DRAG Objects such as? Source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/3KB80.jpg Antenna Source: http://cdn.toonvectors.com/images/35/122772/toonvectors-122772-940.jpg AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture-10 Capsule-05

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